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Submitted by Rafael Santana (rafael.silvasantana@ufpe.br) on 2018-03-12T17:27:04Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Dissertação - Leandro Claudino.pdf: 4894266 bytes, checksum: f65af739722f202c62db9f213cf0dd14 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-12T17:27:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Dissertação - Leandro Claudino.pdf: 4894266 bytes, checksum: f65af739722f202c62db9f213cf0dd14 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-10 / CAPES / Devido à dificuldade de extração de petróleo em alto mar, tornou-se necessário o investimento em sistemas tecnológicos de obtenção deste produto, que em muitos casos se encontra a mais de 2000 metros de lâmina d’água, como é o caso da camada pré-sal. Os risers são os sistemas responsáveis por fazerem a ligação entre os poços de petróleo às unidades flutuantes, entretanto, devido à dificuldade existente de se extrair petróleo em águas muito profundas, a utilização de risers rígidos desponta como uma ótima alternativa. Para tanto, faz-se necessário o uso de aços especiais para desempenho deste trabalho, visto a agressividade do meio em que os risers estarão sendo submetidos, onde o aço API 5CT P110 aparece como uma alternativa promissora, por apresentar excelente resistência mecânica e boa tenacidade. Devido a essa agressividade, pode ocorrer o surgimento de trincas, e se essas não forem avaliadas e tomadas as providências necessárias, reparando ou substituindo as partes danificadas, a estrutura pode vir a falhar. Por isso, a avaliação da integridade estrutural desses componentes, através da Mecânica da Fratura, desponta como um procedimento de elevada importância, pois esta técnica visa analisar de maneira minuciosa as trincas existentes numa estrutura, aplicando princípios que garantam sua operacionalidade. Portanto, este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a integridade estrutural de risers rígidos de injeção trincados, por meio do diagrama FAD (Failure Assessment Diagram), baseando-se na metodologia recomendada pela norma britânica BS 7910, comparando estes resultados com os obtidos através de simulações computacionais realizadas com o software Abaqus. Os resultados alcançados mostraram a importância de se utilizar estes procedimentos de avaliação, visto que é possível postergar, em alguns casos, a troca de um riser reduzindo os custos associados ao novo riser e aos processos operacionais de troca. / Due to the difficulty of oil extraction in the high seas, it became necessary to invest in technological systems to obtain this product, which in many cases is more than 2000 meters of water, such as the pre- salt. Risers are the systems responsible for linking oil wells to floating units. However, due to the difficulty of extracting oil in ultra deep waters, the use of rigid risers is a great alternative. In order to do so, it is necessary to use special steels to perform this work, considering the aggressiveness of the medium in which the risers will be submitted, where API 5CT P110 steel appears as a promising alternative, as it presents excellent mechanical strength and good toughness. Because of this aggressiveness, cracking may occur, and if these are not evaluated and taken care of by repairing or replacing damaged parts, the structure may fail. For this reason, the evaluation of the structural integrity of these components, through Fracture Mechanics, emerges as a procedure of great importance, since this technique aims to analyze in detail the cracks in a structure, applying principles that guarantee its operability. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the structural integrity of rigid injection risers, through the FAD (Failure Assessment Diagram) diagram, based on the methodology recommended by the British standard BS 7910, comparing these results with those obtained through simulations with Abaqus software. The results showed the importance of using these valuation procedures, since it is possible to postpone, in some cases, the exchange of a riser, reducing the costs associated with the new riser and the operational processes of exchange.

