O estudo do fenômeno de vibrações induzidas pela emissão de vórtices, ou VIV, em risers é um tópico de grande relevância para a engenharia oceânica. Nos últimos anos, diversos resultados vêm sendo apresentados, numéricos e/ou experimentais, buscando o entendimento dos fundamentos deste fenômeno de interação fluido-estrutural, no entanto, sem um entendimento conclusivo e abrangente. Neste contexto, risers também estão sujeitos à ação de correntezas oceânicas e, consequentemente, ao fenômeno de VIV. Neste sentido, o presente estudo traz resultados de uma abordagem experimental para o entendimento do fenômeno de VIV em risers lançados em catenária, configuração que representa grande parte das geometrias adotadas em lançamentos atuais. No entanto, a realização de experimentos com risers em tanque de provas pressupõe a utilização de modelos reduzidos, o que, por si só, representa um grande desafio de pesquisa. Para tanto, desenvolveu-se uma metodologia para a modelagem de risers em escala reduzida, com foco na similaridade entre parâmetros importantes que garantam um comportamento dinâmico equivalente àquele em escala real. Foram, então, realizados experimentos de VIV com catenárias concebidas e construídas com base nesta metodologia, posteriormente ensaiadas em tanque de reboque. Para análise dos resultados, foram utilizadas técnicas como a decomposição modal, que possibilitou a comparação desses com alguns resultados da literatura, mostrando que o fenômeno de VIV na catenária se processa de maneira bastante semelhante ao identificado nos cilindros flexíveis. Além disso, a extensa base de dados experimentais apresentada e discutida nesta tese contribui para futura validação de diversos modelos matemáticos e códigos numéricos de predição do VIV em catenárias, descrevendo com detalhes inúmeros comportamentos imersos neste problema importante de engenharia. / The study of Vortex-induced vibrations in risers is a topic of great relevance in the context of ocean engineering. In recent years, several numerical and experimental results have been presented, addressing the understanding of the fundamentals of this fluid-structure interaction phenomenon, however without a conclusive and comprehensive understanding. In this context, risers are exposed to the action of ocean currents and consequently to the phenomenon of VIV. In this sense, the present study provides results of an experimental approach to understanding the VIV phenomenon on risers launched in catenary configuration, which represents much of the geometries adopted today. However, performing risers experiments in towing-tanks presupposes the use of small-scale models, which represents a major research challenge. Therefore, a methodology for modeling reduced scale risers was developed. The focus of this methodology was on the similarity between certain important parameters that guarantee an equivalent full-scale dynamic behavior. VIV experiments were then performed in the towing tank, with the designed and constructed catenary, based on this methodology. Techniques such as modal decomposition were used for the analysis of the results. This allows the comparison of the results with classical literature paradigms showing that VIV response in the catenary is close to results obtained with flexible cylinders. Furthermore, the large experimental database presented and discussed in the study may contribute to future validation of several mathematical models and numerical codes of VIV prediction in catenary risers, describing in detail several immersed behaviors in this important engineering problem.

Orientador: Juan Pablo Julca Avila / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Mecânica, 2013

Les moyens de calcul actuels conduisent les différentes disciplines scientifiques à se rapprocher, afin de prendre en compte des phénomènes physiques de plus en plus complexes. Ainsi, un axe de recherche de l'Équipe de Modélisation Numérique du Laboratoire de Mécanique des fluides UMR6598 de l'École Centrale Nantes est l'Interaction Fluide-Structure (IFS). Dans ce contexte, le développement d'un solveur structure grand déplacement, limité aux corps élancés, puis son couplage avec le code RANSE volumes-finis non-structuré ISIS ont été réalisés. Le solveur poutre s'appuie sur la théorie de Cosserat et sur la méthode dite 'géométriquement exacte'. Une attention particulière a été portée au couplage en espace sur les interpolations et au transfert des informations à l'interface fluide-structure, afin d'être le plus précis possible et d'assurer la conservation des efforts. Le code poutre pouvant prendre en compte de grands mouvements, une technique originale a dû être écrite pour mettre à jour le domaine de calcul fluide. Elle se base sur l'approche pseudo-solide, et permet via une loi de comportement locale du pseudo-solide, de contrôler finement la déformation du maillage. Chaque partie du code IFS a été validée : le solveur poutre sur des cas-tests 2D/3D, en statique et en dynamique, en petit et grand déplacement; le module de remaillage sur des géométries variées et en calcul parallèle. Enfin, quelques applications IFS ont été traitées : deux exemples bidimensionnels, l'un stationnaire, l'autre très instationnaire; puis, le programme a montré ses possibilités en tridimensionnel sur un câble déformable fixé à une extrémité et subissant un courant, ou encore un riser tracté dans un environnement multifluide au repos.

