In hydropower plants, a local load, also known as a dump load, could be installed to balance theelectrical grid by consuming excessive power. This enhances the dam safety. A design for asmall-scaled three-phase dump load is presented in this thesis. The designed model is built andevaluated through simulations and experiments. The results show that the system is purelyresistive. The per phase resistance of the model can be calculated with geometrical analysis ofthe design.

Recently, the resistance switching random access memory (ReRAM) in several MIM systems has been studied extensively for applications to the next generation non-volatile memory (NVM) devices and memristors since the scaling of conventional memories based on floating gate MOSFETs is getting increasingly difficult. ReRAM is being considered one of the most promising candidates for next generation non-volatile memory due to its relatively high switching speed, superior scalability, low power consumption, good retention and simple fabrication method. Cu/TaOX/Pt resistive switching device is a very good candidate due to its well performance and well characterization. However, since platinum (Pt) acting as the inert electrode is not economical efficient for industrial production, a compatible replacement of Pt is highly desirable. The device property of Co based resistive switching devices has been explored in this work. Compared with Pt devices, electric characterization of the fabricated Cu/TaOX/Co devices exhibits very similar FORM, SET and RESET voltages for Cu conductive filaments. However, for the oxygen vacancy (VO) filament the Co device has a significant smaller FORM, SET and RESET voltages of VO filament, which can be partly attributed to the work function difference between Pt and Co of 1.35 V and partly to the impaired integrity properties of Co vs Pt inert electrode. The limit of SET-RESET operations is mainly due to the geometrical shape of the Cu conductive filament is more cylindered rather than Cone-like shape as well as the high Joules heat dissipation. What’s more, ReRAM is also the most promising candidate for a flexible memory, as a variety of materials can be used both inorganics, organics and even hybrid nanocomposites. Besides inorganic ReRAM device, we also fabricated an organic ReRAM device with the structure Cu doped PANI-CSA/O-AA/Al. We have manufactured ReRAM based on Cu-doped PANI-CSA polymer electrode, O-AA as the polymer solid electrolyte and Al as the bottom electrode for the first time. This polymer device shows a significantly lower forming voltage than inorganic ReRAM devices such as Cu/TaOX/Pt. Our results also demonstrate that our organic ReRAM is a promising candidate for inexpensive candidate for inexpensive and environmentally friendly memory devices. We have demonstrated that the FORM operation of the polymer devices depends on the concentration of Cu+ ions as well as the thickness of the polymer electrode. / M.S. / Although the scaling of conventional memories such as volatile dynamic random access memory (DRAM) and non-volatile flash technology is becoming increasingly difficult, new types of non-volatile memories, such as resistive switching memories, have recently attracted the attention of both industry and academia. Resistive switching memory is considered as the next generation non-volatile memory because of its excellent scalability, high switching speed, simple structure and low power consumption. What’s more, ReRAM is also a promising candidate for a flexible memory, as a variety of materials can be used both inorganics, organics and even hybrid nanocomposites. ReRAM shows unique nanoionics based filamentary switching mechanism. Besides the nonvolatile memory applications, resistive switching devices implement the formation of a memristor, which is the fourth basic electrical component and can be used for neuromorphic computing. First, we report the device property of Co based resistive switching devices with a structure of Cu/TaOX/Co layers. The I-V characteristics of the manufactured Cu/TaOX/Co devices shows very similar FORM, SET and RESET voltages for Cu conductive filaments compared with Pt device. However, the Co device has a significant smaller FORM, SET and RESET voltages for oxygen vacancy (VO) filaments, which can be partly attributed to the work function difference between Pt and Co of 13.5 eV and partly to the impaired integrity properties of Co vs Pt inert electrode. The main reason for the limit of SET-RESET operations is that high Joules heat dissipation. With high Joules heat accumulation, the maximum switching cycles of Co devices is up to 8 times, while in the case of Pt cases, it is almost unlimited. Secondly, we fabricated an organic ReRAM device with the structure Cu-doped PANI-CSA/O-AA/Al. Cu-doped PANI-CSA polymer electrode has been introduced for the first time as the top polymer electrode of a ReRAM device. Compared to inorganic ReRAM device, this polymer device can be operated at a significantly lower forming voltage than inorganic devices such as Cu/TaOX/Pt. We have demonstrated that our organic ReRAM is a promising candidate for environmentally friendly and flexible memory devices. Our results demonstrate the FORM operation of the polymer devices depend on the concentration of Cu+ ions as well as the thickness of the polymer top layer.