Submitted by Amanda Silva (amanda.osilva2@ufpe.br) on 2015-03-04T13:55:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 DISSERTAÇÃO Kamylla Alexandre Leite dos Santos.pdf: 1976656 bytes, checksum: ddc312a0e96e1e6356d45ce49fddc668 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-04T13:55:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 DISSERTAÇÃO Kamylla Alexandre Leite dos Santos.pdf: 1976656 bytes, checksum: ddc312a0e96e1e6356d45ce49fddc668 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / ANP/PRH/28 / Foram realizadas medidas de fração volumétrica do catalisador por meio da técnica de trans missão de radiação-, para validar experimentalmente a simulação, com o uso da Fluidodinâmica Computacional (CFD) e o modelo matemático que correlaciona a taxa de circulação do catalisador no riser de uma Unidade Piloto a Frio (UPF) tipo Craqueamento Catalítico Fluido (FCC - FluidCatalyticCracking). As altas temperaturas e as grossas paredes de aço que compõem as unidades de Craqueamento Catalítico Fluido (FluidCatalyticCracking - FCC), além de altas taxas de erosão do escoamento, dificultam uma avaliação precisa de importantes parâmetros fluidodinâmicos como as taxas de circulação e perfis de distribuição axial e radial das fases em escoamento. Uma das estratégias adotadasna observação de fenômenos fluidodinâmicos para solução desses problemas tem sido a utilização de unidades piloto a frio, como a que foi elaborada e instalada no Departamento de Energia Nuclear da UFPE, para o desenvolvimento de técnicas de medidas não intrusivas, adequadas para informações precisas sobre o escoamento no riser. Uma análise das equações que modelam a entrada do catalisador no riser, importante parâmetro para o banco de dados de aplicação da CFD, mostrou que a taxa de circulação do catalisador é essencial à simulação do processo. Um conjunto de fonte e detector de radiação-[fonte Am-241/detetor de NaI(Tl)], posicionados diametralmente opostos em determinada altura no riser, permitiu a obtenção de medidas da atenuação do feixe de radiação pelo catalisador em escoamento. A comparação entre os perfis de fração volumétrica obtidos experimentalmente e por simulação apresentou convergência entre os mesmos e demonstrou que a determinação da taxa de circulação do catalisador e a utilização de métodos não intrusivos são essenciais à estimativa precisa das condições de operação em um riser.

The corrosion fatigue behaviour of high strength carbon steel tensile armour wires that are used in flexible risers has been explored. An investigation of the corrosion fatigue failure mechanisms for two different sets of corrosion fatigue tested high strength steel wires has been carried out. The two different tensile armour wires were 12 mm x 4 mm and 12 mm x 7 mm. The wires had been corrosion fatigue tested in up to three different seawater environments, namely aerated, CO2 saturated to 1 bar absolute and 100 mbar absolute H2S-CO2 balance to 1 bar absolute. The corrosion fatigue failure investigation included undertaking statistical analysis of fatigue crack and corrosion pit data to establish the effects of environment, applied stress, R-ratio and microstructure due to degree of cold drawing on the corrosion fatigue behaviour. The 12 mm x 4 mm has fine grain martensite-pearlite structure with anisotropic microstructure in the transverse plane. The 12 mm x 7 mm has larger grain martensite-pearlite structure with equiaxed microstructure in the transverse plane. The corrosion fatigue crack path for the two tensile armour wires exhibits transgranular and intergranular cracking due to variations in R-ratio and microstructure. The analysis identified that a significant amount of localised corrosion pitting was present on the surface of both the 12 mm x 4 mm and 12 mm x 7 mm high strength carbon steel tensile armour wires and that many corrosion fatigue cracks had initiated from these geometric discontinuities. A method was developed in order to apply an optical image correlation technique to a sample immersed in seawater. The research has shown that digital image correlation may be applied for in-situ imaging of a corroding and dynamically deforming surface within a seawater environment. The technique demonstrated the establishment of localised surface strain around the corrosion pits during mechanical loading. The results of the surface strain mapping show that the interaction between multiple corrosion pits is consistent with a significant increase in surface strain when compared to a single surface pit acting alone. The results also show that a small single stress raiser can exhibit a high surface stress concentration when compared to a larger one as the strain is dependent upon the geometry of the pit. The highest strain concentration is at the edge of the pit, parallel to the loading direction. The results show the interaction that multiple pits have with each other, the effect they have on surface strains and how they and other types of stress raiser lead to premature failure of components. Further to this the effects of residual stress on crack nucleation were considered. Fatigue cracks initiate at the surface of the high strength carbon steel tensile armour wire therefore surface measurements were carried out to establish the effects of environment and applied load on the development of residual stress fields. The 12 mm x 4 mm wire shows some correlation between applied stress range and surface residual stress measurements with. For the 12 mm x 4 mm wire corrosion fatigue tested in aerated seawater the surface residual stress becomes increasing compressive with an increase in applied stress. For the 12 mm x 4 mm wire corrosion fatigue tested in CO2 saturated seawater the surface residual stress appears to be independent of applied stress. However for the 12 mm x 7 mm carbon steel tensile armour wire there is no correlation between the applied stress range and the surface residual stress. The differences in surface residual stress may be due to the differences in R-ratio, microstructure and level of cold drawing due to the Bauschinger effect. Surface residual stress measurements have been used to explore the effects of the shakedown process on the high strength carbon steel tensile armour wires prior to corrosion fatigue testing. They show that at a high applied stress range the shakedown process readily develops a compressive residual stress on the surface of the carbon steel wire. This is mostly the case for the low applied stress range; however care should be taken when considering the effects of shakedown on a lower stress range in so far as it may not completely remove the tensile residual stress. Through thickness residual stress measurements show a similar distribution of residual stress fields throughout the high strength carbon steel tensile armour wires independent of the applied stress range and environment.

