No description available.

Evolutionary models of adolescent and young adult risk-taking posit that risk-taking increases during this period of the life span as a strategic way for males, in particular, to show dominance, increase perceptions of attractiveness by the opposite-sex, and maximize their chances of acquiring a romantic partner (and ultimately produce offspring). Consistent with this perspective, existing research demonstrates that attractive females increase risk-taking in single males, in part by enhancing males’ sensitivity to rewards and diminishing their ability to inhibit impulsive behavior. By contrast, romantically committed males engage in less risk taking than their single counterparts, although the mechanisms underlying the effect of romantic partners/partnerships on male risk-taking are less clear. In the present study, I employed a behavioral paradigm that has been used in prior studies of peer influence to examine how romantic partners affect decision-making processes and risk-taking behavior in young heterosexual males (18 to 24 years old). I also explored whether there are particular individual and relationship characteristics that moderate the effect of romantic partners on males’ decision-making. This study was conducted using a sample of 134 romantically involved males (mean age=20.2, SD=1.65; 64% White) who were randomly assigned to participate in one of three experimental conditions: alone, in the presence of an attractive female confederate, or in the presence of their romantic partner. Across conditions, I compared males’ behavioral performance on five outcome measures: risk taking (using the Stoplight Task), preference for immediate rewards (using a Delay Discounting Task), reward learning and cost avoidance (using a modified version of the Iowa Gambling Task), and inhibitory control over both neutral and emotionally charged stimuli (using cognitive and emotional versions of the Stroop Task). I found that the presence of romantic partners diminishes risk taking in males, but that romantic partners do not have a significant impact on males’ sensitivity to rewards (neither immediate nor long-term), sensitivity to loss (i.e., cost avoidance), or their ability to inhibit attention to interfering—neutral or emotional—stimuli. However, improvements in cognitive control in the presence of romantic partners were observed among males who report low levels of passionate love. That is, mildly infatuated males exhibited better cognitive control in the presence of their romantic partners relative to mildly infatuated males who were alone. Partner presence had no such effects among males who reported being highly infatuated with their girlfriends. The presence of an attractive female stranger triggered a protective response among romantically involved males—prompting them to take fewer risks (when they are highly committed to their partners), to more quickly avoid decisions that lead to long-term loss (among older males only), and to exhibit better cognitive control (only among males in relatively longer relationships). The presence of an attractive female stranger did not affect males’ sensitivity to rewards. Evidently, the relative impact of an attractive female stranger on males’ risk taking and decision-making is highly dependent on individual and relationship factors, a finding that emphasizes the importance of context when it comes to understanding males’ relative susceptibility to temptation (e.g., other females) and opportunities for potential risk (e.g., infidelity). By contrast, the dampening effect of romantic partners on male risk taking is neither dependent on individual or relationship characteristics nor the result of romantic partners’ influence on reward sensitivity or inhibitory control. However, given the finding that romantic partners enhance cognitive control when feelings of passionate love are relatively low, future research should examine how passionate love and cognitive control interact to predict risk taking. Although I could not identify potential mechanisms to explain why the presence of romantic partners diminishes males’ risk-taking, the current study demonstrates that under specific circumstances—such as when there is high relationship commitment or when the relationship is relatively long—the presence of an attractive female stranger can stimulate romantically involved males to engage regulatory processes that may contribute to their reduced inclination toward risky behavior in that context. This finding is consistent with prior studies and suggests that the presence of tempting stimuli and potential threats to relationship fidelity can trigger males’ deliberate engagement of regulatory processes in effort to maintain their current romantic relationship. In contrast, males’ reduced inclination to engage in risky behavior in the presence of their romantic partners may be automatically activated (without inducing a particular psychological state) regardless of individual and relationship characteristics. / Psychology

Any form of self harm can be triggering and hard for most people to be confronted with. Sexually risky behaviour and sex as self-injury among young people is no exception. This study aims to explore and analyse how social workers in the field of psychiatric care for young people in Sweden work with this group. For this study four interviews were conducted and analysed with systems theory.  To further deepen the studies result, a variation of literature has been included. The result of the study showed how dedicated social workers worked in interprofessional teams as well as with the youths families, in ordr to provide the youth with care suitable for their needs. The results from both the interviews as well as the literature reviewshow that although there is currently a need for more structured and evidence-based guidelines and work methods, it is a field where forward-looking research and great development are constantly present.