This thesis considers the impact of fabric properties on the electronic textile (e-textile) design process. Specifically, properties such as weave pattern, drape, tinsel wire placement and weight are evaluated as physical aspects of an e-textile system within an expanded design flow and fabric synthesis. A textile's physical properties are important for creating e-textiles that look and feel like normal clothing and thus are truly wearable. A more detailed assessment of the weave of an e-textile and its effect on the electrical resistance of networks of uninsulated conductive fibers is also considered in both single weaves and complex pocket double weaves. / Master of Science

Recent concepts for controlled magneto-inertial fusion (MIF), such as magnetized liner inertial fusion (MagLIF), have suffered from magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities that lead to degradations in fusion yield. High levels of azimuthally-correlated MHD instability structures have been observed on cylindrical liner experiments without a pre-imposed axial magnetic field (Bz=0) elsewhere in the literature and are believed to be seeded from surface machining roughness. This dissertation uses highly resolved (0.5 μm and less resolution) 1D and 2D resistive magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) simulations of electrical wire explosions (EWEs) and liner implosions to show that micrometer-scale surface roughness seeds the electrothermal instability (ETI), which induces early melting in pockets across the conductor and leads to millimeter-scale instability growth. The relationship between the ETI and the MRTI in liner implosions is also described in this dissertation, which shows that the traditional growth rates associated with these modes are coupled together and are not linearly independent. This dissertation also describes the preliminary implementation of a Koopman neural network architecture for learning the nonlinear dynamics of a high energy density (HED) exploding or imploding electrical conductor. / Doctor of Philosophy / Researchers have been working on controlling nuclear fusion and harnessing it as a power source since the discovery that nuclear fusion powers stars. In many of these controlled nuclear fusion concepts the aim is to heat the fuel until it forms a high-temperature plasma state of matter and then compress it to the point that the atoms are close enough and at high enough speeds that they collide fuse together. In the magnetized liner inertial fusion (MagLIF) concept these temperatures, densities, and pressures are achieved by surrounding the fusion fuel with a cylindrical piece of metal called a liner and using magnetic fields to implode the liner inward. Experiments have shown, however, that these liner implosions do not occur smoothly and that the system becomes unstable and can mix liner material into the fuel, which disrupts the fusion process. This dissertation investigates the stability of liner implosions and electrical wire explosions. In particular, this dissertation shows that surface roughness imparted on the surface of a solid fusion target by a machining process can grow into a millimeter-scale perturbation. It also describes the relationship between two common types of instabilities found in current-driven nuclear fusion: the magneto-Rayleigh-Taylor instability and the electrothermal instability. Finally, it looks at using neural networks to better understand the dynamics of electrical wire explosions.

A qualitative analysis of a rotary traveling wave-type ultrasonic motor (USM) used to supply feedback forces in force-feel systems is carried out. Prior to simulation, the subsystems and contact mechanics needed to define the motor's equations of motion are discussed along with the pitfalls of modeling a USM. A mathematical model is assembled and simulated in MATLAB Simulink. Accompanying the dynamic model, a new reduced model is presented from which predictions of USM performance can be made without a complicated dynamic model. Outputs from the reduced model are compared with those of the dynamic model to show the differences in the transient solution, agreement in the steady state solution, and above all that it is an efficient tool for approximating a motor's steady state response as a function of varying the motor parameters. In addition, the reduced model provides the means of exploring the USMs response to additive loading, loads acting in the direction of motor motion, where only resistive loads, those opposite to the motor rotation, had been considered previously. Fundamental differences between force-feel systems comprising standard DC brushless motors as the feedback actuators and the proposed system using the USM are explained by referencing the USM contact mechanics. Outputs from USM model simulations are explored, and methods by which the motor can be implemented in the force-feel system are derived and proven through simulation. The results show that USMs, while capable of providing feedback forces in feel systems, are far from ideal for the task. The speed and position of the motor can be controlled through varying stator excitation parameters, but the transient motor output torque cannot; it is solely a function of the motor load, whether additive or resistive. / Master of Science