Orientador: Marco Aurelio Cremasco / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T06:13:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Castilho_GuilhermeJosede_M.pdf: 55720465 bytes, checksum: ff5e31cd4371ec0283beb9eec7df3f35 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Regimes gás-sólido têm inúmeras aplicações industriais, sendo empregados, por exemplo, em sistemas de transporte pneumático das partículas e em leito fluidizado. Nas últimas duas décadas notou-se a aplicação crescente do leito fluidizado circulante, principalmente para facilidades de geração de energia, como caldeira e reações catalíticas. No processo de craqueamento catalítico fluidizado (FCC), dentre os vários equipamentos que compõem uma unidade conversora, é no riser onde praticamente ocorrem todas as reações de craqueamento. Medidas de grandezas como concentração de sólidos são fundamentais para a compreensão da fluidodinâmica nestes reatores e é pré-requisito para o projeto técnico bem sucedido de sistemas de transporte pneumático. Dentre as várias técnicas utilizadas para medidas de grandezas básicas em sistemas particulados, a sonda de fibra óptica é relativamente simples, de alta precisão e utilizada em várias situações que envolvem o sistema fluido-partícula. Nesta Dissertação, a oncentração volumétrica dos sólidos é medida por meio de uma sonda de fibra óptica. A concentração volumétrica dos sólidos é tomada radialmente e em diversas posições axiais ao longo do riser sob diferentes condições de operação, na Unidade Multipropósito do Laboratório de Processos em Meios Porosos da Faculdade de Engenharia Química da Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Resultados mostram que a concentração volumétrica de sólidos é maior na parede em comparação ao centro do riser, para todas posições axiais, exceto para o ponto mais alto do reator, onde há a influência da região de saída do escoamento. Sobre a distribuição axial de de concentração, verificou-se que o escoamento é mais concentrado na parte inferior do equipamento e tende a ficar menos concentrado ao longo do reator. Através dos espectros de sinais obtidos pela sonda, pôde-se analisar as flutuações através da distribuição de probabilidade dos sinais e da distribuição do desvio padrão do sinal médio. Distribuições de probabilidade permitem identificar a presença de clusters em determinados pontos radiais, revelando que para as condições de mais concentradas, as flutuações são as maiores. As distribuições de desvio padrão apresentam picos, onde sugere maior interação entre as partículas / Abstract: Gas-solid systems have innumerable industrial applications, being used, for example, in the pneumatic conveying of particles and in fluidized bed. In the last two decades it was noticed increasing application of the circulating fluidized bed, mainly for easinesses of energy generation, as boilers and catalytic reactions. In the process of fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC), amongst some equipment that composes a converting unit, it is in riser where the cracking reactions practically occur at all. Measures as solid concentration are basic for the understanding of the fluidodynamic in these reactors and are prerequisite for the successful design of pneumatic transport systems. Amongst the several techniques used for measures in particulates systems, the optical-fiber probe is relatively simple, of high precision and used in some situations that involve fluid-particle system. In this Dissertation, the volumetric concentration of solids is measured by means of an optical-fiber probe. The volumetric concentration of solids is taken radially and in diverse axial positions throughout riser under different operation conditions, in the Multipurpose Unit of the Laboratory of Processes in Porous Means of the College of Chemical Engineering of the State University of Campinas. Results show that the volumetric solid concentration is bigger in the wall in comparison to the center of the riser, for all axial positions, except forthe highest point of the reactor, where it has the influence of the exit region of the flow. On the axial distribution of concentration, it was verified that the flow is more concentrated in the inferior part of the equipment. Through the electrical signs specters gotten by the probe, it could be analyzed the fluctuations through the distribution of probability of the signals and the distribution of the standard deviation of the average signal. The distribution of probability allows identifying the presence of clusters in determined radial points, disclosing that for the most concentrated conditions, the fluctuations are the greater. The distributions of the standard deviation present peaks, where it suggests greater interaction between particles / Mestrado / Engenharia de Processos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

