Em telecomunicações é utilizada uma grande variedade de modelos de propagação para prever a intensidade do sinal de recepção num enlace de rádio. Os resultados dos modelos empíricos e dos modelos baseados em simplificações do problema eletromagnético apresentam, em geral, grande discrepância entre si, na análise do fenômeno de propagação. Por exemplo, o modelo de dois raios, que prevê atenuação de enlace com variação de 40 dB/década, na região de campo distante da antena de transmissão, quando colocada a uma certa altura da superfície de um solo condutor perfeito. Já o modelo empírico de Okumura-Hata exibe, para as mesmas condições geométricas, mas para solo de condutividade finita, uma variação da atenuação de enlace de 30 dB/década. Neste trabalho propõe-se uma calibração do modelo de dois raios para aumentar sua aderência aos resultados obtidos por Okumura-Hata num cenário real na faixa de frequências de 450MHz a 1900MHz para comprimentos de enlace entre 1 km e 20 km. Os resultados obtidos com o modelo proposto são comparados com os obtidos através de outros modelos apresentando boa aderência verificada através de uma comparação numérica particularmente com o modelo Okumura-Hata. / In telecommunications, there is a large variety of propagation models in order to predict the intensity of the receiving signal in a communication link. The empirical models and the models based on simplifications of the electromagnetic problem with theoretically obtained results show, in general, a significant disagreement, for the same propagation phenomenon. For example two-ray model predicts a path-loss of 40 dB/decade in the far-field region of a transmission antenna deployed at a certain height of the surface of a perfect conducting soil. On the other hand, the Okumura-Hata empirical model shows, for the same geometrical conditions, bur for a real soil, a path-loss of 30 dB/decade. This work proposes a calibration of the Two-Ray model for better adherence to the results obtained by Okumura-Hata in a real scenario for the frequency range 450MHz to 1900MHz and for a radio link length of 1 km to 20 km. The results obtained with the proposed model are compared with other model results showing good adherence through numeric comparison, in particular with the Okumura - Hata model.

A concepção deste trabalho está ligada ao desenvolvimento de sistemas microeletromecânicos (MEMS) para RF na faixa de frequências de ondas milimétricas. Dentro deste contexto, o Grupo de Novos Materiais e Dispositivos (GNMD) do Laboratório de Microeletrônica (LME) da Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo (EPUSP) já fabricou RF MEMS que tiveram resultados bastante promissores. No entanto, para obtenção de melhores resultados, é necessária a otimização eletromecânica destes dispositivos e para isso é necessária a extração de suas propriedades mecânicas. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para extração do módulo de elasticidade e tensão residual em MEMS, através da simulação e fabricação de microestruturas específicas para este fim. As técnicas de nanoindentação, frequência de ressonância, raio de curvatura e M-TEST foram estudadas. As microestruturas fabricadas foram cantileveres e pontes feitas de alumínio e cobre. Foram realizadas simulações no software ANSYS para prever as frequências de ressonância e as tensões de pull-in das estruturas antes de serem fabricadas. O módulo de elasticidade do alumínio extraído através da nanoindentação foi de 75,6 ± 4,1 GPa, e o do cobre extraída através da técnica de frequência de ressonância foi de 123 ± 12 GPa. A tensão residual do cobre foi extraída através da técnica de medição do raio de curvatura e foi de -199±105 MPa. O trabalho está vinculado ao projeto Jovem Pesquisador FAPESP (2011/18167-3). / The approach of this work is linked to the development of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) for RF in the frequency range of millimeter waves. Within this context, the Group of New Materials and Devices (GNMD) of the Laboratory of Microelectronics (LME) of the Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo (EPUSP) has already manufactured RF MEMS which have had very promising results. However, to obtain better results, it is necessary the electromechanical optimization of these devices through the extraction of their mechanical properties. Thus, this work has the objective of developing a methodology for the extraction of the Young\'s modulus and residual stress in MEMS, through the simulation and fabrication of specific microstructures for this purpose. The techniques of nanoindentation, resonance frequency, radius of curvature and M-TEST were studied. The fabricated microstructures were cantilevers and bridges in aluminum and copper materials. Simulations were performed in the ANSYS software to predict the resonance frequencies and the pull-in voltages of the structures before they were fabricated. The Young\'s modulus of aluminum extracted through nanoindentation was 75,6 ± 4,1 GPa, the resonance frequency of copper extracted by the technique of the same name was 123 ± 12 GPa and the residual stress of copper was extracted through the technique of measuring the radius of curvature and was -199±105 MPa. The work is linked to the project Jovem Pesquisador from FAPESP (2011/18167-3).