This work presents a combination of analytical and numerical approaches to gain an insight of the dynamics of marine risers and micro machined resonators. Despite their scale difference, we show that both systems share similarities in terms of initial static deformation, quadratic and cubic nonlinearities, and internal resonances. First, we utilize the state space method to study the eigenvalue problem of vertical riser. An orthonormalization step is introduced to recover the numerical scheme during numerical integration and we investigate the effect of applied tension, apparent weight, and higher-order modes on the accuracy of the scheme. We show that the method is advantageous to find eigenvalues and mode shapes of vertical risers in comparison to other methods. The work is extended to study the eigenvalue problem of inclined risers considering the influence of static deflection, self-weight and mid-plane stretching. The linear dynamics is solved using Galerkin method. The results demonstrate that under the influence of tension and configuration angle, the frequencies exhibit commensurate ratio with respect to the first natural frequency leading to the possible activation of internal resonances. Next, we study the nonlinear interactions of inclined risers considering two-to-one and three-to-one internal resonances under single and multifrequency excitations. The multiple times scale method is applied to study the nonlinear interaction and results are compared to those from a Galerkin solution showing good agreement. Time histories and perturbation’s response curves, in addition to the dynamical solution obtained by Galerkin and stability analysis using Floquet theory are utilized to examine the system. These results feature nonlinear energy exchange, saddle node jumps, and Hopf bifurcations leading to complex dynamic motion that can endanger the riser structure. Finally, the analysis using pertubation is extended to investigate the two-to-one internal resonance in micromachined arch beams between its first two symmetric modes. The response is analyzed using the perturbation method considering the nonlinear interaction and two simultaneous excitations at higher AC voltages. Good agreement is found among the results of pertubations, Galerkin and experimental data from fabricated Silicon arch beam. Different types of bifurcations are observed which can lead to quasi-periodic and potentially chaotic motions.

yes / Heavy petroleum industries, including the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit, are useful for producing fuels but they are among some of the biggest contributors to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The recent global push for mitigation efforts against climate change has resulted in increased legislation that affects the operations and future of these industries. In terms of the FCC unit, on the riser side, more legislation is pushing towards them switching from petroleum-driven energy sources to more renewable sources such as solar and wind, which threatens the profitability of the unit. On the regenerator side, there is more legislation aimed at reducing emissions of GHGs from such units. As a result, it is more important than ever to develop models that are accurate and reliable, that will help optimise the unit for maximisation of profits under new regulations and changing trends, and that predict emissions of various GHGs to keep up with new reporting guide-lines. This article, split over two parts, reviews traditional modelling methodologies used in modelling and simulation of the FCC unit. In Part I, hydrodynamics and kinetics of the riser are dis-cussed in terms of experimental data and modelling approaches. A brief review of the FCC feed is undertaken in terms of characterisations and cracking reaction chemistry, and how these factors have affected modelling approaches. A brief overview of how vaporisation and catalyst deactiva-tion are addressed in the FCC modelling literature is also undertaken. Modelling of constitutive parts that are important to the FCC riser unit such as gas-solid cyclones, disengaging and stripping vessels, is also considered. This review then identifies areas where current models for the riser can be improved for the future. In Part II, a similar review is presented for the FCC regenerator system.

Yes / In this work a simulation of detailed steady state model of an industrial fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit with a newly proposed six-lumped kinetic model which cracks gas oil into diesel, gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), dry gas and coke. Frequency factors, activation energies and heats of reaction for the catalytic cracking kinetics and a number of model parameters were estimated using a model based parameter estimation technique along with data from an industrial FCC unit in Sudan. The estimated parameters were used to predict the major riser fractions; diesel as 0.1842 kg-lump/kg-feed with a 0.81% error while gasoline as 0.4863 kg-lump/kg-feed with a 2.71% error compared with the plant data. Thus, with good confidence, the developed kinetic model is able to simulate any type of FCC riser with six-lump model as catalyst-to-oil (C/O) ratios were varied and the results predicted the typical riser profiles.

