Foram desenvolvidos estudos de modelagem e simulação numérica de escoamentos bifásicos gás-sólido na coluna ascendente de leitos fluidizados circulantes utilizando um modelo Euleriano de duas fases separadas. O sistema de equações diferenciais parciais conservativas governantes foi obtido através de um procedimento tradicional. Ambas as fases foram assumidas como meio contínuo. Aplicou-se o procedimento de médias estatísticas de Euler, enfatizando a obtenção dos modelos hidrodinâmicos A e B desenvolvidos no IIT/ANL. Realizou-se análise comparativa de correlações para transferência de quantidade de movimento na interface. Discutiu-se a formulação de condições de contorno apropriadas. As equações diferenciais parciais médias foram discretizadas em volumes de controle Eulerianos. As equações de continuidade foram resolvidas implicitamente. As equações de quantidade de movimento foram resolvidas através de um procedimento explícito-implícito. Foram desenvolvidas simulações numéricas para uma coluna ascendente típica de leitos fluidizados circulantes. Desenvolveu-se análise paramétrica da influência de vários aspectos físicos e matemáticos sobre o escoamento. Avaliou-se resultados de simulação através de metodologia de identificação e caracterização de estruturas coerentes. Estudou-se o efeito da função de arrasto na interface sobre os processos dinâmicos que caracterizam estas estruturas coerentes. Foram realizados estudos numéricos de turbulência a partir de resultados de simulação direta. Várias conclusões e recomendações para futuros trabalhos foram propostas com base nas análises realizadas. Foram apresentadas algumas considerações gerais relativas a aspectos críticos na modelagem e simulação com modelo das duas fases separadas. / Studies were carried out on modeling and numerical simulation of gas-solid two-phase flows in the riser of circulating fluidized beds using an Eulerian two-fluids model. The system of conservative partial differential governing equations was derived through a traditional procedure. Both phases were assumed as a continuum. The Euler averaging procedure was applied emphasizing the derivation of the so called hydrodynamic models A and B developed at IIT/ANL. A comparative analysis was performed among correlations for momentum transfer at the interface. The formulation of suitable boundary conditions was discussed. The average partial differential conservative equations were discretized on Eulerian control volumes. The continuity equations were solved implicitly. The momentum equations were solved through an explicit-implicit procedure. Numerical simulation was performed for a typical circulating fluidized bed riser. A parametric analysis was carried out regarding the influence on the flow of various physical and mathematical aspects. Results of simulation were evaluated through a methodology of identification and characterization of coherent structures. The effect of the interface drag function on dynamic features of those coherent structures was addressed. Numerical studies on turbulence were performed from results of direct simulation. Several conclusions and recommendations for future work were put forward on the basis of the performed analyses. Some general considerations were presented regarding critical features of modeling and simulation through Eulerian two-fluids models.

[pt] Neste trabalho, o comportamento tridimensional de tubos multicamadas com escorregamento entre camadas, sob grandes deslocamentos, para aplicação em análise global de risers e dutos é avaliado. Foi desenvolvido um novo elemento finito, considerando o modelo de viga de Timoshenko em cada camada. O elemento contempla os graus de liberdade axial, flexional e torcional, todos variando ao longo do elemento de acordo com as funções de interpolação de Hermite: carregamentos axial e torcional constantes e momentos fletores lineares. As deformações de cisalhamento também foram consideradas na formulação do elemento através de graus de liberdades generalizados, constantes ao longo do elemento. A formulação também considera modelos de contato não-lineares para representar várias possibilidades de atrito entre camadas, através da representação apropriada da relação