Many particulate processes are preferably implemented in circulating fluidized beds (CFB) over traditional low-velocity fluidization to take advantage of the many benefits of circulating systems. Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is one of the most successfully applied processes in CFB technology, with more than 350 FCC units in operation worldwide. Despite its extensive use, an understanding of the complex behaviour of these units is incomplete.<p> A theoretical and experimental evaluation of the fluidization behaviour was conducted in the CFB riser, standpipe, and stripper. Initially, an extension of the existing CFB in the Fluidization Laboratory of Saskatchewan was designed. The experimental program conducted in this study included an examination of the solids flow behaviour in the riser, interstitial gas velocity in the downcomer, and stripping efficiency measurements. The hydrodynamic behaviour of the stripper was modeled using Multiphase Flow with Interphase eXchanges (MFIX) CFD code.<p> The solids flow behaviour in the bottom zone of a high-density riser was investigated by measuring the local upwards and downwards solids flux. Solids circulation rates between 125 and 243 kg/(m2⋅s) were evaluated at a constant riser superficial gas velocity of 5.3 m/s. The effect of the riser superficial gas velocity of the local upflow at the riser centerline was also conducted at a solids circulation rate of 187 kg/(m2⋅s). The results show that there is little variation in the local net solids flux at radial locations between 0.00 ¡Ü r/R ¡Ü 0.87. The results indicate that a sharp regime change from a typical parabolic solids flux profile to this more radially uniform solids flux profile occurs at a gas velocity between 4.8 and 4.9 m/s.<p> To quantify stripping efficiency, the underflow of an injected tracer into the standpipe must be known. Quantification of the underflow into the standpipe requires knowledge of two main variables: the interstitial gas velocity and the tracer gas concentration profiles in the standpipe. Stripping efficiency was determined for stripper solids circulation rates of 44, 60, and 74 kg/(m2⋅s) and gas velocities of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 m/s. For most conditions studied, the interstitial gas velocity profile was found to be flat for both fluidized and packed bed flow. The stripping efficiency was found to be sensitive to the operating conditions. The highest efficiency is attained at low solids circulation rates and high stripping gas velocities.<p> In the numeric study, stripper hydrodynamics were examined for similar operating conditions as those used in the experimental program. Due to an improved radial distribution of gas and decreasing bubble rise velocity, mass transfer is deemed most intense as bubbles crest above the baffles into the interspace between disc and donut baffles. Stripping efficiency is thought to improve with increasing gas velocity due to an increased bubbling frequency. Stripping efficiency is thought to decrease with increasing solids circulation rates due to a lower emulsion-cloud gas interchange coefficient and a decreased residence time of the emulsion in the stripper.

Tie-down systems are used to fasten drilling rigs to the deck of offshore structures during harsh environmental conditions such as hurricanes. During Hurricane Ivan (2004) and Katrina (2005), a number of offshore structures were moved and several tie-down systems were damaged. In the present study, the reaction force and connection capacity of tie-down systems for a TLP and SPAR are investigated. The environmental conditions are taken from the API Bulletin 2INT-MET which has been updated after several major storms during 2004-2005. The hydrodynamic coefficients of the TLP and SPAR are obtained using a 3D diffraction/radiation panel method. The motions of the TLP and SPAR are then simulated in the time domain by using the hull-mooring-riser coupled dynamic analysis tool CHARM3D. Based on the simulated motion and acceleration time series, the inertial and gravity loads on derrick and skid base footing are calculated. In addition to the inertial-gravity loads, wind forces exerted on the derrick are also calculated. All the external forces and resultant hull motions are simulated for 100-year, 200-year and 1000-year storms to observe the derrick structural integrity with increasing environmental intensity. Various environmental headings are also considered to find the maximum reaction forces. In the present method, the phase differences between gravity-inertia forces and wind forces are taken into consideration to obtain more realistic loads on derrick and skid base footings. This research shows that the maximum and minimum load values are appreciably higher for the SPAR. In addition, the direction of external forces is also important to determine maximum reaction forces on footings. The capacities of the clamps in slip, bolt tension, and bolt shear can be also analyzed using the resultant data to provide guidance on appropriate design values.

