Within various sectors of society, a shift of responsibility from society to the individual is visible. Within crisis preparedness a change is noticeable, but the issue is that it is not clear in the public debate what constitutes a reasonable distribution of responsibility. The purpose of this study is to examine how the distribution of responsibility between individuals and authorities is expressed in Sweden´s county boards risk and vulnerability analyses and to observe any changes over time between 2016 – 2022. Additionally, the study aims to investigate the methods authorities employ to involve individuals. The documents under study are analyzed from Michel Foucault´s governmentality perspective, which is a way of governing citizens without coercion. The study´s findings reveal that documents from 2022 more clearly delineate responsibilities of individuals, partly due to the altered security situation globally.

<p>Učestale smene veoma vlažnih i izuzetno su&scaron;nih perioda mogu prouzrokovati značajne negativne<br />posledice na poljoprivredu, životnu sredinu, ekonomiju i na dru&scaron;tvo u celini. Strogi zahtevi<br />poljoprivredne proizvodnje i specifičnosti agroklimatskih uslova i samog područja Vojvodine čine ga<br />veoma vulnerabilnim na pojavu vi&scaron;ka ili manjka vode. Jasnije sagledavanje vremenske i prostorne<br />pojave vi&scaron;ka i manjka vode i procena rizika od njihove pojave moglo bi dovesti do preduzimanja<br />odgovarajućih mera pripreme i ublažavanja negativnih posledica i pre pojave hazardnog događaja.<br />U ovom radu su kreirane metodologije na osnovu kojih su izvr&scaron;ene procene rizika od suficita i<br />deficita vode na melioracionom području Vojvodine. Procene rizika dobijene su kombinacijom procena<br />ranjivosti i procena hazarda, a baziraju se na identifikaciji ključnih faktora koji utiču na pojavu suficita i<br />deficita vode, na njihovoj analizi i adekvatnom vrednovanju i uz kori&scaron;ćenje geografskog informacionog<br />sistema. Ključni faktori su odabrani na osnovu njihovog uticaja na samu pojavu ili na ublažavanje<br />efekata su&scaron;e ili pojave vi&scaron;ka vode, na osnovu dostupnosti podataka i na osnovu istraživanja brojnih<br />autora. Vrednovanje faktora ranjivosti je izvr&scaron;eno objektivnom metodom entropije. Analize hazarda su<br />izvr&scaron;ene savremenim hidrometeorolo&scaron;kim stohastičkim metodama koje sveobuhvatno sagledavaju<br />opasnosti od pojave su&scaron;e ili vi&scaron;ka vode. Rezultati procena ranjivosti, hazarda i rizika su dobijene<br />kori&scaron;ćenjem geografskog informacionog sistema u vidu karata.<br />Metodologije na osnovu kojih su u ovom radu sprovedene procene rizika od suficita i deficita vode<br />na melioracionom području Vojvodine, omogućavaju stvaranje uslova za podizanje pripravnosti na<br />pojavu ekstremnih hidrometeorolo&scaron;kih događaja, unapređenje planiranja meliorativnih mera kao i izbor i<br />dono&scaron;enje optimalnijih odluka vezanih za upravljanje i ulaganje u meliorativne sisteme, a sve u skladu<br />sa načelima i principima održivog razvoja poljoprivrede, vodoprivrede i melioracija.</p> / <p>Frequent changes of very dry and wet periods can cause significant adverse effects on agriculture,<br />environment, economy and the whole society. Strict requirements of agricultural production and special<br />characteristics of agro-climatic conditions of the Vojvodina region makes it very vulnerable to the<br />occurrences of excess water or drought. A clearer understanding of the temporal and spatial occurrence<br />of excess water or droughts and the risk assessment of their occurrence could lead to taking appropriate<br />measures of preparedness and mitigation of negative impacts before the onset of hazardous events.<br />In this dissertation, methodologies of risk assessments of water excess and water deficit on the land<br />reclamation areas in Vojvodina were created. Risk assessments were obtained by a combination of<br />vulnerability assessments and hazard assessments, and they are based on the identification of key factors<br />affecting the occurrence of water excess and water deficit, on their analysis and adequate evaluation and<br />by using geographic information systems. Key factors were selected based on their impact on the<br />occurrence or on mitigation of the effects of drought or excess water, on the basis of data availability<br />and based on the research of numerous authors. Valuation of the vulnerability factors is made by<br />objective method of entropy weighting. Hazard analyses were performed by using contemporary<br />hydrometeorological stochastic methods that comprehensively perceive threats of drought or excess<br />water. Assessments of vulnerability, hazard and risk are preformed in GIS and results are presented in a<br />form of thematic maps.<br />Methodologies for risk assessments of water excess and water deficit in land reclamation areas of<br />Vojvodina region, created or modified in this dissertation, allows the creation of conditions for<br />increasing preparedness to extreme hydro-meteorological events, improvement of land reclamation<br />measures planning as well as improvement of selection and decision-making regarding management and<br />investment in the irrigation and drainage systems, all in accordance with the principles of sustainable<br />agriculture, water management and land reclamation.<br />&nbsp;</p>