A concepção deste trabalho está ligada ao desenvolvimento de sistemas microeletromecânicos (MEMS) para RF na faixa de frequências de ondas milimétricas. Dentro deste contexto, o Grupo de Novos Materiais e Dispositivos (GNMD) do Laboratório de Microeletrônica (LME) da Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo (EPUSP) já fabricou RF MEMS que tiveram resultados bastante promissores. No entanto, para obtenção de melhores resultados, é necessária a otimização eletromecânica destes dispositivos e para isso é necessária a extração de suas propriedades mecânicas. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para extração do módulo de elasticidade e tensão residual em MEMS, através da simulação e fabricação de microestruturas específicas para este fim. As técnicas de nanoindentação, frequência de ressonância, raio de curvatura e M-TEST foram estudadas. As microestruturas fabricadas foram cantileveres e pontes feitas de alumínio e cobre. Foram realizadas simulações no software ANSYS para prever as frequências de ressonância e as tensões de pull-in das estruturas antes de serem fabricadas. O módulo de elasticidade do alumínio extraído através da nanoindentação foi de 75,6 ± 4,1 GPa, e o do cobre extraída através da técnica de frequência de ressonância foi de 123 ± 12 GPa. A tensão residual do cobre foi extraída através da técnica de medição do raio de curvatura e foi de -199±105 MPa. O trabalho está vinculado ao projeto Jovem Pesquisador FAPESP (2011/18167-3). / The approach of this work is linked to the development of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) for RF in the frequency range of millimeter waves. Within this context, the Group of New Materials and Devices (GNMD) of the Laboratory of Microelectronics (LME) of the Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo (EPUSP) has already manufactured RF MEMS which have had very promising results. However, to obtain better results, it is necessary the electromechanical optimization of these devices through the extraction of their mechanical properties. Thus, this work has the objective of developing a methodology for the extraction of the Young\'s modulus and residual stress in MEMS, through the simulation and fabrication of specific microstructures for this purpose. The techniques of nanoindentation, resonance frequency, radius of curvature and M-TEST were studied. The fabricated microstructures were cantilevers and bridges in aluminum and copper materials. Simulations were performed in the ANSYS software to predict the resonance frequencies and the pull-in voltages of the structures before they were fabricated. The Young\'s modulus of aluminum extracted through nanoindentation was 75,6 ± 4,1 GPa, the resonance frequency of copper extracted by the technique of the same name was 123 ± 12 GPa and the residual stress of copper was extracted through the technique of measuring the radius of curvature and was -199±105 MPa. The work is linked to the project Jovem Pesquisador from FAPESP (2011/18167-3).