The Fluidized Catalytic Cracking (FCC) is known for its ability to convert refinery wastes into useful fuels such as gasoline, diesel and some lighter products such as ethylene and propylene, which are major building blocks for the polyethylene and polypropylene production. It is the most important unit of the refinery. However, changes in quality, nature of crude oil blends feedstock, environmental changes and the desire to obtain higher profitability, lead to many alternative operating conditions of the FCC riser. There are two major reactors in the FCC unit: the riser and the regenerator. The production objective of the riser is the maximisation of gasoline and diesel, but it can also be used to maximise products like propylene, butylene etc. For the regenerator, it is for regeneration of spent or deactivated catalyst. To realise these objectives, mathematical models of the riser, disengage-stripping section, cyclones and regenerator were adopted from the literature and modified, and then used on the gPROMS model builder platform to make a virtual form of the FCC unit. A new parameter estimation technique was developed in this research and used to estimate new kinetic parameters for a new six lumps kinetic model based on an industrial unit. Research outputs have resulted in the following major products’ yields: gasoline (plant; 47.31 wt% and simulation; 48.63 wt%) and diesel (plant; 18.57 wt% and simulation; 18.42 wt%) and this readily validates the new estimation methodology as well as the kinetic parameters estimated. The same methodology was used to estimate kinetic parameters for a new kinetic reaction scheme that considered propylene as a single lump. The yield of propylene was found to be 4.59 wt%, which is consistent with published data. For the first time, a Z-factor correlation analysis was used in the riser simulation to improve the hydrodynamics. It was found that different Z factor correlations predicted different riser operating pressures (90 – 279 kPa) and temperatures as well as the riser products. The Z factor correlation of Heidaryan et al. (2010a) was found to represent the condition of the riser, and depending on the catalyst-to-oil ratio, this ranges from 1.06 at the inlet of the riser to 0.92 at the exit. Optimisation was carried out to maximise gasoline, propylene in the riser and minimise CO2 in the regenerator. An increase of 4.51% gasoline, 8.93 wt.% increase in propylene as a single lump and 5.24 % reduction of carbon dioxide emission were achieved. Finally, varying the riser diameter was found to have very little effect on the yields of the riser products.

[pt] A crescente demanda de óleo observada nas últimas décadas tem motivado as indústrias de petróleo a explorarem novas reservas em águas cada vez mais profundas, o que representa um maior desafio operacional, de segurança e econômico. Nesse novo cenário, as condições ambientais se tornam mais severas, conferindo às unidades flutuantes movimentos de amplitude cada vez maiores. Em consequência, os risers, que são os principais componentes responsáveis pelo transporte de óleo desde o reservatório até as unidades flutuantes, passam a ser solicitados de forma mais intensa. Um grande desafio tem sido colocado para as indústrias de petróleo no sentido de desenvolverem configurações para os risers capazes de reduzir os efeitos dinâmicos que lhes são impostos e, consequentemente, viabilizarem o seu uso em águas profundas e ultraprofundas. Configurações do tipo Lazy-S, Pliant-Wave, entre outras, têm sido propostas, porém, além de complexas, demandam muita logística e apresentam elevados custos para a sua implantação. Esta dissertação propõe uma solução alternativa que consiste no estudo de configurações ótimas de risers em catenária utilizando amortecedores hidrodinâmicos. As dimensões e o posicionamento desses amortecedores são obtidos por meio de técnicas de otimização multiobjetivo, buscando-se minimizar os efeitos provocados pelas ondas de compressão ao longo dos risers e os custos envolvidos na utilização desses amortecedores, respeitando-se algumas restrições geométricas. O processo de otimização é realizado por meio do algoritmo genético NSGA-II, disponível no programa modeFRONTIER. O equilíbrio dinâmico dos risers, verificado em cada passo da otimização, é obtido por meio do programa Anflex. Exemplos representativos são utilizados para demonstrar a eficiência e a viabilidade da utilização da metodologia proposta. / [en] The growing demand for oil, observed in recent decades has motivated the oil industry to exploit new oil reserves in ever-deeper waters, representing a greater operational challenge, security and economic. In this new scenario, the environmental conditions become more severe, causing the floating units movements with increasing amplitude. Consequently, the risers, which are the main components responsible for the transport of oil from the reservoir to the floating units, shall be requested more intensely. The oil industry confronts a major challenge in order to develop riser configurations that can reduce the dynamic effects that are imposed on it and hence to enable its use in deep and ultra-deep waters. Lazy-S, Pliant-Wave, among others riser configurations, have been proposed, however, besides complex, require a lot of logistics and have high costs for their deployment. This thesis proposes an alternative solution that consists of the study of optimum catenary risers configurations using hydrodynamic dampers. The dimensions and placement of these dampers are obtained by means of multi-objective optimization techniques seeking to minimize the effects caused by compression waves over the risers and the costs involved in using these dampers, fullfilling certain geometric constraints. The optimization process is performed by the genetic algorithm NSGA-II, available at modeFRONTIER program. The dynamic equilibrium of risers, evaluated at each step of the optimization is obtained through Anflex program. Representative examples are used to demonstrate the efficiency and feasibility of using the proposed methodology.