constitutiva para as tensões de cisalhamento no material adesivo. O trabalho também apresenta os carregamentos hidrostáticos e hidrodinâmicos devidos aos fluidos interno e externo, atuando nos graus de liberdade das respectivas camadas. As forças de arrasto e de inércia devidas ao fluido externo foram calculadas através da fórmula de Morison. As matrizes de massa e amortecimento, associadas a cada camada do elemento, são obtidas através da consideração das respectivas contribuições na expressão do trabalho virtual desenvolvido pelo carregamento externo. O elemento finito desenvolvido permite a representação numérica de risers com camadas aderentes ou não aderentes, incluindo os efeitos de pequenos deslocamentos entre camadas. O problema de interação solo-estrutura também é tratado neste trabalho, sendo que dois modelos de contato entre o solo e o duto são propostos. A formulação do elemento e o seu desempenho numérico são avaliados através de alguns exemplos de aplicação e os resultados são comparados com outros resultados numéricos ou analíticos disponíveis na literatura. Os resultados mostram que o novo elemento é uma solução simples, robusta e confiável para análise de tubos em multicamadas. / [en] This work addresses the behavior of three-dimensional multilayered pipe beams with interlayer slip condition, under general three-dimensional large displacements, in global riser and pipeline analysis. A new finite element model, considering the Timoshenko beam for each element layer, has been formulated and implemented. It comprises axial, bending and torsional degrees-of-freedom, all varying along the element length according to discretization using Hermitian functions: constant axial and torsional loadings, and linear bending moments. Transverse shear strains due to bending are also considered in the formulation by including two generalized constant degrees-of-freedom. To represent various friction conditions between the element layers, nonlinear contact models are considered. These conditions are accounted in the model through a proper representation of the constitutive relation for the shear stresses behavior in the binding material. Derivations of hydrostatic and hydrodynamic loadings due to internal and external fluid acting on respective element layers are presented. The drag and inertia forces due to external fluid are calculated by using the Morison equation. Mass and damping matrices, associated to each element layer, are properly derived by adding their respective contributions to the expression of the virtual work due to external loading. The FE implementation allows for the numerical representation of either bonded or unbonded multilayered risers, including small slip effects between layers. Effects of the pipe-soil interaction are also addressed in this work with two contact models considering either no or full interaction between friction forces in longitudinal and lateral directions, respectively. The element formulation and its numerical capabilities are evaluated by some numerical testing, which are compared to other numerical or analytical solutions available in the literature. These tests results show that the proposed element provides a simple yet robust and reliable tool for general multilayered piping analyses.

Οι ροές φλεβών άνωσης έχουν πολύ μεγάλο ενδιαφέρον στην περιβαλλοντική υδραυλική και στη μηχανική των ρευστών, επειδή παρουσιάζονται σε αρκετά φαινόμενα που σχετίζονται με τη διάθεση υγρών αποβλήτων ή θερμών νερών σε υδάτινους αποδέκτες καθώς επίσης και την εκπομπή αερίων ενώσεων από καμινάδες στην ατμόσφαιρα. Στην παρούσα διατριβή διπλώματος ειδίκευσης μελετήθηκε η ανάπτυξη ενός μοντέλου που περιγράφει το φαινόμενο της αλληλεπίδρασης φλεβών από διαχύτη τύπου ροζέτας. Η ροζέτα προσομοιώνεται με ένα κύκλο στον οποίο είναι εγγεγραμμένο κανονικό πολύγωνο Ν πλευρών, στις κορυφές του οποίου εδράζονται τα Ν κατακόρυφα ακροφύσια. Λόγω γεωμετρικής και υδραυλικής συμμετρίας του φαινομένου, μελετάται η μία φλέβα από την ομάδα των Ν φλεβών που συμμετέχουν. Η μέση ροή και η μεταφορά μάζας σε μία τέτοια φλέβα περιγράφονται από την ολοκλήρωση των εξισώσεων συνέχειας, ορμής και διάχυσης. Επίσης, έγινε η σύγκριση μεταξύ του συγκεκριμένου μοντέλου και δεδομένων από τη σχετική βιβλιογραφία. Σκοπός της εργασίας, είναι η ανάπτυξη ενός μοντέλου που να περιγράφει το πεδίο ταχυτήτων και διάχυσης που δημιουργείται από την αλληλεπίδραση φλεβών, όταν αυτές εκρέουν από μια ροζέτα. Η αναγκαιότητα και χρησιμότητα της προσέγγισης του φαινομένου, είναι η εξαγωγή συμπερασμάτων για την εφαρμογή τους στην ολοένα αυξανόμενη χρήση διαχυτών τέτοιου τύπου. