The existence or abolishment of adultery has been a dispute in academic circles for a long time. Though, it is permissible under the Constitution, according to the Constitutional Interpretation 554. However, many domestic law scholars and feminists argue that adultery should allow to be decriminalized from the perspectives of proportional principle, balance of criminal law¡¦s interest and comparative legal institution. This dissertation analyses the crime of adultery in current days via a newly emerging research approach, namely legal economics. To begin with, I clarify and confirm the legal interests in which marriage and family institutions are involved, that is to say the right of family, whom the crime of adultery in criminal law protects. Taking them as a analysis benchmark, and apply them to be the criterion on the assessment of crime of adultery thereafter. Then, use the concepts of demand, cost and benefit as tools, analyze the feasors and victim of adultery comparatively on the basis of the practice of current prosecution and judgement. The analysis shows that the norms of current crime of adultery couldn¡¦t objectively prevent it from happening. Moreover, it is a burden for the victim wife to start a lawsuit. The advantages obtained from criminal lawsuit could simply be retrieved from claim right in civil code. Besides, lawsuit started by victim wife always lead to family disharmony which at the same time contradicts the benefit of family right entitled by the crime itself. It infers that the crime of adultery should be discriminalized. During the research process, I also analyze the philosophical essence and theory of legal economics, which affirm the legitimate application of economics on law research. Will it lack protection on marriage and family institution after crime of adultery being discriminalized? The article considers this in a view of basic rights protection in the Constitution. How could we fullfil the protection through the law of a lower-level after the crime of adultery being recognized as the protection of family right, which at the same time the basic right the Constitution protects? After summarizing perspectives of theory and practice could be divided to the one that involves the conclusion of marriage, the termination of freedom and monogamy as a narrow interpretation of family right, and nurturing teenagers and protecting family members as broad interpretation on the other. Thus, the way of legalization should be different due to the distinction of broad and narrow family right. As to the narrow family right, it should focus on protection of the right of freedom. In addition, according to the rigidity of criminal law, especially being reviewed by proportional principle, there should be no need to limit the execution of freedom right, when it involves adultery, a stronger behavior in ethical level. Therefore, the existence of crime of adultery is unnecessary. There is a necessity that the Constitution Interpretation 554 needs to be reviewed. However, as far as the broad interpretation of family right is concerned, the criminal law couldn¡¦t force people to accomplish certain do¡¦s and don¡¦ts if it makes great damages to human dignity or jeopardizes the continuity of personality and family.

Abstract This paper examines the right to family life and how it can conflict with the child’s right to protection against harm. The paper examines how the international community views the family and what rights the family has in international law.  In addition to this, the paper also looks at the different family structure a family can have and it also examine whether there are a universal definition of family. Furthermore, the paper also talks about the children and the rights afforded to them and how the rights has developed through time. The concept of childhood is a much-debated issue. There have been debates on when the childhood begins but also on when it ends and the views of the States differs somewhat. Childhood is a concept that is heavy with different psychological, physical, religious and cultural believes and practices. When the States was working on the Convention on the Rights of the Child they had to try to consolidate the different views on both the beginning and the end of childhood but it proved to be problematic. To say that the childhood began at conception would have made the convention incompatible with the national law that allows abortion and it could therefore risk that some States did not sign the convention. They therefore made a compromise that meant that the States could keep their own definition on the beginning of childhood. The family as well as the well-being of the child is important and this is reflects in international law. This paper therefore also examines the articles in international and regional treaties concerning the family and the protection of the child.  It also examines several cases from the European Court of Human Rights to illustrate how the Court has reasoned in cases where rights of the parents has been in conflict with the children’s rights and best interest. The conclusion drawn from this paper is that no set of rights weigh more than the other. They are both very important and if it is possible, the authorities shall try to balance them with each other. They have to have both what would be best for the child and the parents right to family life in mind. Even if the authorities have to remove a child from the parents care they need to have a reunification of the family as a ultimate goal to work towards.

