The research deals with bootstrap interval estimation of wildlife population sizes from multiple surveys in the Hluhluwe-Umfolosi Park. The jackknife procedure was also used to provide the standard errors for the survey estimates. The main wildlife speciese studied in the research were the White and Black Rhino. The survey estimates for the wildlife species were obtained using line transect sampling and mark-recapture methods respectively. The bootstrap and jackknife procedures were applied separately to each of the datasets. Bootstrap estimates for each of the time point were obtained and the confidence intervals of the bootstrap estimates were constructed using percentile and standard methods. The coverage probability was assessed using the Monte Carlo simulations. Only the nonparametric bootstrap was applied in this research and the results were compared to the jackknife results. The lengths of the confidence intervals were used to assess the confidence intervals with a shorter confidence interval being more exact. The estimates used for both the bootstrap and jackknife methodology were based on a simple state space model. The discrete state space model used was proposed by Fatti et al (2002). State space models provide a natural framework for estimating and predicting animal population abundance given partial or inexact information. The model takes into account the (unknown) birth rate in the population and all known losses (mortalities and relocations) and gains (introductions) in the population between successive surveys as well as the errors in the survey estimates.

Latin American experiences are analyzed in order to identify adverse factors, describing the complexity of the implementation of a Fabrication Laboratory in the region. As a starting point we take the implementation done by groups of academics coming back to their origin countries, and others that after the implementation they were born or adapted to an academic supervision (Fab Lab MIT) or a technical and commercial one (Rhino FabLab). In the whole, the results allow to identify opportunities for the future.

Das Heiserkeits-Diagramm ist eine grafische Darstellung der Stimmqualität in zwei Dimensionen. In der einen Richtung ist die Irregularität und in der anderen Richtung der Rauschanteil der Stimme aufgetragen. Besonderer Wert wird darauf gelegt, dass sich jede gesunde und pathologische Stimme, auch solche mit schweren Stimmstörungen, in dem Diagramm darstellen lassen. Die Messung des Rauschanteils beruht auf dem neuen akustischen Maß Glottal to Noise Excitation Ratio (GNE), dass in dieser Arbeit entwickelt wird. GNE zeigt gegenüber anderen Maßen, die den Rauschanteil messen, den großen Vorteil, dass er unabhängig gegenüber typischen Irregularitäten des Stimmsignals ist. Die Messung der Irregularität geschieht durch drei akustische Maße: Zwei statistische Maße zur Beschreibung der Periodenlängenschwankung (Jitter) und der Energieschwankung (Shimmer) sowie den mittleren Korrelationswert von je zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Perioden. Die vier akustischen Maße des Heiserkeits-Diagramms wurden aus 22 Maßen nach statistischen Kriterien selektiert. Der Einfluss des Vokaltraktes auf Jitter und Shimmer wird untersucht und das Verfahren zur Messung der Periodenlängen auf die Tauglichkeit für sehr unregelmäßige Stimmen getestet. Eine Theorie für den durch Jitter induzierten Shimmer wird hergeleitet, die sehr gut mit den Messungen übereinstimmt. Vokale bilden ein spezielles Muster im Heiserkeits-Diagramm. Sechs Gruppen mit verschiedenen Phonationsmechanismen, darunter normale Stimmen und Flüsterstimmen, werden im Heiserkeits-Diagramm signifikant voneinander unterscheiden. Im Anhang ist die Stimmgüteentwicklung von 48 Patienten zusammengestellt.