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο της εργασίας παρουσιάζεται η περιγραφή του φαινομένου της εκροής μιας φλέβας. Δίνονται κάποια εισαγωγικά στοιχεία που προσδιορίζουν τις ανωστικές φλέβες και τα γενικά χαρακτηριστικά τους και γίνεται αναφορά στο φαινόμενο της τύρβης που αποτελεί βασικό κομμάτι της ροής σε μία φλέβα. Στο δεύτερο μέρος του κεφαλαίου, παρουσιάζονται οι βασικές εξισώσεις, της συνέχειας, της ορμής και της διάχυσης, που περιγράφουν τη ροή μίας φλέβας με άνωση και εξάγονται οι ίδιες εξισώσεις για την τυρβώδη ροή φλέβας, χρησιμοποιώντας τους κανόνες μεσοποίησης του Reynolds, ολοκληρωμένες σε μία εγκάρσια διατομή της φλέβας. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο περιγράφεται το φαινόμενο της αλληλεπίδρασης των φλεβών. Δίνεται σχηματικά το πεδίο που προκύπτει από την αλληλεπίδραση και γίνεται αναφορά σε μεθόδους που έχουν χρησιμοποιηθεί για την αντιμετώπισή του. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο, αναπτύσσεται το μοντέλο για την αλληλεπίδραση φλεβών από διαχύτη τύπου ροζέτας. Αρχικά, παρουσιάζεται συνοπτικά το μοντέλο των Yannopoulos & Noutsopoulos (2005) για την αλληλεπίδραση φλεβών σε σειρά, στη λογική του οποίου αντιμετωπίζεται το πρόβλημα της αλληλεπίδρασης φλεβών από ροζέτα. Στη συνέχεια παρουσιάζεται η εξέλιξη του φαινομένου. Χρησιμοποιώντας την ολοκληρωματική μεθόδο και τη Μέθοδο Περιορισμού της Συμπαράσυρσης, επιλύεται το σύστημα των εξισώσεων ορμής στη διεύθυνση z και της εξίσωσης διατήρησης της μάζας του χημικού δείκτη. Από την επίλυση του συστήματος εξάγονται οι εξισώσεις που περιγράφουν την κατανομή των μέσων αξονικών ταχυτήτων και των συγκεντρώσεων των Ν φλεβών. Για την καλύτερη απεικόνιση των αποτελεσμάτων, δίνονται οι λόγοι της κατανομής της ταχύτητας και της συγκέντρωσης των Ν φλεβών ως προς την κατανομή της ταχύτητα και της συγκέντρωσης, αντίστοιχα, της μιας κυκλικής κατακόρυφης ανωστικής φλέβας. Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα της εφαρμογής του μοντέλου που έχει αναπτυχθεί, για τις περιπτώσεις ροζετών με Ν=3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 24 και με άπειρο αριθμό ακροφυσίων. Στο δεύτερο μέρος του κεφαλαίου, γίνονται οι συγκρίσεις με τα δεδομένα από τη βιβλιογραφία. Τα αποτελέσματα της εφαρμογής του μοντέλου για άπειρο πλήθος ακροφυσίων, συγκρίνονται με τα αποτελέσματα του μοντέλου για αλληλεπίδραση απείρων φλεβών των Yannopoulos & Noutsopoulos (2005). Σε αυτή τη σύγκριση δεν παρατηρήθηκαν αποκλίσεις μεταξύ τους. Ακόμη, συγκρίνονται τα αποτελέσματα της εφαρμογής του μοντέλου της παρούσας εργασίας για ροζέτα με 8 και 12 ακροφύσια με τα αντίστοιχα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα των Roberts & Snyder (1993). Οι αποκλίσεις είναι μικρότερες του πειραματικού σφάλματος το οποίο υπεισέρχεται στα πειράματα. / Buoyant flows are of great interest in environmental fluid mechanics and hydraulics, because they occur in many phenomena related to wastewater or heat disposal into water bodies. Similar flows take place when chimney or cooling tower emissions of smoke and other air pollutants or heat are released into the atmosphere. In this project a model was developed which describes the phenomenon of interaction of jets discharging from a rosette riser. A circle in which a horizontal equilateral polygon of N sides is inscribed, has modeled the rosette riser. The N vertical nozzles are laying on the apexes of the polygon. Due to geometric and hydraulic symmetry of the phenomenon, one buoyant jet of the group of N jets was studied. The mean flow and mass transfer in a jet of this kind are governed by the integral forms of the equations of continuity, momentum at the vertical direction and mass conservation of tracer. Furthermore, the specific model was compared to experimental data. The aim of the project is the development of a model describing the