Bakgrund: Människor drabbade av naturrelaterade katastrofer fortsätter att stiga i antal tillsammans med de kostnader som följer i katastrofernas spår. Skadorna fördelas ojämnt mellan länder och samhällsgrupper och utgör både ett humanitärt problem och en fråga om ojämlikhet. Att reducera risker är därmed en förutsättning för att uppnå hållbar utveckling. Sendai-ramverket för katastrofriskreducering 2015-2030 talar om vikten av att riskhantering baseras på en förståelse av risker. Risk- och sårbarhetsanalys (RSA) är ett verktyg för att skapa förståelse av risker och åtgärder att vidta för att reducera dessa. Stöd till att utveckla processer för analys av risker och sårbarheter har identifierats som komparativa fördelar för svenskt bistånd inom de internationella kapacitetsutvecklingsinsatser som Myndigheten för samhällsskydd och beredskap (MSB) bedriver. Trots förekomsten av erfarenheter, lagstöd och vägledningar saknas i större omfattning studier av hur arbetet genomförs och utnyttjas. Forskning om olycksinsatsplanering pekar ut själva processen som viktigare än de planer som produceras. Detta sammantaget visar på ett behov att identifiera viktiga erfarenheter från den svenska RSA-processen, erfarenheter som kan informera MSBs kapacitetsutvecklingsinsatser inom RSA. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att identifiera vad deltagare uppfattar som goda erfarenheter av det RSA-arbete som bedrivs av svenska kommuner med fokus på själva processen Metod: Studien som är av kvalitativ karaktär genomförs med en abduktiv ansats där deltagare intervjuas, inspelningar transkriberas och innehållet analyseras med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Som teoretiska utgångspunkter att jämföra studiens empiri används Risk Governance, Social Learning och en tillämpning av Design Science. Resultatet: Studiens resultat presenteras i form av tema, kategorier och underkategorier. På latent nivå härleds temat; lära tillsammans till nytta för ett säkrare samhälle, vilket fångar fundamentala tankegångar om att analysarbetet handlar om att lära sig mer, att det behöver göras tillsammans och att resultatet behöver komma till nytta, allt i en strävan mot ett säkrare samhälle. Det manifesta innehållet presenteras i kategorierna; funktionellt lagarbete, lärande och förändring samt främjande strategier och arrangemang. Kategorierna består i sin tur upp av tio underkategorier. Slutsatser: Bland viktiga slutsatser från arbetet med RSA är betydelsen av att forma team av deltagare med varierade roller, kompetens och perspektiv. Vidare att skapa forum och miljöer som främjar tillit och ömsesidigt utbyte. Här är samordnarens roll av avgörande betydelse. Ytterligare en slutsats är att ta vara på drivkrafter om nytta och användbarhet för ett flexibelt genomförande. Behovet av förankring, ägarskap och att bygga på vad som redan finns är andra betydelsefulla slutsatser. Vid stöd till nationell utveckling av RSA behöver lagstiftnings stimulerande men också hämmande effekter beaktas. Hur myndigheters stöd utformas behöver baseras på hur behoven ser ut hos de som ska genomföra RSA.