Les collections anatomiques de la tête et du cou correspondent à l’ensemble de pièces issues des musées archéologiques ou de sciences naturelles regroupées à des fins d’études. Le statut de ces collections est ambigu car il s’agit de restes humains mais également de pièces muséographiques. L’objectif de cette thèse est donc de montrer l’intérêt scientifique de l’étude de ces collections grâce à un corpus d’articles, et d’aborder les enjeux éthiques et les textes juridiques qui encadrent ces prélèvements.L’étude scientifique des restes humains de la tête et du cou permet l’amélioration de nos connaissances de l’histoire naturelle des maladies : épidémiologie, co-infections, évolutions des pratiques médico-chirurgicales. Cette thèse confirme que nous ne pouvons pas dénaturer ou détruire ces collections dans le simple but scientifique et que la mise à disposition scientifique du cadavre humain est loin d’être acceptée par tous. Il faut d’une part mettre en place et rendre acceptable statutairement la recherche en science fondamentale sur des restes humains et légaliser la constitution de collections permettant de faire progresser la recherche. Les dispositions de la loi relative aux collections d’échantillons biologiques humains ne s’appliquent pas de façon explicite aux collections à visée pédagogique ni aux collections muséologiques à caractère historique. A l’heure actuelle, chaque institution a le pouvoir de faire vivre ou non ces collections, soit avec une attitude plutôt conservatrice en limitant les études, soit plutôt dynamique en promouvant les recherches sur ces pièces. Forcé d’admettre qu’il y a peu d’attention portée à ces collections ; sans actions elles conduiront à l’abandon, mais s’intéresser aux morts c’est avant tout chercher à comprendre le vivant et avoir une meilleure connaissance de ce que nous sommes. Ces collections permettent de transmettre un héritage à nos descendants et nous avons un rôle de gardien vis à vis d’elles.On le voit, statuer en la matière est pour l’instant impossible. Il existe une richesse et une multiplicité des situations, chaque cas est unique et avec son propre parcours. Il n’est donc pas possible d’envisager une prise en charge idéale, et seule une collégialité d’experts peut permettre de décider du devenir de ces restes ou de prendre position vis à vis de leur exploitation scientifique, dans le respect des lois de bioéthiques et de la personne humaine en générale. La mise en place d’un réseau national avec la mise en place de partenariats et d’échanges est l’une des clefs des succès à venir. / The various sets of anatomical collections of the head and neck region are housed in either archaeological or natural science museums. The status of these collections is ambiguous because they are both human remains and also important museum pieces.The objective of this thesis is to demonstrate the scientific interest of the study of these collections through of several articles, and to address the ethical issues and legal contexts that surround these samples.The scientific study of the human remains of the head and neck allows the improvement of our knowledge of the natural history of diseases: epidemiology, co-infections, and the evolution of medical-surgical practices. This thesis confirms that we cannot denature or destroy these collections given their important scientific purpose and the fact that the scientific disposal of the human corpse is far from being accepted by all. On the one hand, it is necessary to establish and render statistically acceptable research in basic science on human remains and legalize the constitution of collections to advance research The provisions of the law relating to the collection of human biological samples does not exist and do not explicitly apply to educational collections or historical museum collections. At present, each institution has the power to display or hide these collections, either having a rather conservative attitude by limiting studies, or rather dynamic by promoting research on these pieces. Forced to admit that there is little attention paid to these collections; without actions they will lead to abandonment, but to be interested in the dead is above all to try to understand the living and to have a better knowledge of what we are, where we come from and where we are headed. These collections make it possible to transmit an inheritance to our descendants and we have been bestowed the role of guardian.However, the matter is for the moment almost impossible. There is a wealth and multiplicity of situations, each case is unique. It is therefore not possible to come up with a universal management plan, and only a collegiality of experts can make it possible to decide the future of these remains or to take a stand with respect to their scientific exploitation, in the respect of the laws of bioethics. The establishment of a national network along with the establishment of partnerships is one of the keys to ensure future growth and success.

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SIGRADI 2013. XVII Congreso de la Sociedad Iberomaericana de Gráfica Digital: Knowledge Design 20, 21 y 22 de Noviembre del 2013. Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María. Valparaiso, Chile / Teaching programming to architects, in academic and professional contexts, occurs in Latin America through self-­‐management, and focused on results, without analyzing the processes and establishing a follow-­‐up to participants, to establish patterns of application. The pointing out of these problems and the proposal of how to make said education sustainable has allowed finding variables specific to the region and to the very same tools and instruments, which are constantly evolving. At the same time, it is proposed after the analysis, that hetero-­‐education (shared learning) itself requires self-­‐education (self-­‐teaching processes) as a complementary process.

