Responsible tourism is tourism which aims at minimizing negative environmental, social, and economic impacts, and benefits the local community. One crucial aspect is being neglected in the context of responsible tourism – the environmental impacts of food consumption. The impacts on the environment may vary depending on the dietary lifestyle. According to research, a vegan diet is generally less taxing on the environment than for example vegetarian or omnivorous ones. In this quantitative study, 161 participants, who consider themselves responsible tourists, were asked about their knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour regarding the environmental benefits of veganism. The data were analysed using linear regressions within the mediation model and two-sample t- tests. I found that attitudes partly mediate the relationship between knowledge and behaviour. Vegans are more knowledgeable about the environmental benefits of veganism than omnivores. Besides, vegans showed the most pro-environmental attitudes and behaviour, followed by vegetarians and omnivores. Less than half of the sample perceive veganism as a part of responsible tourism. Those respondents who perceive it so are mainly vegans and vegetarians. A campaign that would raise awareness of the environmental benefits of veganism in the context of responsible travel needs to be implemented. A qualitative study should follow, and further research needs to be done among additional samples, such as typical mass tourists.

Backpacker tourists frequently express “anti-tourist” attitudes and are confident that they contribute positively to their destinations. Ironically, they are sometimes characterised by stakeholders in destinations in less developed countries as neo-colonial invaders. In spite of their anti-tourist attitudes, in reality, backpacker tourists tend to stay in backpacker enclaves where the cultural and moral values of backpackers are dominant. This happens because they encounter many obstacles to enjoying the backpacking experience in an unfamiliar interregional (intercultural) environment. Given such contradictory phenomena surrounding backpacker tourists in less developed countries, one question is how they manifest their responsible behaviour. Therefore, this research aims to explore the nature and degree of responsible behaviour amongst backpacker tourists in Thailand, which is one of the most popular backpacker destinations in the world. Through mixed method research, this principally explores (1) the frequency levels of backpackers’ behavioural intentions, their actual responsible behaviour, and the gap between them based on a series of items representing responsible behaviour, and (2) their definitions and perceived experiences of responsible behaviour. The research found that whilst backpacker tourists tend to report their frequent responsible behaviour and perceive themselves as “responsible” tourists, in reality, they experience many difficulties in behaving responsibly in an unfamiliar interregional (intercultural) tourism setting in spite of their intention to do so, and while being well aware of the importance of behaving responsibly. There is a propensity among backpacker tourists to exaggerate the importance of small and fleeting experiences of responsible behaviour outside backpacker enclaves (e.g. a moment of demonstrating a respectful attitude towards local people). Also, cultural experiences within backpacker enclaves, which are staged authentic manner (e.g. participation in a cultural or cookery class), tend to be exaggerated in importance and regarded as highly responsible behaviour. Moreover, whilst backpacker tourists appreciate themselves as “responsible” tourists and during their travels they respect others and behave so as not to disturb others which are required to do so regardless of place, culture and custom even in the home in daily life, they represented their reluctance to “engage” in responsible behaviour, especially altruistic and philanthropic activities (i.e., engagement in volunteering work or donating to local communities). These propensities were common to all types of backpacker tourists in this study; even those who reported their own outstandingly frequent intention and actual responsible behaviour (i.e., backpacker tourists who travel extensively with the strong motivation to explore destination countries). The principal conclusion in this research is that, whilst the behaviour reported by the backpacker tourists was never harmfully irresponsible, there are several contradictions between their evaluation of their responsible behaviour and their actual behaviour patterns. Moreover, there is a gap between their behavioural pattern of responsible behaviour and the concept of “responsible tourism” for backpacker tourists. The declared good intentions and instances of actually behaving in a responsible manner by backpacker tourists do not necessarily mean that they behave altruistically and philanthropically that the concept of responsible tourism aims to engender.