Families are old organizations. In Asian area, ¡§Domestic Violence Protection Act¡¨ is a new law that shoots up like a new sprout. When tradition meets modern laws; when old emotions and blood relationship meet rational laws, what kind of spark will be generated? And how many new social issues will it bring up? The harms caused by marital violence to a family include physical and mental torture suffered by family members, which might lead to high national and social costs. Owing to the changes in family functions and family structure, marital violence as a controversial issue has been regulated in the legislative body through legislation. However, if there is no limit to the ¡§intervention of laws in domestic disputes¡¨, family problems will be made public just like the ¡§Truman Show¡¨. Without privacy there is no dignity. The universal value of human rights would finally be stripped off. Once the private realm of a family is intervened, it is as if the Pandora¡¦s Box pops open. The basic human rights of family members, such as individual¡¦s privacy, minor children¡¦s right to family harmony, domestic violence victims¡¦ right over body and the right of freedom from fear, and domestic violence offenders¡¦ right to family life, right of migrating freedom, right of personal freedom, and right of property disposal, which has been deprived according to the protective order, as well as human dignity of each family member of the family in dispute and so on will be challenged. Whether the core of family system and family autonomy, or the right to family life, or the systematic protection of family should be precedent to the natural rights of the Constitution? Is it excessively intervened by the Domestic Violence Protection Act? This article discusses the intervention of laws in domestic disputes from the practical and law aspects: What conflicts exist between Domestic Violence Protection Act and domestic violence, and the possibility of reconciliation between them. It is also expected that the implementation of policies is able to protect the basic human rights of all citizens by adhering to the consistent constitutional spirit.

"Chapter II will examine the right to family unity and reunification as provided by the various international and regional instruments. The rigt to family unity and reunification in regard to the concept of state sovereignty, definition of terms and concepts, the scope of application and generally the extent of humanitarian and human rights obligation of states under international law. The concept of family as it applies under these instruments and their regions of application will also be examined. Chapter III will examine state practice in this area generally, legislation relating to and affecting the implementation of the rights to family unity and reunification, case law jurisprudence (where applicable), administrative and procedural challenges and how these impact on the implementation of these rights. The jurisprudence of the European Commission and Court as well as the framework of the European Union, the United States and Canada (which are major asylum countries in North America) and the regime under the African human rights system will be discussed. Chapter IV will examine the framework of specialised agencies, particularly the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the United Nationas Office of the High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), in the implementation of these rights. The responsibility for realising family reunification for the unaccompanied refugee child rests on both the states and specialised agencies. This chapter will examine the various documents on the protection of the unaccompanied refugee child's rights to family unity and reunification by the UNHCR, ICRC and other specialized agencies and NGOs especially in the area of family tracing, unity and reunificaiton rights of the refugee child during the conflict. This chapter will also examine other alternatives to family reunification such as fostering, adoption and institutional care. The aims is to determine how successful these agencies have been in the realisation of their mandate as it related to the family rights of the unaccompanied refugee child. Chapter V will make recommendations on more effective ways for implementing the rights." -- Introduction. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2006. / Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Henry Ojambo at the Faculty of Law, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

The legal comparison of alternative care of children in the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic There is always present a group of children who cannot for various reasons grow up in their biological family. Obligation of the state in such cases is to ensure that children alternative care. The purpose of alternative care is to protect and nurture children in a safe healthy environment and provide suitable conditions for their healthy physical, intellectual, emotional and moral development. The objective of the thesis is to analyze and compare alternative care of children institute in the Czech and the Slovak Republic from the substantive and procedural point of view with intention to evaluate effectiveness of legal regulation, identify basic problems in the practical realization, outline the principles significant for the further development of alternative care and make proposals de lege ferenda. Focus is put on the analysis of differences in national regulations and their critical evaluation. The study takes into account relevant judicature with an emphasis on the reflection of the best interest of the child principle, right of the child to be heard and right to respect for private and family life in the decision-making practice of the courts. Legislation of the Czech and the Slovak Republic is...