Les techniques de recherche et d'exploitation des hydrocarbures en mer profonde nécessitent l'utilisation de longs tubes flexibles appelés « risers ». Le présent travail a pour but l'étude du comportement dynamique non linéaire des risers pour les grandes profondeurs, sous les effets des courants, de la houle, des déplacements et forces appliquées en tête du riser au niveau de la surface libre de l'eau. Les non linéarités du problème considéré sont de deux types : - non linéarités dues aux interactions fluide-structure de par la présence des forces hydrodynamiques de traînée, - non linéarité de structure dues aux grands déplacements de cette dernière en présence d'efforts axiaux importants. Dans cette étude, la loi du comportement du matériau qui constitue le riser est supposée linéaire. Le travail a développé un programme de calcul, utilisant l a méthode des déplacements associée à une modélisation du riser par des éléments finis de type poutre , ce qui conduit à un modèle mécanique ayant un nombre fini de degrés de liberté. Le programme permet d'étudier le comportement statique et dynamique non linéaire des risers de faible ou grande profondeur, de toute structure constituée d'un milieu continu curviligne avec des hypothèses mécaniques analogues, mais aux conditions aux limites plus générales.

Atualmente, há inúmeras instalações offshore operando em regimes instáveis de escoamento. Tal regime é resultado de diâmetros superdimensionados das linhas de produção ou baixa vazão dos poços. Deve-se notar que, muitas vezes, o regime intermitente se instala no final da vida produtiva dos poços, devido ao declínio natural dos reservatórios, o que causa uma redução da produção do campo de petróleo. Tal instabilidade traz dificuldades na produção offshore, pois pode causar danos nos equipamentos da plataforma ou perdas de produção. Neste âmbito, é necessário estudar meios de atenuar ou suprimir este tipo de regime de escoamento. O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver métodos de forma a garantir a estabilidade do sistema através da modulação adequada da válvula choke, reduzindo ou mesmo eliminando o comportamento oscilatório da produção, mantendo a válvula choke na maior abertura possível, trazendo desta forma, ganhos econômicos através do aumento da produtividade do poço. Para a análise do sistema, utilizou-se um modelo dinâmico simplificado encontrado na literatura. Este modelo foi escolhido por reproduzir adequadamente o escoamento em golfadas severas, causado pela presença de trecho horizontal descendente na linha de produção. O sistema foi também modelado no OLGA®, sendo este, um software comercial com uso bastante disseminado na indústria de petróleo e com grande aplicação em simulações que exigem uma análise do comportamento transiente do problema. A avaliação da eficácia dos métodos de supressão das golfadas foi realizada através de duas abordagens distintas. Inicialmente, utilizou-se um controlador PI adaptativo com capacidade de operação em diferentes regiões de aberturas da válvula choke. Por fim, utilizou-se um Regulador Linear Quadrático associado a um observador de estados com filtro de Kalman Unscented com o objetivo de verificar como o sistema se comportaria em caso de necessidade de um observador para compensar uma possível falha do sensor submarino de pressão. Em ambos os casos, notou-se redução nas oscilações devido a golfadas do poço. As soluções foram implementadas através da integração entre o modelo do OLGA® e os algoritmos desenvolvidos no MATLAB utilizando servidor OPC. / Nowadays, there are numerous offshore installations operating in unstable flow regimes. Such unstable flow is the result of oversized diameters of production lines or low flow wells. It should be noticed that often the intermittent system occurs at the end of the productive life of wells due to the natural decline of the reservoir, which causes a reduction in oil field production. Such instability brings difficulties in offshore production, it can cause damage to the platform equipment or production losses. In this context, it is necessary to consider means to reduce or remove this type of flow regime. The objective of this work is to develop methods to ensure system stability by adequate modulation of choke valve, reducing or even eliminating the oscillatory behavior of the production, with the biggest choke valve opening possible, bringing economic gains by increasing well production The system analysis was carried out using a simplified dynamic model found in literature. This model was chosen by appropriately reproduction of severe slug flow, caused by the presence of downward horizontal section in the production line. The problem was also modeled on OLGA®, which is a commercial software with widespread use in the oil industry and large application in simulations that require a transient behavior analysis. The evaluation of the slugs suppression methods was carried out through two different approaches. First, an adaptive PI controller with capability to operate in different regions of choke valve openings was used. Finally, a Quadratic Linear Regulator associated to an Unscented Kalman Filter was used to verify how the system would behave in the event of a possible failure of subsea pressure sensor. In both cases, there was a reduction in oscillations due to slugs. The solutions were implemented through communication between the OLGA® model and the control algorithms developed in MATLAB using OPC server.

