Este trabalho apresenta o percurso histórico da ideia de frase a partir de sua presença na obra do linguista brasileiro Joaquim Mattoso Câmara Jr. (1904-1970). Entende-se por ideia de frase as representações que pretendem dar conta dos segmentos da cadeia dialógico-discursiva no âmbito das ciências ou disciplinas dedicadas ao estudo qualificado e especulativo da linguagem. Partiu-se do problema geral da definição da frase e de seu papel no estudo da linguagem. Mattoso Câmara, como linguista brasileiro, ilustra, por meio de suas reflexões sobre a questão da frase e de seu horizonte de retrospecção, os movimentos e transformações do percurso histórico do problema considerado; contribuiu, também, com os capítulos XI e XII de seu Princípios de linguística geral (1ª ed., 1941) para o esforço de precisão conceitual-terminológica da ideia de frase; o fez a partir da compreensão do caráter heteróclito da frase e de seu enquadramento teórico a partir da dicotomia saussuriana langue / parole. Este trabalho resulta do levantamento, a partir das pistas encontradas na obra de Mattoso Câmara, das emergências da ideia de frase e dos contextos epistemológicos em que surgem. O percurso de sua presença e de sua problematização no longo tempo do pensamento linguístico ocidental nos eixos espaço-temporais da Antiguidade Grega, da França racionalista e do Brasil que se moderniza permite compreender e localizar na história das ideias linguísticas brasileiras a contribuição de Mattoso Câmara à conceituação do termo frase. O viés teórico-metodológico deste trabalho é o da História das Ideias Linguísticas, na proposta do filósofo e historiador Sylvain Auroux. O cerne desta proposta teórico-metodológica é o saber metalinguístico constituído e/ou em vias de se constituir que pode ser de quatro tipos: especulativo, prático, técnico e competente (AUROUX, 1988). O conceito de ideia de frase subjacente a este trabalho resulta do saber metalinguístico de natureza especulativa, visto que é no âmbito do estudo qualificado que as representações que pretendem lidar com as entidades manifestadas no mundo sensível e identificadas pelos termos frase, sentença, oração, proposição, período e enunciado foram buscadas. / This work presents the historical course of sentence idea. The presence of discussions about sentence in the work of the Brazilian linguist Joaquim Mattoso Câmara Jr. (1904-1970) is the motive for elaboration of this historical course. Sentence idea is understood, in this work, by representations of dialogical-discursive chain segments in scope of sciences or disciplines dedicated to speculative study of language. It started from the general problem of defining the sentence and its role in the study of language. Mattoso Câmara\'s reflections about the sentence illustrate the movements of historical path of sentence idea. The same occurs with his retrospection horizon. The Chapters XI and XII of his Princípios de linguística geral (1st ed., 1941) are his contributions to the conceptual-terminological precision effort of sentence idea. He does so understanding the sentence\'s heteroclite character and its theoretical framework from the Saussurian dichotomy langue / parole. This work results from the survey of clues of sentence idea and the epistemological contexts in which they arise. Most of those clues was found in the work of Mattoso Câmara. The course of presence and problematization of sentence question in the long term of Western linguistic thought in the space-time axes of Greek Antiquity, Rationalist France, and Brazil that is modernized enables us to understand and locate in the history of Brazilian linguistic ideas the contribution of Mattoso Câmara to conceptualization of the term FRASE. The theoretical-methodological bias of this work is the History of Linguistic Ideas; it was proposal by the philosopher and historian Sylvain Auroux. The core of this theoretical-methodological proposal is the metalinguistic knowledge constituted and / or about to be constituted. They can be of four types: speculative, practical, technical and competent (AUROUX, 1988). The concept of sentence idea underlying this work results from the metalinguistic knowledge of a speculative nature, since it is from there that came the terms, in Portuguese, frase, sentença, oração, proposição, período e enunciado.