Proceedings from the Fab 9 Research Stream 9th International Fablab Conference, 21-27 July 2013, Yokohama. / Since 2007, Latin America has incorporated a set of emerging techniques promoted under three initiatives: a) from the experience of Master and Doctoral students who return to their home countries and promote their experience, b) from the external academic experience that goes towards the region, and c) from self-learning. These experiences are developed in an academic area, unlike Europe or the U.S., where they were promoted from and to professional practice, with varying degrees of implementation and effect. Generally speaking, the academic programs of the region lack a policy of inclusion of systematized emerging technologies, and that produces a slow uptake, especially in architecture. On one hand, if educational policies are not stable, equipment investment cannot be stable, and on the other hand, the generation gap between those who promote and those who accept blends into disruption and status quo. Each implementation in the region produces adverse and complex patterns, replicating existing models and seeking alliances with institutions in developed countries. Thus, there are self-help groups, while others incorporate academic, technical and/or commercial supervisions, in principle through the Center for Bits and Atoms (MIT Fab Lab) and McNeel Associates (Rhino Fab Lab). In this research, we evidence evolution and implementation processes in Latin America of the three types of initiatives, analyzing the case study in Peru, which together open up the possibility of moving from a phase of experimentation, trial and error to another that actually promotes local innovation and inclusion.

The research evaluates the feasibility of assisting orthodontists to treat irregularities in teeth by computing the transformations to move each tooth to its ideal position. The intent is to help orthodontists craft a precise and specific treatment plan for each patient. Computation of the transformations is achieved through the use of a reverse engineering package, Geomagic Studio, and a three dimensional modeling program, Rhino3D. The inputs for finding the transformation are the patient's teeth mold and dental arch templates. A 3D laser scanner is used to form a point cloud data representation of the patient's teeth mold. Geomagic is used to construct a Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline surface for the mold. Rhino3D is used to manipulate this surface and compute the required transformations using the scripting platform, Rhinoscript, in Rhino3D. The steps in the process and the algorithms developed in Rhinoscript to compute the transformations are discussed. Three case studies are presented to demonstrate the process. / text

The poaching of rhinoceros has increased dramatically the last few years andthe park rangers are often helpless against the militarised poachers. LinköpingUniversity is running several projects with the goal to aid the park rangers intheir work.This master thesis was produced at CybAero AB, which builds Remotely PilotedAircraft System (RPAS). With their helicopters, high end cameras with a rangesufficient to cover the whole area can be flown over the parks.The aim of this thesis is to investigate different methods to automatically findrhinos and humans, using airborne cameras. The system uses two cameras, onecolour camera and one thermal camera. The latter is used to find interestingobjects which are then extracted in the colour image. The object is then classifiedas either rhino, human or other. Several methods for classification have beenevaluated.The results show that classifying solely on the thermal image gives nearly as highaccuracy as classifying only in combination with the colour image. This enablesthe system to be used in dusk and dawn or in bad light conditions. This is animportant factor since most poaching occurs at dusk or dawn. As a conclusion asystem capable of running on low performance hardware and placeable on boardthe aircraft is presented. / Tjuvjakten av noshörningar har ökat drastiskt de senaste åren och parkvakternastår ofta handfallna mot militariserade tjuvjägare. Linköpings Universitet arbetarpå flera projekt som på olika sätt ska vara ett stöd för parkvakterna i deras arbete.Examensarbetet genomfördes på CybAero AB som jobbar med att bygga fjärrstyrdahelikoptrar, så kallade RPAS (Remotely Piloted Aircraft System). Med derassystem kan man bära högkvalitativa kameror och ha stor räckvidd så hela parkenkan övervakas.Det här examensarbetet syftar på att undersöka olika metoder för att från luftburnakameror kunna ge information om vad som pågår i parken. System bygger påatt man har två kameror, en vanlig färgkamera och en värmekamera. Värmekamerananvänds för att hitta intressanta objekt som sedan plockas ut ur färgbilden.Objektet klassificeras sedan som antingen noshörningar, människor eller annat.Flertalet metoder har utvärderas utefter deras förmåga att klassificera objektenkorrekt.Det visade sig att man kan få väldigt bra resultat när man klassificerar endastpå värmebilden vilket ger systemet möjlighet att operera även när det är skymningeller mörkt ute. Det är en väldigt viktig del då de flesta djuren skjuts vidantingen gryning eller skymning. Som slutsats i rapporten presenteras ett förslagpå system som kan köras på lågpresterande hårdvara för att kunna köras direkt iluften.