O presente trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de um sistema de tomografia por Ressonância Magnética, para uso em diagnósticos médicos. Ele foi baseado em subsistemas disponíveis comercialmente, tais como os utilizados em equipamentos de imagens de RM comerciais. As principais contribuições deste projeto foram: o desenvolvimento de circuitos eletrônicos complementares e \"software\", necessários para tomar o \"hardware\" adquirido em um Tomógrafo de Ressonância Magnética para diagnósticos médicos. Isso não inclui somente o projeto de complexos programas necessários para gerar os pulsos de RF, formas de onda dos gradientes, sistema de aquisição de dados e as seqüências de pulsos necessárias para o completo sincronismo, mas também o desenvolvimento de uma interface amigável para realizar: a entrada de informações do paciente; a seleção das técnicas de imagem e o \"software\" interativo para visualização e seleção de planos. Um novo algoritmo de compressão de dados, para reduzir o armazenamento necessário de dados de imagens de RM, sem perda de informação foi também apresentado e implementado. Uma comparação com outras implementações de compressão de uso geral foi apresentada para mostrar uma performance superior na taxa de compressão e tempo de execução. / The present work describes the development of a Magnetic Resonance Tomography system to be used for medical diagnostics. It is based on commercially available subsystems such as used as in commercial MRI equipments. The main contributions to the project were: the development of fill up electronics and software needed to turn the acquired hardware into a MR Tomography for medical diagnostics. This includes not only the design of complex software needed to generate the used RF pulses, gradient waveforms, data acquisition system and the desired pulse sequences to synchronize all, but also the development of a user friendly interface to do: the entrance of patient\'s information; the selection of MR imaging techniques and interactive software for image viewing and planes selection. A new data compression algorithm to reduce the storage requirement of raw MR image data without information losses is also presented and implemented. A comparison with others general purpose compression implementations is presented to show the superior performance in the compression rate and execution time.

Les opiacés demeurent des molécules incontournables dans le traitement des douleurs moyennes à sévères. Si leur efficacité dans le traitement de la douleur aiguë est incontestable, leur utilisation chronique est responsable de nombreux effets indésirables comprenant une hypersensibilité à la douleur et une tolérance à leurs effets analgésiques. Une partie de ces effets secondaires résulteraient de l’activation de systèmes anti-opioïdes endogènes, comme les neuropeptides RF-amide, dont des études précédentes suggèrent une complémentarité de fonctionnement dans la modulation de la douleur. Le premier axe de travail de cette thèse fut de développer les outils moléculaires afin d’étudier la possibilité d’interactions fonctionnelles et d’hétérodimérisation de ces récepteurs, en particulier GPR103 et NPFF1R. Nous avons ainsi pu générer et caractériser des lignées cellulaires exprimant les différents récepteurs à peptide RF-amide avec un fluorophore fusionné à leur extrémité amino-terminale. En parallèle, nous avons pu développer au cours d’une collaboration fructueuse avec deux équipes de chimistes un ligand à dualité d’action, agoniste opioïdergique et antagoniste des récepteurs NPFF1R et NPFF2R. Chez la souris, nous avons montré que l’administration sous-cutanée de ce composé produit une analgésie longue durée, qui n’est pas atténuée par le développement de tolérance analgésique ou d’hyperalgésie après une semaine d’administration quotidienne. Le syndrome de sevrage, précipité par la naltrexone est plus faible après l’administration chronique de ce composé qu’avec l’agoniste opioïdergique de référence. De plus, grâce à ses caractéristiques d’agoniste biaisé sur le récepteur MOR, cette molécule induit une plus faible dépression respiratoire chez la souris. / Opioid analgesics continue to be the cornerstones for treating moderate to severe pain. However, upon chronic administration, their efficiency is limited because of prominent side effects, such as tolerance and dependence. One hypothesis for the occurrence of these side effects is that the chronic stimulation of the opioid system may trigger its endogenous counterparts, anti-opioid systems, producing hyperalgesia and analgesic tolerance. Previous data from our lab and others suggest that RF-amide peptide receptors can modulate pain signalling through cross-interactions. We developed cell lines expressing fluorescent RF-amide receptors for the study of functional crosstalk and heterodimerization between RF-amide peptide receptors, i.e. GPR103 and NPFF1R. Through a productive collaboration with two teams of chemists, we identified and characterized multitarget peptidomimetic compounds that combined G protein-biased agonism and NPFFR antagonism. In accordance with in vitro results, we observed that acute subcutaneous administration of this compound produced long-lasting antinociceptive effects with less respiratory depression in mice. No hypersensitivity nor analgesic tolerance developed after chronic administration. Altogether, this molecule showed potent antinociceptive effect with limited side effects upon acute and chronic administration.