In speech and language intervention, the ability to interact is seldom evaluated; rather intervention is evaluated in terms of improved testresults.  If goal-setting in intervention also is based on everyday communicative needs, the relevance of the treatment may be increased and intervention outcome may be implemented in the patient’s natural environment. The present study, as part of a research-project, is based on analyses of interaction and interviews to examine everyday conversations and speech and language intervention. The aim was to explore if there is a relation between everyday communication needs and goal-setting in speech and language intervention for people with aphasia. A further aim was to investigate if there are everyday communicative needs that may form goals for speech and language intervention. Two individuals with aphasia and one individual with both dysarhtria and aphasia participated in the study. Three speech and language pathologists and two relatives also participated in the study. Everyday interaction and intervention sessions were recorded and transcribed according to Conversation Analysis principles and analysed from an interactional perspective. Interviews regarding intervention and everyday communication were carried out with all participants. Recordings were presented and discussed with all participants, in so called retrospections. Four phenomena that illustrate communication needs of the participating patients were identified: repair, alternative and augmentative communication, co-construction and feedback. Analysis, interviews and retrospections have revealed that communication needs can form the basis of goal-setting in speech and language intervention. It is also demonstrated that intervention mainly is based on the everyday communication needs of the patient. Retrospections were also shown to be useful in order to observe communication needs in everyday life and in order to evaluate speech and language intervention. The retrospections were found to be beneficial to an open dialogue between speech and language pathologist, patient and relatives regarding the content and aim of the intervention.

Héritières des années 1970 les communautés intentionnelles ont pour objectif de remettre en cause les pratiques et liens sociaux propres à la société contemporaine. Par l’association du travail et de la vie domestique elles forment un type d’organisation sociale tournée vers le vivre ensemble et le travail du commun. Cette thèse démontre à partir du cadre théorique de la résistance ordinaire, que les communautés intentionnelles mettent en pratique une manière d’être au monde qui leur est spécifique. Par le retour à la terre et le détour par la nature, elles inscrivent leur action dans une temporalité et une spatialité nourries d’une projection utopique puisant ses sources dans les représentations d’un passé mythifié. Celui-ci sert la mise en action dans le présent de ce monde et l’expérimentation d’un monde à faire advenir. Ces communautés développent, des visions et un agir guidés par ce que je propose d’appeler une rétrospection utopique. Ce faisant, elles investissent des espaces publics interstitiels et oppositionnels en juxtaposant des imaginaires et des pratiques qui font correspondre à trois logiques sociales (le mythe, le retour, l’utopie) trois registres d’historicité (conservation, rétrospection, progression). Elles organisent le ralentissement de la machine technobureaucratique et capitaliste et convoquent les racines agraires des sociétés antérieures pour préfigurer l’avènement d’une société nouvelle, agraire et politique. / Recipients of the 1970’s legacy, intentional communities aim at reconsidering the practices and social relations specific to contemporary society. Through the association of work and domestic life they form a kind of social organization turned towards «living together » and « working the common ». Using the theoretical framework of common resistance as a basis, this thesis demonstrates that intentional communities put into practice a peculiar manner of being-in-the-world. By way of a return to the land and of a detour via nature, their action is inscribed in a temporality and a spatiality fueled by utopian projection, which draws on representations of a mythologized past. That past serves the present-time actualisation of this world, and the experimentation of a world-to-be-brought-about. These communities develop visions and ways of doing guided by what I suggest we call utopian retrospection. In doing so, they invest intersitial and oppositional public spaces by juxtaposing imaginaries and practices that correlate three social logics (myth, return, utopia) with three registers of historicity (conservation, retrospection, progression). They organise the slowing down of the techno-bureaucratic and capitalistic machine and summon the agrarian roots of earlier societies to prefigure the advent of a new society, both agrarian and political.

This thesis examines narrative strategies and the representation of trauma in Toni Morrison's trilogy consisting of Beloved, Jazz and Paradise. Morrison's novels illustrate the black experience in the US throughout history; the trilogy begins in the 1870's with Beloved and continues through 1920's in Jazz to 1970's in Paradise. The main focus of this thesis is the exploration of the narrative strategies in the connection to trauma in order to showcase how Morrison manipulates the narrative to draw attention to the unheard traumatic experiences of black people, and consequently criticises the racist master narrative. Beloved depicts the immediate impact of slavery, and the following two novels expose how the underlining traumatic effects of slavery are reproduced long after its abolishment. Selected theoretical approaches to narrative and trauma are introduced in the first chapter. Mieke Bal's approach to narrative, combined with Henry Louis Gates Jr.'s African- American literary theory described in The Signifying Monkey, provides the basis for the analysis of the use of voice, narrative structure, retroversion, and repetition in the trilogy. The postcolonial view of trauma, informed mostly by Judith L. Herman's Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence from Abuse to Political Terror, is...