mean axial velocity distribution and mean concentration distribution, which are produced of the interaction of jets when they discharge vertically from a rosette riser. The necessity of this approach is the extraction of useful results in order to design such kind of diffuser systems. In the first chapter, there is a description of the discharged effluent. Some preliminary elements that determine buoyant jets and their general characteristics are given. Also, there are some preliminary elements about turbulence that constitutes great part of jet flow. In the second part of this chapter, there are the equations of continuity, momentum and mass conservation of tracer, which describe the turbulent flow, utilizing the Reynolds’ rules. These equations are integrated across the flow. In the second chapter the phenomenon of jet interaction is described. Also, it is given, schematically, the merged flow field and the methods and techniques that have been used to face up the problem in the past. In the third chapter, it is shown the development of the model for jet merging from a rosette riser and the process of the phenomenon. Using the Integral Method and adopting the Entrainment Restriction Approach, the system of the equations of momentum and mass conservation of tracer was solved, extracting the axial velocity and concentration distributions. To better quantify the buoyant jet interaction and illustrate it in simple diagrams, these expressions were divided on both sides by the corresponding analytical expressions of the round vertical turbulent buoyant jet, determining the axial velocities and concentrations ratios. In the last chapter, we demonstrate the results from applying the model for N=3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 24 ports per riser. There is also an application of the model for infinite number of nozzles. In the second part of this chapter, it is shown the comparisons of the results with other data. The results of the application of the model of infinite number of nozzles were compared with the model for an infinite row of interacting buoyant jets (Yannopoulos & Noutsopoulos, 2005). There are no deviations between the models. Also, there is a comparison between the application of the model for 8 and 12 nozzles with the experimental data of Roberts and Snyder (1993). The deviations in this case were less than the experimental error, which took place in the experiments.

Für den Zylinderkopf ist das Schwerkraftgießen ein etabliertes Gießverfahren. Jedoch gehen die Gießereien in der Ausführung des Schwerkraftgusses unterschiedlich vor. Durch die mannigfaltigen Anschnittsysteme und die sich dadurch ergebenden Vor- bzw. Nachteile bei der Herstellung entstehen Unterschiede bei Qualität und Kosten. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, Standards und Vereinheitlichungen während der Produktentstehung eines Zylinderkopfes zu etablieren, um eine gleichbleibende Qualität der Zylinderköpfe in den Gießereien zu gewährleisten. Dazu sind vielfältige Ansatzpunkte zu verfolgen. Eine Möglichkeit ist die geometrische Beurteilung des Zylinderkopfs, wie z.B. Wandstärken, Speisungswege und die Außengeometrien. Die nach Lastenheftvorgaben zu erfüllenden Eigenschaften spielen gleichermaßen eine Rolle und haben Einfluss auf die Wahl des Gießverfahrens. Mit Hilfe von speziellen Entscheidungsmethoden ist eine Vorauswahl für ein Gießverfahren möglich. Des Weiteren werden mittels experimentellen Untersuchungen die Entscheidungen gestützt. Die Gießsimulation ist als zusätzliches Auslegungswerkzeug einzusetzen. Hierbei sind Gussfehler im Bauteil zu lokalisieren und zu vermeiden. Unzureichende Speisungswege oder zu geringe Wandstärken durch komplizierte Kerngeometrien sind zu ermitteln. Des Weiteren sind Vorhersagen zu Dendritenarmabständen und Materialausnutzung (Speiserdimensionierung) möglich, die direkt mit der Wahl des Gießverfahrens zusammenhängen. Die Verzahnung von Geometrie- und Metallurgiefaktoren führt idealerweise zur Definition von Standardisierungsaspekten zur Auswahl der Gießtechnologie bei der Zylinderkopfentwicklung. Durch eine parallele Produkt- und Prozessentwicklung ist eine Verkürzung des Produktentstehungsprozesses erreichbar.