The purpose of the work described here is to analyse vortex induced vibration VIV) effects on marine risers and unorthodox forms of suppression of this phe¬nomenon. which can cause structural failure through metal fatigue. Two suppression methods are explored: flex joints and buoyancy modules. Flex joints. which act like a hinge at a point on the riser due to the large reduction in bending stiffness. can suppress higher modes of vibration from propagating along or appearing in the riser. Buoyancy modules, with their local 100% increase in riser diameter. can decorrelate vortex shedding along the span of the riser and reduce the resonant effect of VIV. The numerical finite element cable model and rigid body model developed at the University of Victoria were modified and used as a foundation for the research. The modifications include an algorithm to estimate the forces clue to ocean surface interaction with rigid bodies and a model to produce the appropriate VIV response in the numerical cable model. The resulting VIV model was calibrated and validated with analytical. experimental, and numerical data available in the literature. In general. the model produces qualitative effects of VIV. including its self-starting and self-limiting nature, frequency lock-in. multi-mode response. and limited structural response on the order of one diameter. A simulation of a testbed riser in a variety of ocean currents was generated to observe the effects of installing flex joints and buoyancy modules at various locations along the riser span. The performance of the testbed riser was gauged by comparing the time series of von Mises stress and the associated safety factor, ns. from fatigue failure at many points along the span to an unmodified testbed riser. The stress fluctuation was drastically reduced within the flex joints for all water currents studied, which greatly increases fatigue performance. Flex joints placed at the top of the testbed riser had less impact. as the stresses are dominated by the large and unavoidable tensions found there. Flex joints placed in the bottom region of the riser did not affect the ns,. of the remaining riser span until very high modes of vibration were present. At these higher modes. some testbed riser configurations changed their vibration envelope and frequency. which indicates that a possible alternate and less damaging mode of vibration was induced. Flex joints therefore act effectively as a local patch against poor fatigue performance and placement of several flex joints does not negatively impact the behaviour of the rest of the riser in the cases examined. However. the explicit relationship between placement and spacing of flex joints with environment conditions remains unknown. Buoyancy modules introduced spatial fluctuations in the entire nu profile of the testbed riser, unlike flex joints. In addition. the buoyancy modules decreased n, performance due to the hydrodynamic load concentrations induced by their large diameters. However, the 16% coverage case increased n.,. elsewhere along the riser, though the 10% covered riser did not match this performance. Since in both cases the modules were evenly spaced along the riser. performance benefits from increased coverage implies a minimum coverage of 16% needed for significant improvement in fatigue performance for devices of this type. This coverage requirement may apply to traditional VIV suppression devices such as helical strokes. since they decorrelate vortex shedding along the span of the riser albeit in a different manner than buoyancy modules. Finally. the buoyancy modules changed the stress oscillation frequency more than the flex joint cases from the unmodified riser. This is desirable since lowering the frequency of oscillation also increases the fatigue performance of the riser.

Apresenta-se um modelo matemático que avalia numericamente a estabilidade do estado estacionário para escoamentos água-ar em sistemas pipeline-riser de geometria variável. Uma análise a partir da teoria de estabilidade linear é aplicada a um modelo matemático adequado ao escoamento água-ar no sistema pipeline-riser. O modelo considera equações de continuidade para a fase líquida e para a fase gasosa, admite-se escoamento unidimensional e em condição isotérmica. O líquido é considerado incompressível enquanto que a fase gasosa é considerada um gás ideal. Admite-se uma equação de momento simplificada para mistura onde despreza-se a inércia (NPW - Modelo No Pressure Wave) e o padrão de escoamento local é definido com base nas condições do escoamento e na inclinação local. Assim, a intermitência severa é controlada principalmente pela gravidade no riser e pela compressibilidade do gás no pipeline. Tanto a correlação de fluxo de deriva quanto o cálculo da queda de pressão por atrito, adotados como lei de fechamento do modelo, são determinados em função do padrão de escoamento. Injeção de gás e válvula de choke são consideradas, respectivamente, na base e no topo do riser. O modelo é aplicado à sistemas pipeline-riser com escoamento água-ar citados na literatura. Os resultados da análise de estabilidade linear numérica são comparados aos resultados experimentais e numéricos apresentando uma excelente concordância. / A mathematical model that numerically evaluates the stability of the stationary state for hilly terrain air-water flows systems is presented. Numerical linear stability analysis is performed to a suitable mathematical model for the two-phase flows in a pipeline-riser system. The mathematical model considers the continuity equations for the liquid and gas phases, one-dimensional flow and isothermal conditions. The liquid is assumed incompressible while the gas phase is considered as an ideal gas. A simplified momentum equation for the mixture, neglecting inertia (NPW - No pressure wave model) is considered and the local flow pattern is defined based on the flow conditions and the local inclination. In this way, severe slugging is controlled mainly by gravity in the riser and compressibility in the pipeline. The void fraction and friction pressure drop, utilized as closure laws, are determined based on the local flow pattern. Gas injection at the bottom of the riser and a choke valve at the top are considered. The model is applied to air-water pipeline-riser systems reported in the literature. Numerical linear stability analysis results are compared with experimental and numerical results reported in the literature with excellent agreement.