The goal of the work reported herein has been to model aspects of the electrical distribution system of an all-electric ship (AES) and to couple electrical load behavior with the thermal management network aboard the ship. The development of a thermally dependent electrical network has built upon an in-house thermal management simulation environment to replace the existing steady state heat loads with dynamic, thermally dependent, electrical heat loads. Quantifying the close relationship between thermal and electrical systems is of fundamental importance in a large, integrated system like the AES. This in-house thermal management environment, called the Dynamic Thermal Modeling and Simulation (DTMS) framework, provided the fundamental capabilities for modeling thermal systems and subsystems relevant to the AES. The motivation behind the initial work on DTMS was to understand the dynamics of thermal management aboard the ship. The first version, developed in 2007, captured the fundamental aspects of system-level thermal management while maintaining modularity and allowing for further development into other energy domains. The reconfigurable nature of the DTMS framework allowed for the expansion into the electrical domain with the creation of an electrical distribution network in support of thermal simulations. The dynamics of the electrical distribution system of the AES were captured using reconfigurable and physics-based circuit elements that allow for thermal feedback to affect the behavior of the system. Following the creation of the electrical network, subsystems and systems were created to simulate electrical distribution. Then, again using the modularity features of DTMS, a thermal resistive heat flow network was created to capture the transient behavior of heat flow from the electrical network to the existing thermal management framework. This network provides the intimate link between the thermal management framework and the electrical distribution system. Finally, the three frameworks (electrical, thermal resistive, and thermal management) were combined to quantify the impact that each system has relative to system-level operation. Simulations provide an indication of the unlimited configurations and potential design space a user of DTMS can explore to explore the design of an AES. / text

In order to develop more economical and ecologically friendly transformers it is necessary to know the losses throughout the product development process. There are several losses related to transformers, but in this particular case the focus will be on the resistive loss of the transformer. In order to measure this loss first the resonant frequency of the transformer is determined. Since at resonance the secondary side of the transformer is considered to be purely resistive. The aim of this paper is to design and build a closed loop measurement system that is able to perform this task.

Pour faire face à la complexité croissante des systèmes de télécommunications sans fil, il est nécessaire de développer des systèmes RF (Radiofréquence) plus performants et agiles. Dans ce contexte, des matériaux à changement d’état, ou SCM (State Change Material), déjà utilisés dans le développement des futures générations de mémoires non-volatiles (PCRAM, CBRAM), ont récemment été évalués pour réaliser des commutateurs RF. Parmi ces SCM, les PCM (matériaux à changement de phase) semblent ainsi être une solution particulièrement attractive pour réaliser des composants RF permettant l’obtention de circuits reconfigurables, rapides, miniatures et intégrables sur des circuits CMOS.En lien avec la stratégie du LETI / DCOS (Département COmposants Silicium) et en s’appuyant sur une analyse fine de la physique des matériaux à changement d’état, la thèse aura pour objectif de développer une nouvelle filière technologique de composants RF en rupture à base de SCM qui permettront de concevoir de nouvelles architectures de circuits RF innovants et reconfigurables. / As wireless telecommunication systems complexity continues to increase, there is a need to develop RF systems with higher performances and agility. In this context, SCM (State Change Material), already used to develop the next generation of non-volatile memory (PCRAM, CBRAM), were recently evaluated to realize RF switches. Among these SCM, PCM (Phase Change Material) are an attractive option to realize miniature and high speed reconfigurable RF components that could be easily integrated with CMOS circuits.In line with the LETI / DCOS (Silicon Components Division) strategy, PhD will aim to develop a disruptive RF components technology based on SCM that will allow designing innovative and reconfigurable FEM (Front End Module) circuits.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi o de obter-se fios de cobre em três composições químicas distintas da liga Cu-Mg a partir de cobre eletrolítico e de magnésio. Foram avaliadas as etapas envolvidas, começando com a fusão de botões em forno a arco na composição do eutético Cu-Mg, diluição destes botões em forno resistivo, vazamento em lingoteira de cobre, seguido de tratamento térmico de homogeneização em forno resistivo a 910 ºC por 2 h. Os tarugos foram posteriormente trabalhados mecanicamente por forjamento rotativo seguido de um passe final de acabamento por trefilação, para obtenção do fio. As análises químicas realizadas nos lingotes indicaram que a rota de preparação dos fios mostrou-se adequada aos estudos em escala de laboratório, suficiente para a confecção de fios com área de seção transversal de 4 mm2 por 10 m de comprimento, para cada composição de liga. Os fios foram caracterizados mecanicamente por ensaio de tração e de dureza após tratamento térmico de recristalização a 510 ºC por 1 h. Os fios também tiveram as condutividades elétricas medidas na condição recristalizada e os resultados foram comparados com dados experimentais da literatura. Os materiais obtidos mostraram-se adequados à utilização como fio condutor de energia elétrica. Os limites de escoamento e de resistência a tração tiveram seus valores melhorados com o aumento do teor de magnésio na liga, 11 % e 24 %, respectivamente, enquanto houve queda nos valores de condutividade elétrica para cerca de 60 % IACS (International Annealed Copper Standard). / The aim of this work was to obtain copper wires in three different chemical compositions starting from electrolytic copper and magnesium. The mains steps were evaluated, starting from the melting of small eutectic cooper-magnesium specimens in an electric arc furnace, followed by further dilution of this buttons in a resistive furnace and casting it in a copper mould. The as cast billets were homogenized in a resistive furnace at 910 ºC for 2 h. The billets were mechanically cold worked by swaging and a final drawing step to attain a round shape and a reasonable surface quality. The cast ingots chemical analysis indicated that the processing route showed to be adequate, in laboratory scale, to obtain wires with cross sectional area of 4 mm2 and 10 m in length. The wires in both conditions as cold worked and after a recovering heat treatment at 510 ºC for 1 h, were mechanically characterized by tensile testing and hardness. The wires had also the electric conductivity assessed in the recovered heat-treated state and the results were compared to the literature data. The obtained material showed to be adequate to be used as electric conductor. The yield strain and ultimate tensile strength were improved with the increasing amount of Mg in the alloy, 11 % and 24 %, respectively, while the electric conductivity decreased to 60 % IACS (International Annealed Copper Standard).