Increasing worldwide demand for petroleum motivates greater efficiency, safety, and environmental responsibility in upstream oil and gas processes. The objective of this research is to improve these areas with advanced control methods. This work develops the integration of optimal control methods including model predictive control, moving horizon estimation, high fidelity simulators, and switched control techniques applied to subsea riser slugging and managed pressure drilling. A subsea riser slugging model predictive controller eliminates persistent offset and decreases settling time by 5% compared to a traditional PID controller. A sensitivity analysis shows the effect of riser base pressure sensor location on controller response. A review of current crude oil pipeline wax deposition prevention, monitoring, and remediation techniques is given. Also, industrially relevant control model parameter estimation techniques are reviewed and heuristics are developed for gain and time constant estimates for single input/single output systems. The analysis indicates that overestimated controller gain and underestimated controller time constant leads to better controller performance under model parameter uncertainty. An online method for giving statistical significance to control model parameter estimates is presented. Additionally, basic and advanced switched model predictive control schemes are presented. Both algorithms use control models of varying fidelity: a high fidelity process model, a reduced order nonlinear model, and a linear empirical model. The basic switched structure introduces a method for bumpless switching between control models in a predetermined switching order. The advanced switched controller builds on the basic controller; however, instead of a predetermined switching sequence, the advanced algorithm uses the linear empirical controller when possible. When controller performance becomes unacceptable, the algorithm implements the low order model to control the process while the high fidelity model generates simulated data which is used to estimate the empirical model parameters. Once this online model identification process is complete, the controller reinstates the empirical model to control the process. This control framework allows the more accurate, yet computationally expensive, predictive capabilities of the high fidelity simulator to be incorporated into the locally accurate linear empirical model while still maintaining convergence guarantees.

The rapid depletion of hydrocarbon fields around the world has led the industry to search for these resources in ever increasing water depths. In this context, the large diameter (D > 100mm) vertical riser has become a subject of great interest. In this research work, a major investigation was undertaken to determine the two phase flow hydrodynamics in a 254mm vertical riser. Two types of experiments were performed for range of air-water superficial velocities. The first experimental campaign addresses the issue of the two gas injector’s performances (conventional vs. novel design gas injector) in the large diameter vertical riser. The experimental results show that the novel design gas injector should be the preferential choice. The second set of the experimental work investigates the two phase flow hydrodynamics in the vertical riser in detail. The two phase flow patterns and their transitions were identified by combination of visual observations and statistical features. Based on the results, the experimental flow regime map was developed and compared with the existing vertical upflow regime maps/models. None of the flow regime transition models adequately predicted the flow regimes transitions in large diameter vertical risers as a whole. In this regard, the Taitel et al. (1980) bubble to slug flow transition model has been modified for large diameter vertical upflow conditions, based on the physical mechanism observed. The general trends of modified criteria agreed well with the current and other large diameter experimental results. The effect of upstream conditions on the vertical riser flow behaviour was also investigated in detail by two different inlet configurations (i) near riser base injection and (ii) upstream flowline injection. It was found that no significant differences exist in flow behaviour at low air-water superficial velocities for both the inlet configuration, at high air-water superficial velocities, the intermittent flow behavior in flowline influences the riser flow pattern characteristics and thereby controls the riser dynamics. It is found that liquid slugs from the flowline naturally dissipate to some extent in the riser as a consequence of compression of succeeding bubble that rapidly expands and break through the liquid slug preceding it when it enters the riser. The experimental work corroborates the general consensus that slug flow does not exist in large diameter vertical upflow condition. Experimental data has been further compared to increase the confidence on the existing two phase flow knowledge on large diameter vertical riser: (a) by comparing with other experimental studies on large diameter vertical upflow in which generally, a good agreement was found, (b) by assessing the predictive capability of void fraction correlations/pressure gradient methods. The important implication of this assessment is that the mechanistic approach based on specific flow regime in determining the void fraction and pressure gradient is more successful than conventional empirical based approaches. The assessment also proposes a proposed set a of flow regime specific correlations that recommends void fraction correlations based on their performances in the individual flow regimes. Finally, a numerical model to study the hydrodynamic behaviour in the large diameter horizontal flowline-vertical riser system is developed using multiphase flow simulator OLGA. The simulated results show satisfactory agreement for the stable flows while discrepancies were noted for highly intermittent flows. The real time boundary application was partially successful in qualitatively reproducing the trends. The discrepancies between the predicted results and experimental data are likely to be related to the incorrect closure relations used based on incorrect flow regimes predictions. The existence of the multiple roots in the OLGA code is also reported for the first time.