The use of computational systems to solve engineering problems is increasingly present practical in the design offices. The Finite Element Method is one of the numerical techniques used in many of these systems, like the DOOLINES, a framework developed in objectoriented language, that allows a time domain dynamic analysis of the mooring lines and risers. In DOOLINES, until this work, the mooring lines and risers were discretized in onedimensional finite elements using a simplified formulation with six degrees of freedom (translational) element, with the consideration of only the axial and bending stiffness, when desirable, being this indirectly. This work incorporates into the DOOLINES class structure a new complete formulation element type that uses the co-rotational theory, with twelve degrees of freedom (translational and rotational) element, able to represent the axial, bending and torsional stiffness. The lumped-mass matrix is used in both formulations. This paper makes a comparative study of these elements about the quality of the response and the time required for simulation. / O uso de sistemas computacionais para resolução de problemas de engenharia é prática cada vez mais presente nos escritórios de projeto. O Método dos Elementos Finitos é uma das técnicas numéricas utilizadas em muitos desses sistemas, a exemplo do DOOLINES, um framework desenvolvido em linguagem orientada a objetos, que possibilita a análise dinâmica, no domínio do tempo, de linhas de ancoragem e risers. No DOOLINES, até então, as linhas de ancoragem e os risers eram discretizados em elementos finitos unidimensionais que utilizam uma formulação simplificada com seis graus de liberdade (translacionais) por elemento, com a consideração apenas das rigidezes axial e à flexão, quando desejável, sendo essa de maneira indireta. Neste trabalho, incorpora-se à estrutura de classes do DOOLINES um novo tipo de elemento com formulação completa de viga que utiliza a teoria corrotacional, com doze graus de liberdade (translacionais e rotacionais) por elemento, capaz de representar diretamente as rigidezes axial, à flexão e à torção. Em ambas as formulações considera-se a matriz de massa concentrada, onde se faz um estudo comparativo desses elementos no que se referem à qualidade da resposta e ao tempo de processamento necessário para simulação.

Foram desenvolvidos estudos de modelagem e simulação numérica de escoamentos bifásicos gás-sólido na coluna ascendente de leitos fluidizados circulantes utilizando um modelo Euleriano de duas fases separadas. O sistema de equações diferenciais parciais conservativas governantes foi obtido através de um procedimento tradicional. Ambas as fases foram assumidas como meio contínuo. Aplicou-se o procedimento de médias estatísticas de Euler, enfatizando a obtenção dos modelos hidrodinâmicos A e B desenvolvidos no IIT/ANL. Realizou-se análise comparativa de correlações para transferência de quantidade de movimento na interface. Discutiu-se a formulação de condições de contorno apropriadas. As equações diferenciais parciais médias foram discretizadas em volumes de controle Eulerianos. As equações de continuidade foram resolvidas implicitamente. As equações de quantidade de movimento foram resolvidas através de um procedimento explícito-implícito. Foram desenvolvidas simulações numéricas para uma coluna ascendente típica de leitos fluidizados circulantes. Desenvolveu-se análise paramétrica da influência de vários aspectos físicos e matemáticos sobre o escoamento. Avaliou-se resultados de simulação através de metodologia de identificação e caracterização de estruturas coerentes. Estudou-se o efeito da função de arrasto na interface sobre os processos dinâmicos que caracterizam estas estruturas coerentes. Foram realizados estudos numéricos de turbulência a partir de resultados de simulação direta. Várias conclusões e recomendações para futuros trabalhos foram propostas com base nas análises realizadas. Foram apresentadas algumas considerações gerais relativas a aspectos críticos na modelagem e simulação com modelo das duas fases separadas. / Studies were carried out on modeling and numerical simulation of gas-solid two-phase flows in the riser of circulating fluidized beds using an Eulerian two-fluids model. The system of conservative partial differential governing equations was derived through a traditional procedure. Both phases were assumed as a continuum. The Euler averaging procedure was applied emphasizing the derivation of the so called hydrodynamic models A and B developed at IIT/ANL. A comparative analysis was performed among correlations for momentum transfer at the interface. The formulation of suitable boundary conditions was discussed. The average partial differential conservative equations were discretized on Eulerian control volumes. The continuity equations were solved implicitly. The momentum equations were solved through an explicit-implicit procedure. Numerical simulation was performed for a typical circulating fluidized bed riser. A parametric analysis was carried out regarding the influence on the flow of various physical and mathematical aspects. Results of simulation were evaluated through a methodology of identification and characterization of coherent structures. The effect of the interface drag function on dynamic features of those coherent structures was addressed. Numerical studies on turbulence were performed from results of direct simulation. Several conclusions and recommendations for future work were put forward on the basis of the performed analyses. Some general considerations were presented regarding critical features of modeling and simulation through Eulerian two-fluids models.