Les systèmes électroniques actuels intègrent de plus en plus de fonctionnalités nécessitant l'intégration de capteurs très variés. Ces systèmes hétérogènes sont complexes à intégrer notamment lorsque différentes technologies de fabrication sont nécessaires pour les capteurs.Les technologies de fabrication de MEMS avec un procédé CMOS-FSBM offrent un coût de production réduit et permettent d'intégrer sur un même substrat différents types de capteurs (magnétomètres et accéléromètres notamment). Ce procédé de fabrication implique cependant une détection résistive des capteurs avec tous les problèmes qui lui sont associés (faible sensibilité, offset important, bruit de l'électronique). A travers la réalisation de la première centrale inertielle sur une puce, cette thèse renforce l'intérêt d'une approche « CMOS-MEMS » pour la conception de systèmes multi-capteurs. Le système est basé sur une mesure incomplète du champ magnétique terrestre (axes X et Y) et sur la mesure complète du champ gravitationnel. Une électronique de conditionnement des capteurs performante a été développée adressant les principaux problèmes relatifs à une détection résistive permettant ainsi une optimisation de la résolution de chaque capteur. Enfin, deux algorithmes ont été développés pour la détermination de l'attitude à partir de la mesure des cinq capteurs montrant la faisabilité et l'intérêt d'un tel système. / Current electronic systems integrate more and more applications that require the integration of various kinds of sensors. The integration of such heterogeneous systems is complex especially when sensor fabrication processes differ from one to another. MEMS manufacturing processes based on CMOS-FSBM process promote a low-cost production and allow the integration of various types of sensors on the same die (e.g., magnetometers and accelerometers). However, this manufacturing process requires that sensors make use of resistive transduction with its associated drawbacks (low sensitivity, offset, electronic noise). Through the design and the implementation of the first inertial measurement unit (IMU) on a chip, this thesis demonstrates the interest of a “CMOS-MEMS” approach for the design of multi-sensor systems. The IMU is based on the incomplete measurement of the Earth magnetic field (X and Y axis) and the complete measurement of the gravity. An efficient front-end electronic has been developed addressing the most important issues of resistive transduction and thus allowing an optimization of sensor resolution. Finally, two attitude determination algorithms have been developed from the five sensor measurements showing the feasibility and the interest of such a system.