Esta dissertação estuda o controle multivariável de uma plataforma \"offshore\" típica. Com esse propósito, um modelo dinâmico rigoroso do processo não-linear foi desenvolvido e usado para representar o processo real nas simulações das estratégias de controle propostas. Baseado no modelo rigoroso e usando métodos de identificação, foram desenvolvidos modelos lineares aproximados para representar o processo no controlador preditivo (MPC). O sistema de controle foi projetado visando manter as variáveis controladas em valores adequados e reduzir o efeito de golfadas severas nos equipamentos à jusante da plataforma. Foram testados dois controladores preditivos: o MPC convencional que opera com \"setpoints\" fixos para as variáveis controladas e o controlador preditivo que opera com zonas para as variáveis controladas. Os resultados da simulação mostram que o controlador preditivo com controle por zonas é capaz de ter uma performance bem melhor que o controlador preditivo convencional, com uma significativa redução na amplitude das oscilações causadas pelas golfadas na vazão de petróleo na saída da plataforma. / This dissertation studies the multivariable control of a typical offshore platform. For this purpose, a rigorous nonlinear dynamic model of the process system is developed and used to represent the true process in the simulation of the proposed control strategies. Based on this rigorous model, approximate linear models are obtained through identification methods in order to represent the platform process in the Model Predictive Control (MPC). The control system was designed aimed at keeping all the controlled variables at adequate values and to reduce the effect of severe riser slugging on the downstream systems. Two model predictive controllers are tested: the conventional MPC with fixed set-points to the controlled outputs and the MPC with zone control of the outputs. The simulation results show that the controller based on the output zone control has a better performance than the conventional MPC with a significant reduction on the amplitude of the oscillation of oil flow at the outlet of the platform process.

Orientadores: Celso Kazuyuki Morooka, José Ricardo Pelaquim Mendes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica e Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T17:19:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sevillano_LucasCantinelli_M.pdf: 9484221 bytes, checksum: c1488e4aff7e2c8acffb33128f7b1944 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A localização de descobertas recentes de campos de petróleo em águas ultraprofundas torna as operações de descida e de recolhimento de equipamentos submarinos até a cabeça do poço demoradas. Estas operações podem ser realizadas por risers marítimos de perfuração. Considerando o caso específico de um BOP, sua instalação na cabeça de poço é fundamental para a perfuração do poço. Quando esta etapa termina, o BOP é trazido à superfície e a sonda de perfuração parte para perfurar um novo poço, noutra locação. A proposta deste estudo é considerar o BOP suspenso pelo riser de perfuração, sem que este seja recolhido até a superfície, na mudança de locação para um novo poço. Assim sendo, o presente trabalho tem por objetivos analisar o comportamento do riser durante esta operação, por meio de simulações computacionais, frente a uma gama variada de carregamentos ambientais e propor um procedimento para se determinar os limites operacionais que devem ser respeitados, de forma que se preserve a integridade física do riser / Abstract: The location of newly found oilfields under ultra deepwater makes the running and retrieving of submarine equipment lengthy operations. These operations can be executed with a marine drilling riser. Regarding the particular case of a BOP, its installation at the wellhead is fundamental for drilling the well. When this phase ends, the BOP is brought up to the surface and the drilling rig leaves to drill a new well elsewhere. This study proposes to consider not retrieving the BOP and, instead, letting it hanging of the drilling riser, during the change of location to drill a new well. Thus, the present work has for objectives to first analyze riser behavior during this operation, through computational simulations, while it faces several different cases of environmental loading, and then propose a procedure that determines operational limits that must be fulfilled, in order to preserve the riser's physical integrity / Mestrado / Explotação / Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第14135号 / 工博第2969号 / 新制||工||1441(附属図書館) / 26441 / UT51-2008-N452 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 杉浦 邦征, 准教授 白土 博通, 准教授 宇都宮 智昭 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Engineering / Kyoto University / DFAM