Recentes descobertas de campos de petróleo e gás, a centenas de quilômetros da costa Sudeste do Brasil, em lâmina d\'água acima de 2.000m, demandam avanços científicos e tecnológicos para sua exploração segura. Entre os desafios para os engenheiros, a análise dinâmica de risers offshore é de extrema relevância devido à propensão à fadiga do material estrutural. Os movimentos de unidades flutuantes, que ocorrem devido às ondas de gravidade, impõem um tipo particular de carregamento dinâmico para os risers. Por uma questão de simplicidade, apenas o movimento de heave é considerado, embora pitch and roll também possam desempenhar um papel relevante na análise. De fato, o efeito de heave provoca a modulação de tensãoamplitude ao longo da estrutura tubular e flexível, o que pode conduzir à ressonância paramétrica como consequência da conhecida instabilidade de Mathieu. O riser vertical será o foco desse trabalho. A teoria bidimensional de vigas de Bernoulli-Euler é utilizada para se obter uma equação diferencial não linear de movimento para o riser submetido a uma carga axial e peso submerso. Modelos matemáticos - conhecidos como modelos de ordem reduzida (MORs) - com poucos graus de liberdade são adotados, mas com capacidade adequada para representar a resposta estrutural tanto qualitativa como quantitativamente. Utilizando os modos não lineares como funções de projeção no procedimento de Galerkin não linear, a interpretação física vem da igualdade dos trabalhos virtuais tanto no modelo de alta hierarquia quanto do MOR, com a consequente introdução de vínculos rígidos nos modos excluídos da análise. Aqui, a relação não linear entre as amplitudes modais e modos de vibração/frequências são levados em conta. Os resultados obtidos estão de acordo com os resultados dos testes experimentais de um modelo em escala reduzida realizado sob coordenação do LIFE&MO (Laboratório de Interação Fluido-Estrutura e Mecânica Offshore), fornecendo uma calibração do coeficiente de arrasto equivalente, para se levar em conta o sistema dissipativo que inclui tanto o amortecimento hidrodinâmico e estrutural. As respostas também são comparadas com as obtidas através do estudo de um modelo de elementos finitos, elaborado com o auxílio de um software comercial, o OrcaFlex®, e com funções clássicas de projecção, em particular, a função trigonométrica. Em seguida, variando-se os parâmetros de controle, as respostas do estado estacionário pós-crítica são mapeadas e plotadas em um diagrama policromático. / Recent discoveries of oil and gas fields, hundreds of kilometers off the Southeast coast of Brazil, in water depths above 2,000m, demand scientific and technological advances to support their safe exploitation. Among the challenges posed to engineers, the dynamic analysis of offshore risers is of utmost relevance, due to fatigue of the structural material. The motions of floating units, which occur due to gravity waves, impose a particular type of dynamic loading to the risers. As a matter of simplicity, only heave is considered herewith, although pitch and roll can also play a relevant role in the analysis. In fact, the effect of heave causes tension-amplitude modulation to the long and flexible tubular structure, which may drive parametric resonance as a consequence of the well-known Mathieus instability. The vertical riser will be the focus of this work. Bernoulli-Euler two-dimensional beam theory is used to obtain a nonlinear differential equation of motion for the riser subjected to an axial thrust and submerged weight. Mathematical models known as reduced-order models (ROMs) with few degrees of freedom are used, but with adequate capacity to represent the structural response both qualitatively and quantitatively. Using non-linear modes as projection functions within the non-linear Galerkins procedure, the physical interpretation of which being the identification of virtual works in both the high-hierarchy model and the ROM, with consequent introduction of rigid constraints in the modes excluded from the analysis. Here the non-linear relationship between modal amplitudes and mode shapes/frequencies are taken into account. The results obtained here agree well with those of experimental tests with a small-scale model carried out under coordination LIFE&MO (Laboratory of Fluid-Structure Interaction & Offshore Mechanics), provided calibration of the equivalent drag coefficient is carried out, to account for the overall system dissipation including both hydrodynamic and structural damping. The responses are also compared with those given by finite element models studied with the help of commercial software, the OrcaFlex® and with classical projection functions, in particular the trigonometric function. Then varying the control parameters, the responses of post-critical steady state are mapped and plotted in diagram polychromatic.