Archaeological artefacts excavated today are in a worse preserved state compare to those artefacts found before 1945. Previous research highlighted soil acidification as the main cause. However, not much research has been done to analyse other causalities, such as the spread of road salt during the wintertime and the potential deterioration that salt (sodium chloride) might cause on the physical cultural heritage. Nonetheless, it is proven that salt causes corrosion on infrastructure and on porous stone, masonry, and other composite materials in buildings. The aim of this work is to investigate how road salt move from the road surface (municipal– and state roads) and beyond, what factors might contribute to increased geographical spread and how we can limit the potential risk of damage associated with the spread of road salts to ancient historical sites. The research methods presented in this paper is a mix of field sampling study together with GIS– and literature analysis. The results show that the road salts spread according to an exponential decaying rate, where most of the road salts being spread 5–10 meters beyond the roadside. This means that cultural heritage sites within this buffer–area could be susceptible to salt induced damage to physical structures and deposited artefacts made from metals, rock, brick, and other material. Thereby it is pivotal to highlight the possible actions that can prevent the spread of road salts in a geographical landscape, and its effect on the physical cultural heritage.

No description available.

This sociological study explores the past and current higher education (HE) experience of educationalists at Gaza’s universities and how this experience may be evolving in the shifting socio-political context in the Arab World. The thesis is motivated by three questions: 1. What are the perspectives of academic staff in the Faculties of Education at Gaza’s universities on their own past HE experiences? 2. What are the perspectives of students and their lecturers (academic staff) in the Faculties of Education at Gaza’s universities on students’ current HE experiences? 3. How do educationalists in the Faculties of Education at Gaza’s universities perceive the shifting socio-political context in the Arab World, and what current or future impact do they think it will have on the education context at Gaza’s universities? To examine these questions, I conducted an inductive qualitative study. Using 36 in-depth, semi- structured interviews which lasted between (90-300 min), I collected data from educationalists (15 academic staff; 21 students) at two of Gaza’s universities. Due to difficulties of access to the Gaza Strip, the participants were interviewed via Skype from Cambridge. Informed by the literature review, and triangulated with other research activities, such as reviewing participants’ CVs, browsing universities websites, and keeping a reflective journal, a thematic analysis was conducted on the interview data. Theoretically, although this study has benefited from conceptual insights, such as those found in Paulo Freire’s Pedagogy of the Oppressed and in Pierre Bourdieu’s work on symbolic violence, it is a micro-level study, which is mainly data driven. The findings of this research show that in the past, educationalists were relatively more passive in terms of shaping their HE experiences, despite efforts to become resilient. In the present, students and their lecturers continue to face challenges that impact negatively on their participation and everyday life at Gaza’s universities. However, how the HE experience will evolve out of this context in the future is uncertain. The Arab Spring revolutions have had an influence on Gaza HE institutions’ campuses as they have triggered more awareness of students’ grievances and discontent. Because of some political and educational barriers, however, students’ voices are a cacophony; they remain split between “compliance” and resistance (Bourdieu, 1984, p. 471; Swartz, 2013, p. 39). Previously, Sara Roy (1995) rightly indicated a structure of “de-development” in the Gaza Strip (p.110). The findings from this research show that the impact of occupation and of the changes in the Arab World on the educational context in Gaza are more complex than previously thought. There is a simultaneous process of construction and destruction that is both external and internal to educationalists and which undermines academic work at Gaza’s universities. Based on this, the study concludes by explaining six implications of this complex structure for academic practice at Gaza’s universities, offering nine policy recommendations for HE reform, and highlighting six areas for future research.