Com o crescente número de separações e divórcios verificados nas últimas décadas no Brasil e no mundo assistiu-se, também, a um exponencial aumento nas disputas envolvendo a guarda dos filhos menores e o direito de visitas. Essa situação de grave conflito familiar se mostra solo fértil para o acirramento de ânimos das partes, que frequentemente não são capazes de perceber que a falência do seu relacionamento conjugal em nada altera sua relação parental com os filhos comuns. Nesse cenário, em que as desavenças familiares já chegaram aos umbrais do Judiciário, não raro se verifica a tentativa, notadamente movida por sentimentos de vingança, de se afastar o genitor não-guardião dos seus filhos, através de táticas e manobras geralmente levadas a cabo pelo genitor guardião aptas a efetivar tal distanciamento. A essa conduta se deu o nome de Alienação Parental, tema abordado pelo legislador brasileiro através da Lei 12.318, de 2010, que estabelece a reprovação estatal à conduta alienadora e fornece ao julgador elementos para identificá-la e repreendê-la. O presente trabalho visa, dessa maneira, por meio da análise dos estudos já realizados acerca da Alienação Parental e da Síndrome da Alienação Parental, identificar na conduta alienadora a configuração de verdadeiro abuso moral cometido contra a criança e o adolescente, por atentar contra o seu fundamental direito à convivência familiar com ambos os genitores. / With the increasing number of separations and divorces in recent decades in Brazil and throughout the world there was also an exponential increase of disputes involving custody of the children and visitation rights. This situation of severe family conflict provides fertile ground to the intensification of hostilities between the parties, who often fail to realize that their connubial relationships failure does not change their parental relationship with the mutual children. In this scenario, in which family quarrels have already reached the threshold of the judiciary, one can often see the attempt, notably motivated by feelings of revenge, to separate the non-custodial parent from his (her) children, through tactics and maneuvers usually carried out by the custodial parent that are able to accomplish such an estrangement. This behavior was named Parental Alienation, a subject addressed by the Brazilian act n. 12.318 of 2010, which established the state disapproval of the alienating actions and allowed the judge to identify and admonish them. Therefore, the present work aims, through the analysis of existing studies about Parental Alienation and Parental Alienation Syndrome, to consider alienating behaviors as a genuine form of moral abuse against children and adolescents, by undermining its fundamental right to family with both parents.

Com o crescente número de separações e divórcios verificados nas últimas décadas no Brasil e no mundo assistiu-se, também, a um exponencial aumento nas disputas envolvendo a guarda dos filhos menores e o direito de visitas. Essa situação de grave conflito familiar se mostra solo fértil para o acirramento de ânimos das partes, que frequentemente não são capazes de perceber que a falência do seu relacionamento conjugal em nada altera sua relação parental com os filhos comuns. Nesse cenário, em que as desavenças familiares já chegaram aos umbrais do Judiciário, não raro se verifica a tentativa, notadamente movida por sentimentos de vingança, de se afastar o genitor não-guardião dos seus filhos, através de táticas e manobras geralmente levadas a cabo pelo genitor guardião aptas a efetivar tal distanciamento. A essa conduta se deu o nome de Alienação Parental, tema abordado pelo legislador brasileiro através da Lei 12.318, de 2010, que estabelece a reprovação estatal à conduta alienadora e fornece ao julgador elementos para identificá-la e repreendê-la. O presente trabalho visa, dessa maneira, por meio da análise dos estudos já realizados acerca da Alienação Parental e da Síndrome da Alienação Parental, identificar na conduta alienadora a configuração de verdadeiro abuso moral cometido contra a criança e o adolescente, por atentar contra o seu fundamental direito à convivência familiar com ambos os genitores. / With the increasing number of separations and divorces in recent decades in Brazil and throughout the world there was also an exponential increase of disputes involving custody of the children and visitation rights. This situation of severe family conflict provides fertile ground to the intensification of hostilities between the parties, who often fail to realize that their connubial relationships failure does not change their parental relationship with the mutual children. In this scenario, in which family quarrels have already reached the threshold of the judiciary, one can often see the attempt, notably motivated by feelings of revenge, to separate the non-custodial parent from his (her) children, through tactics and maneuvers usually carried out by the custodial parent that are able to accomplish such an estrangement. This behavior was named Parental Alienation, a subject addressed by the Brazilian act n. 12.318 of 2010, which established the state disapproval of the alienating actions and allowed the judge to identify and admonish them. Therefore, the present work aims, through the analysis of existing studies about Parental Alienation and Parental Alienation Syndrome, to consider alienating behaviors as a genuine form of moral abuse against children and adolescents, by undermining its fundamental right to family with both parents.