Em telecomunicações é utilizada uma grande variedade de modelos de propagação para prever a intensidade do sinal de recepção num enlace de rádio. Os resultados dos modelos empíricos e dos modelos baseados em simplificações do problema eletromagnético apresentam, em geral, grande discrepância entre si, na análise do fenômeno de propagação. Por exemplo, o modelo de dois raios, que prevê atenuação de enlace com variação de 40 dB/década, na região de campo distante da antena de transmissão, quando colocada a uma certa altura da superfície de um solo condutor perfeito. Já o modelo empírico de Okumura-Hata exibe, para as mesmas condições geométricas, mas para solo de condutividade finita, uma variação da atenuação de enlace de 30 dB/década. Neste trabalho propõe-se uma calibração do modelo de dois raios para aumentar sua aderência aos resultados obtidos por Okumura-Hata num cenário real na faixa de frequências de 450MHz a 1900MHz para comprimentos de enlace entre 1 km e 20 km. Os resultados obtidos com o modelo proposto são comparados com os obtidos através de outros modelos apresentando boa aderência verificada através de uma comparação numérica particularmente com o modelo Okumura-Hata. / In telecommunications, there is a large variety of propagation models in order to predict the intensity of the receiving signal in a communication link. The empirical models and the models based on simplifications of the electromagnetic problem with theoretically obtained results show, in general, a significant disagreement, for the same propagation phenomenon. For example two-ray model predicts a path-loss of 40 dB/decade in the far-field region of a transmission antenna deployed at a certain height of the surface of a perfect conducting soil. On the other hand, the Okumura-Hata empirical model shows, for the same geometrical conditions, bur for a real soil, a path-loss of 30 dB/decade. This work proposes a calibration of the Two-Ray model for better adherence to the results obtained by Okumura-Hata in a real scenario for the frequency range 450MHz to 1900MHz and for a radio link length of 1 km to 20 km. The results obtained with the proposed model are compared with other model results showing good adherence through numeric comparison, in particular with the Okumura - Hata model.

A extrêmement hautes fréquences, les applications électroniques vont être confrontées à des challenges liés à la réduction des dimensions et la compacité des systèmes. Les limites physiques des matériaux conventionnels étant atteintes, de nouvelles alternatives sont nécessaires dans le domaine du nano-packaging. De nouveaux matériaux ont été étudiés pour remplacer les matériaux conventionnels. Parmi eux, le nanotube de carbone démontre une excellente conductivité électrique et thermique ainsi qu’une résistance physique extraordinaire. Il est donc un candidat de choix pour des applications comme les interconnexions, l’évacuation de chaleur, le blindage électromagnétique ou encore le renforcement structurel. Autant de points capitaux pour le nano-packaging moderne. Dans ce manuscrit, les nanotubes de carbone vont être étudiés en profondeur pour réaffirmer leurs propriétés électroniques et thermiques hors du commun. Nous nous concentrerons ensuite sur l’étude de deux types d’interconnexions à base de nanotubes de carbone : des interconnexions à base de plot en nanotubes de carbone utilisant la technologie Flip-Chip et des interconnexions sans-fil à base de monopole composé de nanotubes de carbone. Enfin, nous étudierons la possibilité de créer des composants passifs Radio-Fréquence à l’aide de structures en nanotubes de carbone. De nouvelles méthodes de fabrication des structures en CNT ont été utilisées au cours de ces travaux de thèse afin d’obtenir une compatibilité avec les technologies CMOS. / At extremely high frequency, electronic applications will have to challenge problems born from the size reduction and compactification of the systems. Physical limits of conventional materials will be reached and so new alternatives are necessary in the nano-packaging field. New materials have been studied to replace conventional materials. Among them, carbon nanotubes have shown extremely high electrical and thermal conductivity as well as extraordinary physical resistance. And so carbon nanotubes are a good candidate for applications such as interconnects, thermal management, electromagnetic shielding or structural reinforcement. All of those applications are capital for modern nano-packaging. In this manuscript, carbon nanotubes will be studied in depths to demonstrate again their incredible electronic and thermal properties. We will then focus on the study of two types of carbon nanotubes based interconnects: carbon nanotubes bumps based interconnects for Flip-Chip applications and wireless interconnects based on carbon nanotubes monopole antenna. Finally, we will study the possibility of creating passive RF components using carbon nanotubes structures. New ways of fabricating the carbon nanotubes structure were used in order to get a fabrication process of the prototype completely compatible with CMOS technologies.