Disertace analyzuje vliv koncentrátorů napětí na průběh martensitické transformace, vznik plastické deformace a její vliv na přerozdělení napětí a vznik zbytkového pnutí a reziduálního martenzitu v okolí koncentrátorů v prvcích ze slitin s tvarovou pamětí NiTi. Vliv je analyzován v režimech superelastického isotermálního cyklování a aktuačního cyklování, t.j. teplotního cyklování pod vnějším napětím. Disertace využívá pro vyhodnocení vlivu experimentální přístup spolu s numerickými simulacemi metodou konečných prvků na modelových případech tenkých pásků ze slitin NiTi opatřených půlkruhovými vruby. V experimentální části je vyhodnocován vliv koncentrátorů pomocí termomechanických experimentů s využitím metod obrazové korelace a rentgenové mikrodifrakce pro lokální analýzu deformací a fázových objemových podílů v průběhu cyklování v okolí vrubů. Simulace metodou konečných prvků poskytují komplementární informace o průběhu napětí, deformací a martensitické transformaci, zejména o vývoji jednotlivých složek celkové deformace, tj. elastické a plastické, a vývoji zbytkového pnutí a s ním souvisejícím zbytkovým martensitem.Disertace je dále doplněna o numerickou analýzu vlivu konstrukce stentů na lokální cyklický průběh martensitické transformace a jeho vliv na únavové vlastnosti.

Für den Zylinderkopf ist das Schwerkraftgießen ein etabliertes Gießverfahren. Jedoch gehen die Gießereien in der Ausführung des Schwerkraftgusses unterschiedlich vor. Durch die mannigfaltigen Anschnittsysteme und die sich dadurch ergebenden Vor- bzw. Nachteile bei der Herstellung entstehen Unterschiede bei Qualität und Kosten. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, Standards und Vereinheitlichungen während der Produktentstehung eines Zylinderkopfes zu etablieren, um eine gleichbleibende Qualität der Zylinderköpfe in den Gießereien zu gewährleisten. Dazu sind vielfältige Ansatzpunkte zu verfolgen. Eine Möglichkeit ist die geometrische Beurteilung des Zylinderkopfs, wie z.B. Wandstärken, Speisungswege und die Außengeometrien. Die nach Lastenheftvorgaben zu erfüllenden Eigenschaften spielen gleichermaßen eine Rolle und haben Einfluss auf die Wahl des Gießverfahrens. Mit Hilfe von speziellen Entscheidungsmethoden ist eine Vorauswahl für ein Gießverfahren möglich. Des Weiteren werden mittels experimentellen Untersuchungen die Entscheidungen gestützt. Die Gießsimulation ist als zusätzliches Auslegungswerkzeug einzusetzen. Hierbei sind Gussfehler im Bauteil zu lokalisieren und zu vermeiden. Unzureichende Speisungswege oder zu geringe Wandstärken durch komplizierte Kerngeometrien sind zu ermitteln. Des Weiteren sind Vorhersagen zu Dendritenarmabständen und Materialausnutzung (Speiserdimensionierung) möglich, die direkt mit der Wahl des Gießverfahrens zusammenhängen. Die Verzahnung von Geometrie- und Metallurgiefaktoren führt idealerweise zur Definition von Standardisierungsaspekten zur Auswahl der Gießtechnologie bei der Zylinderkopfentwicklung. Durch eine parallele Produkt- und Prozessentwicklung ist eine Verkürzung des Produktentstehungsprozesses erreichbar.

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