Oil and gas exploitation in deep waters has become more than just a profit business to be a daily necessity, since the world energy matrix is based on fossil components. Risers are offshore structures that are intimately linked with oil and gas exploitation and those are subjected to a great variety of effects in field, e.g., marine currents, Vortex Induced Vibration (VIV), heave motion caused by gravitational waves, non-linear contact with the sea floor, and many others. Riser dynamics is essentially non-linear and experimental tests in real scale are almost impossible due to a great variety of control parameters acting concomitantly. Small-scale models are a better experimental approach. Nevertheless, there are many structural and hydrodynamical parameters to be evaluated. Considering only vertical risers in the present work, Galerkin\'s modal decomposition is used in order to reduce the dynamics of a vertical flexible cylinder to a few linear modes in which the majority of energy and information are contained. From the modal analysis, added mass and structural parameters damping of a vertical flexible cylinder using data obtained from free-decay tests performed both in water and in air are evaluated. Finally, a modal Mathieu-Hill oscillator with non-linear damping is constructed and, based on aStrutt diagram, modal stability under parametric resonance is discussed. / Exploração de óleo e gás em bacias de águas profundas tem-se tornado mais do que apenas uma economia lucrativa, para ser uma necessidade diária, já que a matriz energética mundial está baseada em componentes fósseis. Risers são estruturas offshore ligadas intimamente com a exploração de óleo e gás e essas estão sujeitas a uma grande variedade de efeitos na operação, e.g., correntes marítimas, Vibrações Induzidas por Vórtices (VIV), movimento de heave causado por ondas gravitacionais, contato não-linear com o solo marinho, entre outros. Dinâmica de risers é essencialmente não-linear e testes experimentais em escala real são praticamente impossíveis devido a uma enorme variedade de parâmetros de controle agindo concomitantemente. Modelos em escala reduzida são uma abordagem experimental mais conveniente. Não obstante, há muitos parâmetros estruturais e hidrodinâmicos a serem determinados. Considerando apenas risers verticais no trabalho presente, a decomposição modal de Galerkin é usada a fim de reduzir a dinâmica de um cilindro fléxivel vertical a alguns modos lineares em que a maior parte da energia e informação estão contidos. A partir da análise modal, parâmetros de massa adicional e amortecimento estrutural de um cilindro flexível vertical são obtidos usando testes de decaimento livre conduzidos na água e no ar. Finalmente, um oscilador modal de Mathieu-Hill com amortecimento não-linear é proposto e, baseado em um diagrama de Strutt, a estabilidade modal sob excitação de ressonânica paramétrica é discutida.

Risers são tubos que transportam fluidos do fundo do mar até as plataformas flutuantes e vice-versa. Diversas configurações e materiais são utilizados, porém apenas os steel catenary risers (SCR) são estudados neste trabalho. Os risers são estruturas extremamente esbeltas e, por isso, grande parte de seu trecho suspenso tem comportamento de cabo. Apenas em duas regiões a rigidez flexional é relevante: no hang-off (topo) e na touch-down zone (TDZ), sendo esta última a região mais complexa para análise devido ao contato unilateral com o solo. Em função dos diversos carregamentos dinâmicos a que o riser é submetido, grandes variações na curvatura ocorrem na TDZ, além de impacto e atrito com o solo, que podem reduzir a vida útil da estrutura ou até mesmo por em risco a sua integridade. Por estas razões, este trabalho visa à elaboração de uma metodologia analítica para a construção de um modelo de ordem reduzida (MOR) capaz de analisar o comportamento dinâmico não linear da TDZ de um SCR. Como na TDZ a rigidez flexional predomina sobre a rigidez geométrica, o riser é modelado como uma viga semi-infinita, tendo uma parte suspensa e outra apoiada sobre solo hipoteticamente elástico com contato unilateral. Na extremidade suspensa são impostos deslocamentos verticais e trações dinâmicas que fazem com que a posição do touch-down point (TDP) também varie com o tempo. Trata-se, portanto, de um problema com condições de contorno móveis. A metodologia adotada para a resolução deste problema foi transformá-lo em um problema de condições de contorno fixas por meio de uma transformação de variáveis. Contudo, paga-se um preço por tal transformação, e fortes não linearidades surgem na equação diferencial de movimento, tornando-a extremamente complexa para uma resolução analítica direta. Para o problema de flexão simples, consegue-se obter os modos de vibração não lineares através do método das múltiplas escalas. De posse destes modos, utiliza-se o método de Galerkin não linear para projetar a equação completa em um modo escolhido, transformando o modelo contínuo em um modelo de ordem reduzida com apenas um grau de liberdade, cuja coordenada generalizada modal é o deslocamento horizontal do TDP. Obtida a equação do MOR, nota-se que existem coeficientes que variam com o tempo, como na