Le composite LiF-Cu fonctionnant selon la réaction de conversion : Cu + 2 LiF →CuF2 + 2 Li+ + 2 e- a été synthétisé afin d’être étudié comme matériau d’électrode positivepour batterie au lithium. Pour faire réagir ces phases à l’état solide, les îlots de LiF nedoivent pas excéder quelques nanomètres et la percolation électrique dans l’épaisseur doitêtre établie. La technique retenue pour obtenir cette nanostructuration est la co-pulvérisationcathodique RF alternée. Afin de contrôler la synthèse du nanocomposite, la vitesse de dépôtet le flux d’adatomes pour chaque matériau ont été mesurés par profilométrie et ICP-OES.Leur composition et leur morphologie ont été caractérisées par microscopie électronique(SEM, TEM, STEM, HRTEM, AFM), diffraction (XRD, SAED) et spectroscopie (EELS, XPS).Les résultats ont montré que la morphologie obtenue était bien faite d’îlots nanométriques deCu et de LiF. La conductivité électrique du nanocomposite est de 5 ordres de grandeursupérieure à celle du LiF seul. Des premiers tests en batterie ont montré une fortepolarisation typique des matériaux de conversion et une faible cyclabilité. / The LiF-Cu nanocomposite reacting through the conversion reaction: Cu + 2 LiF→ CuF2 + 2 Li+ + 2 e- has been synthesized in order to be studied as positive electrodematerial for lithium battery. In order to perform this reaction in the solid state, the size of theLiF islands mustn't exceeds a few nanometers an the electric percolation through thethickness must be achieved. The technique used to obtain this nanostructuration is thealternated RF co-sputtering. In order to control the nanocomposite synthesis, the rate ofdeposition and the adatoms flux for each material have been measured using profilometryand ICP-OES. Their composition and morphology have been characterised by electronicalmicroscopy (SEM, TEM, STEM, HRTEM, AFM), diffraction (XRD, SAED) and spectroscopy(EELS, XPS). Results have shown that the morphology was indeed made of nanometricislands of Cu and LiF. The nanocomposite electric conductivity is 5 order of magnitudehigher than the LiF one. The first tests have shown a high polarization typical of conversionmaterials and a poor cyclability.

L'optimisation de l'association " antenne - système" est une préoccupation majeure des concepteurs de tags RFID UHF et micro-ondes. L'évaluation conjointe de l'énergie reçue par ces antennes et de l'énergie re-rayonnée permettrait aux concepteurs d'évaluer directement les potentialités de télé-alimentation de leurs tags ainsi que la qualité de la communication. Pour répondre à cette problématique, nous avons développé une stratégie originale de modélisation et de simulation de systèmes RFID intégrés reposant sur l'utilisation du langage VHDL-AMS; langage compatible avec la majorité des outils de Conception Assistée par Ordinateur utilisés en microélectronique. La solution que nous proposons consiste en une modélisation à différents niveaux d'abstraction du système RFID que nous souhaitons optimiser, y compris le lien RF et les antennes. Nous adaptons ainsi le flot de conception classique largement utilisé en électronique numérique à un problème de conception mixte et RF.

<p>The overall goal of this diploma work is to produce a design of a 5 GHz radio frontend using Agilent Advanced Design System (ADS) and then build a working prototype. Using this prototype to determine if RF circuits at 5 GHz can be successfully produced using distributed components on a laminate substrate. </p><p>The design process for the radio front-end consists of two stages. In the first stage the distributed components are designed and simulated, and in the second stage all components are merged into a PCB. This PCB is then manufactured and assembled. All measurements on the radio front-end and the test components are made using a network analyser, in order to measure the S-parameters. </p><p>This diploma work has resulted in a functional design and prototype, which has proved that designing systems for 5 GHz on a laminate substrate is possible but by no means trivial.</p>