Surrogacy in case law of the Supreme and Constitutional Court Abstract This diploma thesis deals with the phenomenon of surrogacy and places the topic and its aspects into the context of up-to-date social background, legal theory and practice and case law of the Supreme and Constitutional Court. The aim of this thesis is to provide a summary of all available theoretical and practical understanding of the matter, analysis of relevant case law and illustration of both legal and factual issues concerning surrogacy in the Czech republic for the reader to be able to form a comprehensive understanding of the matter, taking into account its interdisciplinarity. Keywords Surrogacy, surrogate motherhood, assisted reproduction, parenthood, best interests of the child, right to family and family life

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:16:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rita de Cassia Silva Oliveira.pdf: 3180769 bytes, checksum: 41363451e0ac31d13e11350121427ee8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In light of the theoretical and ethical-political foundations of Social Work, this thesis discusses the right to family and community life and the recurrent decision of the government and civil society to prioritize adoption as a way to "solve" the situation of children and adolescents living in institutions. Between 2003 and 2009, we experienced a clash between antagonistic postures in defense of this right, which occurred together with the dissemination of researches on childcare that highlighted the need for the State to implement more effective policies to ensure the exceptionality and temporality of this protection measure. As participants in the São Paulo movement against the approval of the National Adoption Bill No. 1756-2003, we aim to contribute to the understanding of the processuality which resulted in the enactment of the law No. 12.010 in 2009. The text covers the subaltern classes historic rupture legacy of family life and community, claiming back, in legislation, the genesis of the ideas of adoption as a "solution" for those who are taken in. The approach to the course of the the National Adoption Bill No. 1756-2003 sought to answer the following guiding questions: What is the concept of family and community life that permeated the debates? How was the articulation of the PNCFC construction process and the legal procedures of PLNA? What is the influence of the São Paulo movement, contrary to the PL, on its legal procedures in the legislative process? What remained from the original proposals and what has substantially changed? Are there new bills pending whose purpose is to make adopting agile? And after all, was the centrality of the family strengthened in terms of support or accountability in a familist perspective? In order to be able to reconstruct all this, we favored the documentary research in primary and secondary sources, such as previous versions of the plan and several bills in addition to the National Adoption Bill No. 1756-2003, as well as the results of public consultations and shorthand transcripts of sessions of the House of Representatives. The conclusion shows that, in the gap between the legal guarantee and the reality of no access to fundamental rights, the "centrality of the family" can assume perspectives that reinforce the process of inequality they experience. Despite the legal and regulatory advances, actions in defense of the fundamental right to family and community life tended to emphasize the reorganization of institutional care services, the need for the implementation of foster care and the adoption-centered interests of the child, having progressed very little in terms of the control of public policies aiming at the protection of socialization, prevention of rupture and reintegration to the family of origin. Anchored in a contradiction of the Brazilian capitalist society - economic reordering overlaps the social investment, which focuses on meeting the minimum necessary needs - public actions still tend to reproduce failing mechanisms of rupture instead of mechanisms of promotion and strengthening of the family and community life of subaltern classes in the child best interest / À luz dos fundamentos teóricos e ético-políticos do Serviço Social, esta tese problematiza o direito à convivência familiar e comunitária e a recorrência do poder público e da sociedade civil em privilegiar a adoção, como forma de resolver a situação de crianças e adolescentes acolhidos institucionalmente. Entre 2003 e 2009 paralelamente à divulgação das pesquisas sobre os serviços de acolhimento - que evidenciaram a necessidade da implementação de políticas mais efetivas por parte do Estado para garantir a excepcionalidade e a provisoriedade dessa medida de proteção - vivenciamos um embate entre posturas antagônicas na defesa do direito à convivência familiar e comunitária. Como partícipes do movimento de São Paulo contrário à aprovação do Projeto de Lei Nacional de Adoção 1756-2003, com esta tese, pretendemos contribuir para a compreensão da processualidade que resultou na promulgação da Lei 12.010 em 2009. A estrutura do texto percorre o histórico legado de ruptura do convívio familiar e comunitário das classes subalternas, por meio da recorrente institucionalização de seus filhos em busca da gênese do ideário da adoção como solução para os acolhidos. A pesquisa na legislação - Código Civil de 1916, Leis de 1957 e 1965, Código de Menores de 1927 e de 1979, ECA e, finalmente o PLNA 1756-2003 que deu origem a Lei 12010-2009- buscou responder as seguintes questões norteadoras: Como as legislações conjugaram o trinômio apoio sociofamiliar institucionalização adoção ? Em que momento a adoção se torna a solução para a pobreza? Qual o conteúdo da primeira versão do PLNA? Como ele foi construído? Qual a influência do movimento de São Paulo contrário ao referido PL em sua tramitação no legislativo? Como se deu a articulação do processo de construção do PNCFC e da tramitação do PLNA? Como chegamos ao texto da Lei 12010-2009 que, apesar de ser conhecida como a Lei da Adoção , trata da convivência familiar e comunitária? O que se manteve conforme as propostas originais e o que mudou substancialmente? Qual a concepção do melhor interesse da criança que permeou os debates? Temos novos projetos de lei em trâmite com o propósito da agilização de adoção? E afinal, qual o sentido da centralidade atribuída às famílias das crianças e dos adolescentes acolhidos institucionalmente? Para essa reconstrução privilegiamos a pesquisa documental em fontes primárias e secundárias tais como ofícios, relatórios, versões anteriores do PNCFC, de vários projetos de lei relativos a adoção e as transcrições das sessões taquigrafadas da Câmara dos Deputados do PLNA 1756-2003 e seu substitutivo PL 6222-2005. A conclusão aponta que entre a garantia legal e sua (não) efetivação na realidade, a centralidade da família pode assumir perspectivas que reforçam o processo de desigualdade que vivenciam. Apesar dos avanços legais e regulatórios que se aprofundaram na segunda década do ECA, as ações em defesa do direito fundamental à convivência familiar e comunitária tenderam a enfatizar o reordenamento dos serviços de acolhimento institucional, a necessidade da implementação de acolhimento familiar e a a ampliação da adoção, pouco avançando no controle das políticas públicas para proteção do convívio, prevenção da ruptura e reintegração à família de origem. Os projetos de lei em tramitação indicam que, cada vez mais, ganha força o ideário da adoção de crianças como solução para as expressões da questão social brasileira, numa perspectiva funcional à lógica capitalista e aos interesses de determinada classe social, mascarado sob a defesa do melhor interesse da criança