clássica equação de Mathieu, indicando a possibilidade de ocorrer ressonância paramétrica. Neste tipo de ressonância, entre outras possibilidades, pode ocorrer que a frequência de excitação seja o dobro da frequência natural trata-se da ressonância paramétrica principal. A equação do MOR é integrada numericamente e suas respostas são comparadas com as respostas obtidas por modelos de elementos finitos elaborados em softwares comerciais, como o Abaqus e o Orcaflex. Por fim, discutem-se as potencialidades e limitações do MOR, sendo uma grande vantagem a possibilidade de processar diversos casos facilmente, variando os parâmetros que influem nas respostas. Com este mapeamento das respostas, é possível estimar as amplitudes dos estados estacionários pós-críticos. / Risers are pipes that convey fluids from the seabed up to the floating platforms and vice-versa. Many configurations and materials are used, but only steel catenary risers (SCR) are studied in this work. Risers are extremely slender structures, and for this reason, most of the suspended part has cable behavior. Only in two regions the bending stiffness is important: at the hang-off and at the touch-down zone (TDZ), which is the most complex region for analysis because of the unilateral contact with the seabed. Due to several dynamic loads that the riser is subjected to, great curvature variations occur at the TDZ, apart from impacts and friction with the soil, which can reduce the life time of the structure or even jeopardize its integrity. For these reasons, this work aims at the development of an analytical methodology for the construction of a reduced-order model (ROM) able to analyze the nonlinear dynamic behavior of the TDZ of a SCR. As at the TDZ the bending stiffness prevails over the geometric stiffness, the riser is modeled as a semi-infinite beam, having a suspended part and another one resting on the elastic soil with unilateral contact. At the end of the suspended part, vertical displacements and dynamic tensions are imposed, that cause the TDPs position to vary with time. It is, therefore, a problem with moving boundary conditions. The methodology adopted for solving this problem was to transform it into a problem with fixed boundary conditions via a variable transformation. However, a price is paid for such a transformation, and strong nonlinearities appear in the differential equation of motion, making it extremely complex to solve analytically. For the simple bending problem, nonlinear vibration modes are obtained via the method of multiple scales. In possession of these modes, the nonlinear Galerkin method is used to project the complete equation into a chosen mode, transforming the continuum model into a reduced-order model (ROM) with only one degree of freedom whose modal generalized coordinate is the horizontal displacement of the TDP. After obtaining the ROM, it is noticed that there are coefficients that vary with time, as in the classic Mathieu equation, indicating the possibility of parametric resonance. In this kind of resonance, among other possibilities, the excitation frequency may be twice the natural frequency it is the so-called principal parametric resonance. The ROMs equation is integrated numerically and the responses are compared to those given by finite-element models studied with the help of commercial softwares, like Abaqus and Orcaflex. Finally, the potentialities and limitations of the ROM are discussed. One of the advantages is the possibility of processing several cases easily, changing the parameters that affect the responses. With this response mapping, it is possible to estimate the post-critical steady-state amplitudes that take place.

Understanding static and dynamic nonlinear behavior of pipes and risers is crucial for the design aspects in offshore engineering fields. In this work, we examine two nonlinear problems in offshore engineering field: vortex Induced vibration of straight horizontal pipes, and boundary layer static solution of inclined risers. In the first study, we analyze the effect of the internal velocity of straight horizontal pipe and obtain the vortex induced vibration forces via coupling the pipe equation of motion with the recently modified Van Der Pol oscillator governing the lift coefficient. Our numerical results are obtained for two different pipe configurations: hinged-hinged, and clamped- clamped. The results show that the internal velocity reduces the vibration and the oscillation amplitudes. Also, it is shown that the clamped-clamped pipe configuration offers a wider range of internal velocities before buckling instability occurs. The results also demonstrate the effect of the end condition on the amplitudes of vibration. In the second study, we develop a boundary layer perturbation static solution to govern and simulate the static behavior of inclined risers. In the boundary layer analysis, we take in consideration the effects of the axial stretch, applied tension, and internal velocity. Our numerical simulation results show good agreement with the exact solutions for special cases. In addition, our developed method overcomes the mathematical and numerical limitations of the previous methods used before.