En este trabajo se ha evaluado la viabilidad de la utilización de reactores convencionales de craqueo catalítico en lecho fluidizado (FCC) para el reciclado de los plásticos presentes en los residuos sólidos urbanos. Se ha diseñado y puesto a punto una unidad de FCC a escala de planta piloto, con un reactor tipo “riser” operando en condiciones similares a las que se encuentran en las instalaciones comerciales de FCC. La unidad construida permite el craqueo, separación y recogida de los productos sólidos, líquidos y gaseosos generados en los ensayos llevados a cabo. El diseño de la planta involucra, entre otros aspectos, el diseño y construcción del reactor de craqueo catalítico fluidizado por arrastre de sólidos y de las conducciones entre el reactor y los equipos de separación; el diseño y construcción del sistema para la recogida de las diferentes fracciones de productos; el diseño, construcción e instalación de los instrumentos de medida y control necesarios, y el estudio y optimización de las condiciones de operación y fluidodinámica de la planta (temperatura del reactor, velocidad de fluidización y arrastre, caudal de alimentación, etc.). Se ha estudiado el comportamiento reológico de las mezclas de residuo de vacío y plásticos, determinando la influencia de la composición y la temperatura sobre su comportamiento reológico, lo que ha permitido analizar la problemática de introducción del residuo plástico en este tipo de reactores de FCC. Se ha estudiado en profundidad el sistema gasóleo+PE (10%)+catalizador FCC como alimento de la unidad construida, trabajando con distintas relaciones catalizador/alimento (5:1, 7:1, 10:1) a distintas temperaturas (500, 600 y 700ºC). Se ha analizado la influencia de las condiciones de operación sobre los productos de pirólisis, centrándose en la búsqueda de sistemas que favorecen la obtención de productos con valor como combustible (dentro del rango de las gasolinas) y de gases ricos en olefinas que puedan ser utilizadas como materias primas en distintos procesos. Finalmente, se han estudiado diferentes sistemas gasóleo+polímero (EVA y PP)+catalizador (HZSM-5, HBeta) para comprobar la versatilidad y las limitaciones de la planta. El resultado del estudio llevado a cabo pone de manifiesto la viabilidad del reciclado de residuos poliméricos en las unidades de FCC de las instalaciones comerciales, convirtiendo dichos residuos en combustibles y compuestos petroquímicos de interés.

O estudo do fenômeno de vibrações induzidas pela emissão de vórtices, ou VIV, em risers é um tópico de grande relevância para a engenharia oceânica. Nos últimos anos, diversos resultados vêm sendo apresentados, numéricos e/ou experimentais, buscando o entendimento dos fundamentos deste fenômeno de interação fluido-estrutural, no entanto, sem um entendimento conclusivo e abrangente. Neste contexto, risers também estão sujeitos à ação de correntezas oceânicas e, consequentemente, ao fenômeno de VIV. Neste sentido, o presente estudo traz resultados de uma abordagem experimental para o entendimento do fenômeno de VIV em risers lançados em catenária, configuração que representa grande parte das geometrias adotadas em lançamentos atuais. No entanto, a realização de experimentos com risers em tanque de provas pressupõe a utilização de modelos reduzidos, o que, por si só, representa um grande desafio de pesquisa. Para tanto, desenvolveu-se uma metodologia para a modelagem de risers em escala reduzida, com foco na similaridade entre parâmetros importantes que garantam um comportamento dinâmico equivalente àquele em escala real. Foram, então, realizados experimentos de VIV com catenárias concebidas e construídas com base nesta metodologia, posteriormente ensaiadas em tanque de reboque. Para análise dos resultados, foram utilizadas técnicas como a decomposição modal, que possibilitou a comparação desses com alguns resultados da literatura, mostrando que o fenômeno de VIV na catenária se processa de maneira bastante semelhante ao identificado nos cilindros flexíveis. Além disso, a extensa base de dados experimentais apresentada e discutida nesta tese contribui para futura validação de diversos modelos matemáticos e códigos numéricos de predição do VIV em catenárias, descrevendo com detalhes inúmeros comportamentos imersos neste problema importante de engenharia. / The study of Vortex-induced vibrations in risers is a topic of great relevance in the context of ocean engineering. In recent years, several numerical and experimental results have been presented, addressing the understanding of the fundamentals of this fluid-structure interaction phenomenon, however without a conclusive and comprehensive understanding. In this context, risers are exposed to the action of ocean currents and consequently to the phenomenon of VIV. In this sense, the present study provides results of an experimental approach to understanding the VIV phenomenon on risers launched in catenary configuration, which represents much of the geometries adopted today. However, performing risers experiments in towing-tanks presupposes the use of small-scale models, which represents a major research challenge. Therefore, a methodology for modeling reduced scale risers was developed. The focus of this methodology was on the similarity between certain important parameters that guarantee an equivalent full-scale dynamic behavior. VIV experiments were then performed in the towing tank, with the designed and constructed catenary, based on this methodology. Techniques such as modal decomposition were used for the analysis of the results. This allows the comparison of the results with classical literature paradigms showing that VIV response in the catenary is close to results obtained with flexible cylinders. Furthermore, the large experimental database presented and discussed in the study may contribute to future validation of several mathematical models and numerical codes of VIV prediction in catenary risers, describing in detail several immersed behaviors in this important engineering problem.

CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A presente tese e voltada à investigação da dinâmica das partículas em um riser de leito fluidizado circulante (CFB). Os leitos fluidizados sao comumente encontrados em aplicações de diversas areas industriais, como na secagem e revestimento de partículas, na polimerizaçao, na combustao e gaseificacao de carvão ou biomassa, no craqueamento catalítico de gasóleo. Dada a importancia da compreensão fenomenologica dos mecanismos que ocorrem nestes equipamentos, este trabalho utiliza de experimentacães física material e numerica para investigar, descrever e prever o escoamento gas-solido ascendente em escala piloto. Para isso, a Unidade Piloto de Riser e Ciclones foi projetada e construída, bem como seu controle e sistema de medicão optica, a Anemometria por Efeito Doppler (PDA). O escoamento tambem foi avaliado por Fluidodinamica Computacional, como um segundo pilar sobre o qual a presente tese esta suportada, atraves da solucao de um modelo matematico euleriano-lagrangeano transiente de partícula pontual, que considera colisães entre partículas e delas com paredes rugosas do riser, implementado no codigo UNSCYFL3D. Os resultados de ambas simulacoes física material e numerica dos estudos de caso propostos, evidenciaram a formaçcaão de estruturas de macro e mesoescala, derivadas de efeitos geometricos e fluido dinâmicos, respectivamente. Ocorre segregacao do escoamento da fase sólida na base do riser e recirculacao no topo, devido a saída em T. A PDA evidenciou: a formacao da estrutura core-annulus desde a alimentacao das partículas nos maiores carregamentos, a tendâencia de segregaçcãao radial e axial de diametros de partículas e a deposiçao nas regioes próximas à parede, onde as partículas tem maior flutuacao de velocidade. As soluçoes numericas indicaram pouca influencia das forcas de Saffman e Magnus, porem grande influencia da rugosidade da parede e do efeito da turboforese. O modelo matematico foi comparado frente as mediçoes físicas, mostrando bom grau de validacao para concentraçao de partículas no centro do riser e para velocidade axial media das partículas. / This thesis is focused on the particle phase dynamics in a circulating fluidized bed riser (CFB). Fluidized beds are commonly encountered in many industrial applications such as drying and coating of particles, polimerizations, combustion and gasification of coal and biomass, gasoil fluid catalytic cracking. Given the importance of the physical understanding about CFBs, in this work experiments and simulations are carried out to explore, describe and predict the upward gas-solid flow in pilot scale. Therefore, the Pilot Unit of Riser and Cyclones was designed and built, as well as its control and optical measuring systems, the last one by using Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA). Besides that, the flow was solved by Computational Fluid Dynamics, as the second pillar on which this thesis is based, through the solution of an Eulerian-Lagrangian unsteady point-particle model, with inter-particles collisions and impact on rough walls, implemented on the in-house code UNSCYFL3D. The results from both experiments and simulations have shown the macro- and meso-scale structures formation, caused by geometrical and fluid dynamics effects, respectively. Particle phase flow segregation occurs near the particle inlet and also recirculation at the top of the riser, due to the T shape outlet. The PDA results show the core-annulus structure formation from the bottom of the riser in the higher mass loadings, the tendency of radial and axial segregation of particle diameters and the particle deposition near the riser wall, where the discrete phase has higher velocity fluctuations. On the other hand, the simulation results show little influence of Saffman and Magnus forces over the particles flow, however great impact of the roughness wall model and of the turbophoresis effect. About the model validation, good agreement is found mainly to particle concentration at the riser centre and to the particle phase axial velocity. / Tese (Doutorado)