The thesis examines Youth Travel, the new trend and new segment of tourism. Its goal is to analyze this market and recommend the appropriate strategy to the destinations and enterprises in order to attract Youth Travelers. The theoretical part presents the definition of Youth Travel, indicates its benefits and analyses the factors of its development. The analytical part is concerned with the potential of the Czech Republic for the development of Youth Travel and the tendency of Youth Travelers to visit this destination. The contribution of this work can be seen in the new product concept which might be helpful in attracting Youth Travelers to one of the regions of the Czech Republic.

B. Tech. (Department of Tourism and Hospitality Management, Faculty of Human Sciences), Vaal University of Technology. / Tourism is a fast-developing industry globally, and the impacts of tourism are exceedingly diverse. The relationship between the environment and tourism has assumed a unique position in research through the development of tourism studies over the years. From an economic viewpoint, tourism is aimed at bringing income to local communities. It also could also increase and spread economic development, thus reducing the inequalities in income distribution by providing and creating employment opportunities. However, from an ecological standpoint, tourism poses a threat to the delicate environment. Thus, the pressure on natural resources remains a major problem globally, and the fact that tourism-related activities and facilities such as resorts contribute to the scarcity and overuse of resources is of great concern. The rapid growth in tourist numbers poses a significant threat to natural resources, more so tourists are significant consumers of natural resources such as water and electricity while on holiday. Overuse and depletion of these natural resources can cause environmental degradation in and around a destination. Even though some tourists hold positive environmental attitudes, they may not behave environmentally responsible while visiting resorts, because they want to experience the destination in full. Behavioural change is a complex process involving the interaction between numerous variables of which attitude is only one attribute. Attitude itself is also a complex attribute which is challenging to define and may involve multiple and even contradictory values. Previous studies indicate that positive attitudes toward the environment do not necessarily lead to environmentally responsible behaviour. Researchers have found a weak relationship between attitudes and behaviour. Although there is not a direct or linear relationship between attitude and behaviour, they may have significant causal effects on behaviour. Suffice to say, however, viiattitudes, especially strong specific and narrowly defined attitudes that have been acquired through direct experience, that influence the person’s self-interest and are accessible, have a strong effect on behaviour. For this reason, a general indication of the variable ‘environmental attitudes’ was obtained by recoding the respondents’ identification and ratings of severe environmental problems when visiting LWR in Limpopo. The measurement of environmental concern or rather behaviour is generally regarded as an integrated component of broader attitudinal dispositions. This study attempted to determine whether tourists are behaving in an environmentally responsible manner while visiting selected resorts in Limpopo South Africa. This was approached based on an empirical study which followed a quantitative research design. A non-probability, convenience sampling method by means of a web-survey was adopted. The target population for this study were tourists to all LWR (Limpopo Wildlife Resorts) in Limpopo South Africa. Once the data was collected, it was captured and processed by means of SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). Environmentally responsible behaviour of tourists visiting LWR was analysed by means of descriptive statistics, using factor analysis and ANOVA. With the information gathered, the researcher wanted to test if there was a difference in visitor behaviour in comparison to their attitudes toward the environment. ANOVA was used to compare the difference in visitor’s behaviour and attitudes while visiting resorts and the use of factor analysis as a procedure was necessary for data reduction and summarisation. Therefore, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to investigate how tourist environmentally responsible behaviour differs between visitor profiles. The data showed that females agreed more strongly with statements empathetic to the environment than male respondents did. Furthermore, the data showed that as one becomes older, so the agreement with the opinion of empathetic opinion to the environment becomes larger. The apathetic environmental opinion factor shows an opposite tendency, namely as one grows older, the agreement with the apathetic opinion factor becomes less. Awareness has become heightened, which is shown in the visitor’s value of nature and leads to environmentally conscious behaviour and activities to preserve the environment. Moreover, an increased concern of the environment has made consumers more aware of the environmental impacts of their viiipurchase decision concerning the service industry. The increased awareness of environmental impacts of tourism has led to the emergence of tourist called, among others, environmentally responsible tourist. Therefore, one can say that tourist as consumers are becoming more aware of the importance of protecting the environment and more involved in practising environmentally friendly behaviour while on holiday.