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T18:55:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_KAREN BEATRIZ TAVEIRA BARROS.pdf: 883871 bytes, checksum: 92e5af990dcf6311e3af9bfb925d5154 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-13 / This study analyzes the Foster Care Program in São Luís, between 2012 and 2013, in the light of the provisions of the Child and Adolescent Statute, the National Plan for the Protection and Defense of the Right of Children to Family and Community life and Technical Guidelines of the CONANDA. It presents an exhibition of the historical trajectory of children and adolescents in Brazil. It discusses the right to family and community life as the effort to overcome the institutionalization of children and adolescents. It addresses the national policy of promotion and defense of family and community life and its implementation in a National Plan and child and adolescents care policy. It analyzes the Foster Care Program in São Luís, in 2012 and 2013, in its design and development. This analysis seeks to compare what is provided for in National Policy of promotion and defense of family and community life and what, indeed, has been operated in the local community through this program, at all stages, is so far the children or adolescents inserted either with respect to selected families. Thus, this study sought to investigate from the moment of reception , entry into the program , the monitoring and the departure of children , adolescents and families / Este trabalho analisa o Programa Família Acolhedora, na cidade de São Luís, nos anos de 2012 e 2013, à luz dos preceitos do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente, do Plano Nacional de Proteção e Defesa do Direito de Crianças e Adolescentes à Convivência Familiar e Comunitária e Orientações Técnicas do CONANDA. Apresenta uma exposição da trajetória histórica da infância e adolescência no Brasil. Discorre sobre o direito à convivência familiar e comunitária como busca da superação da institucionalização de crianças e adolescentes. Aborda a Política nacional de promoção e defesa da convivência familiar e comunitária e sua concretização num Plano Nacional e na política de atendimento à criança e ao adolescente. Analisa o Programa Família Acolhedora em São Luís, nos anos de 2012 e 2013, no seu desenho e desenvolvimento. Essa análise de viés avaliativo busca cotejar o que é previsto na Política nacional de promoção e defesa à convivência familiar e comunitária e o que, de fato, vem sendo operacionalizado na realidade local através deste Programa, em todas as fases, seja no que diz às crianças ou adolescentes inseridas, seja no tocante às famílias selecionadas. Assim é que se buscou investigar desde o momento do acolhimento, a entrada no Programa, o acompanhamento e a saída das crianças, adolescentes e famílias