The main aim of the work was to apply the principles of sustainability and responsibility in the tourist destinations with the concept of Smart cities and Smart Regions and the use of modern methods and trends for the development of tourism in the tourist destination. These targets were applied to the town of Český Krumlov. One part of the thesis is quantitative research, which examines relations between residents of Český Krumlov and its visitors. According to research results, the design part was elaborated. The suggestions are focused on the development of new smart technologies in transport. Smart, modern and sustainable traffic management in the destination is one of the important components of the Smart City concept. The aim of the suggestion part is to create comprehensive traffic management system that could be useful for visitors of the city and for residents too.

Thesis (MA (Sociology and Social Anthropology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this thesis, I examine the case study of the Makuleke in Limpopo province. This community entered the public spotlight when it regained its former homeland in the Kruger National Park. It currently partakes in an extensive programme on ‘responsible tourism’ via commercial expansion. This concession allows (or is supposed to allow) for increased community development and economic growth in the Makuleke region. The community has become more business-like in their approach to this concession. This process is encapsulated by the formalisation of the land management structures in what I refer to as Makuleke Inc. Makuleke Inc. has at its heart a ‘cultural business’, of which an ‘authentic Makuleke’ is presented and traded. I detail the production of unique, bona fide culture through branding (that is, commercial representation). This practice contributes to new or different configurations of identity and collective belonging. “ / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie navorsingstuk behartig ek die gevallestudie van die Makuleke in Limpopo. Hierdie gemeenskap het die publieke oog betree nadat sy tuisland in die Kruger Nasionale Wildtuin teruggewen is. Tans is dit betrokke by ‘n omvattende program in ‘verantwoordelike toerisme’ deur middel van kommersiële ontwikkeling. Hierdie konsessie dra by (of is veronderstel om by te dra) tot verhoogde gemeenskaps- en ekonomiese groei in die Makuleke omgewing. Die gemeenskap se benadering tot genoemde toegewing is besigheids-georiënteerd. Hierdie proses word gekenmerk deur die formalisering van die grond-beheerstrukture deur wat ek noem Makuleke Inc. (ingelyf). Makuleke Inc. is as’t ware ‘n ‘kulturele onderneming’, waar ‘n ‘egte Makuleke’ voorgestel en verhandel word. Ek beskryf die produksie van ‘n unieke, egte kultuur deur die gebruik van handelsmerke (dit is, kommersiële voorstelling). Hierdie proses dra by tot nuwe of ander gestaltes van identiteit en gemeenskaplikheid.

The main aim of this thesis is to apply the principles of sustainability and responsibility in the South Bohemian region as a tourism destination in relation to Chinese clients and related problems with the subsequent use of modern methods and trends for the development of tourism destination with regard to sustainable and responsible tourism.

As Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and social enterprises become drivers of economic growth, the nexus provides opportunities for new models of business to bring benefits to communities in developing countries. Recognising the complex dynamics and range of actors in this diverse and emerging sector, this study chooses to document the external influences, use and impact of ICT on social enterprises. The problem investigated is the potential gap between the rhetoric of the 'promise of e-business' versus the dynamics of enactment and impacts of ICT in practice in the social enterprise sector. The methodology consists of a mixed-method data collection strategy to triangulate data sources from a diverse cross-section of organisations in the social enterprise sector in Cambodia. These include a cross-sectional survey, interviews, observations, document analysis and review of artefacts. It is unclear whether the Cambodian social enterprise sector represents a unique case or is representative of other countries. Regardless, the rich dynamics of the sector and the current lack of understanding of ICT use by this sector in developing countries per se warrant such a study. It fills a significant gap in the field of ICT and development by providing an in-depth overview of the social enterprise sector in one developing country, which may also be applicable in other developing country contexts. The research maps the e-business status of Cambodian social enterprises along a continuum from precursor activity to fully integrated e-services. It finds that Cambodian social enterprises believe ICT adds value to their operation; however access to affordable and reliable local ICT resources is an important factor determining long-term uptake. It also shows that external support is seen as vital to the success of ICT uptake by social enterprises in Cambodia. Donors have the most significant influence on social enterprises' framing of ICT, whilst NGOs, associations and the private sector are also important institutional players in shaping understanding and uptake of ICT. The main contribution of the research is to identify the real development impact of ICT use by social enterprises by measuring the role of ICTs in achieving their goals. Its major finding is that social and business missions are inextricably linked within these organisations, so to measure one in isolation of the other denies the new paradigm that social enterprises present. The most active sub-sector explored that best reflects this unique value proposition is the emerging social outsourcing potential of the IT services sub-sector. The handicraft and processing sub-sectors have yet to fully engage and use ICT to their maximum benefit. The outlook for these sub-sectors is likely to require further support to best harness the potential that ICT can bring developing countries.

Orientador: Ana Tereza Caceres Cortez / Banca: Darlene Aparecida de Oliveira Ferreira / Banca: Odaléia Telles Marcondes Machado Queiroz / Banca: Silvia Aparecida Guarnieri Ortigoza / Banca: Tânia Maria Campos Leite / Resumo: A presente pesquisa teve como objeto de estudo os municípios de Presidente Epitácio e Rosana, localizados a sudoeste do Estado de São Paulo, às margens do rio Paraná. A opção por esses municípios ocorreu por estarem localizados numa área paulista denominada Pontal do Paranapanema, sendo parte de uma região denominada de Alta Sorocabana, extremo sudoeste de São Paulo, no triângulo formado pelos rios Paraná e Paranapanema, localização que traz a possibilidade de se desenvolver o turismo. O objetivo geral da pesquisa foi analisar os principais pontos turísticos e debater sobre a necessidade de se desenvolver um plano estratégico participativo para a realização de um turismo responsável/sustentável, a fim de que os impactos negativos da atividade sejam mitigados e os positivos maximizados. Como objetivos específicos foram verificados os impactos e analisados o papel do poder público, o perfil dos turistas e a opinião dos moradores sobre o desenvolvimento do turismo. A atividade turística, em sua complexidade, expressa relações sociais que são materializadas no espaço, por isso para se entender o fenômeno do turismo no enfoque geográfico foram escolhidas as categorias de análise: forma função, estrutura e processo / Abstract: The present research has as object of study the cities of President Epitácio and Rosana, located at the southwest of the São Paulo State, to the edges of the Paraná River. The option for these cities occurred for being located in a São Paulo State area called Pontal of the Paranapanema, being part of a called region of High Sorocabana, southwestern extremity of São Paulo, in the triangle formed for the rivers Paraná and Paranapanema, localization that brings the possibility of developing the tourism. The general objective of the research was to analyze the main tourist points and to debate on the necessity of developing a participative strategically plan for the accomplishment of sustainable a responsible tourism, so that the negative impacts of the activity are mitigated and the positives maximized. As specific objective it was verified the impacts and analyzed the paper of the public power, the profile of the tourists and the opinion of the inhabitants on the development of the tourism. The tourist activity, in its complexity, express social relations that are materialized in the space, therefore to understand the phenomenon of the tourism, in the geographic approach had been chosen the categories of analysis: form function, structure and process / Doutor

The aim of this thesis was identify the application of environmental-friendly approaches offer of accommodation in subject areas, assess the importance of responsible approaches in strategy of companies offering accommodation, research into preferences of visitors of the former České Budějovice district concerning a specific offer of responsible tourism industry. The results of paper and concept of measure for České Budějovice district are at the close of the paper.