Résumé : Introduction. Les collisions routières représentent un grave problème à travers le monde. Elles causent des dizaines de millions de blessés chaque année et figurent comme l’une des principales causes de décès chez les jeunes adultes. La conduite avec les capacités affaiblies, la vitesse et d’autres comportements routiers à risque (CRR) sont souvent associés à ces accidents. Notre équipe de recherche s’est intéressée à l’étude de marqueurs de risque de l’implication dans les CRR. Les résultats indiquent qu’une faible réponse au stress, mesurable par l’hormone cortisol, est liée à un nombre plus élevé de condamnations passées pour conduite avec les capacités affaiblies chez les contrevenants et à l’implication future dans les accidents et quasi-accidents chez les jeunes conducteurs. Aucune étude n’avait encore étudié le lien direct entre la réponse au stress et la présence de CRR suite à la consommation d’alcool. But et hypothèse. L’étude a pour but principal de mesurer l’association entre la réponse au stress des jeunes conducteurs et la présence de CRR suite à la consommation d’alcool. L’hypothèse principale soutient qu’une faible réponse au stress est liée à la présence de CRR suite à la consommation d’alcool. L’objectif secondaire de cette étude est d’explorer si d’autres variables (c.-à-d., la recherche de sensations, la consommation de cigarettes et la consommation problématique d’alcool), peuvent expliquer la variance de réponse au stress chez les jeunes conducteurs. L’hypothèse secondaire propose que la recherche de sensations, la sévérité de la consommation d’alcool et de cigarettes sont des variables qui expliquent la variance de réponse au stress. Méthode. Quarante conducteurs masculins âgés de 20 à 24 ans ont pris part à l’étude. Les comportements routiers suite à la consommation d’alcool (c.-à-d., vitesse et non-respect de la signalisation lors du premier trajet, décision de conduire un deuxième trajet sous l’effet de l’alcool) ont été observés à l’aide d’un simulateur de conduite. La réponse au stress a été mesurée à l’aide d’une tâche d’induction du stress standardisée et des échantillons de cortisol salivaire ont été recueillis avant et après la tâche. Les variables de l’objectif secondaire ont été mesurées à l’aide de questionnaires. Résultats. Les résultats démontrent qu’une faible réponse au stress est négativement et significativement associée à la présence de CRR lors de la conduite du simulateur sous l’influence de l’alcool (r (38) = -0,30, p = 0,032). La recherche de sensations explique significativement la variance de la réponse au stress (β = -0,33; p = 0,041); la sévérité de la consommation d’alcool et la consommation de cigarettes n’expliquent pas significativement la variance de réponse au stress entre individus. Implications. Les résultats de cette étude ont permis de mettre en lumière le lien existant entre la réponse au stress et l'implication des jeunes conducteurs dans les CRR suite à la consommation d’alcool. L’efficacité d’outils de prévention et d’intervention adaptés aux caractéristiques des individus qui réagissent moins au stress devrait être étudiée dans d’autres études. // Abstract : Introduction. Motor vehicle crashes are a serious problem worldwide. They cause tens of millions of injuries each year and represent one of the leading causes of death in young adults. Impaired driving, speeding and other risky driving behaviours (RDBs) are often associated with these crashes. Examination of risk markers associated with involvement in RDBs by our research team has shown that a low response to a stressful task, measurable by cortisol, is linked to a higher number of past convictions for impaired driving in offenders and to future involvement in crashes and near-crashes in young drivers. No study had yet examined the direct link between stress response and the presence of RDBs following alcohol consumption. Goals and Hypotheses. The primary goal of the study is to measure the association between young drivers’ stress response and the presence of RDBs following alcohol consumption. The main hypothesis is that a low stress response is linked to RDBs following alcohol consumption. The study’s secondary objective is to explore whether other variables (i.e., sensation seeking, cigarette use, and problem drinking) may explain the variance in stress response exhibited by young drivers. Hence, the secondary hypothesis proposes that sensation seeking and the severity of alcohol and cigarette use are variables that explain the variance in stress response. Method. Forty male drivers aged 20 to 24 years old participated in the study. Driving behaviours following alcohol consumption (i.e., speeding and failure to obey traffic signs during the first trip, deciding to drive a second trip under the influence of alcohol) were observed by means of a driving simulator. Stress response was measured using a standardized stress-inducing task, and saliva cortisol samples were collected before and after the task. Questionnaires gathered data used to test the secondary hypothesis. Findings. The findings show that a low stress response is negatively and significantly associated with the RDBs when driving the simulator under the influence of alcohol (r (38) = -0.30, p = 0.032). Sensation seeking significantly explains the variance in stress response (β = -0.33; p = 0.041); the severity of alcohol consumption and cigarette use do not significantly explain the variance in stress response across individuals. Implications. The study findings clarify the link between stress response and the involvement of young drivers in RDBs following alcohol consumption. The efficacy of prevention and intervention tools adapted to the characteristics of individuals who react less to stress should be explored in future studies.

La présente étude longitudinale a pour objectif d’évaluer la stabilité de la relation d’activation père-enfant entre 12-18 mois et 3-5 ans. De plus, nous nous intéressons aux facteurs qui pourraient être associés à la stabilité ou l’instabilité. La situation risquée a été conduite auprès des 39 dyades père-enfant aux deux temps de mesures, soit lorsque l’enfant était âgé entre 12 et 18 mois et lorsqu’il était âgé entre 3 et 5 ans. Le questionnaire d’ouverture au monde ainsi que le questionnaire d’évènements de vie ont été passés aux pères. Les résultats démontrent que seulement 46 % des enfants sont demeurés stables. L’instabilité et la stabilité ne se sont pas révélées associées significativement à aucun des facteurs mesurés. / Father-child activation relationship at 12-18 months and 3-5 years, and factors related to stability or instability were examined in 39 father-child dyads. Activation relationship was assessed using the Risky Situation when the child was between 12 and 18 months old and when he/she was between 3 and 5 years old. The Openness to The World Questionnaire and the Life Event Questionnaire were used to assess the factors that could be related to instability. Results show that the father-child activation relationship has poor stability (46 %) and no factor was found to be related to stability or instability.

My diploma thesis is about prevention of the most risky behaviour on primary school which is bullying. Prevention is presented through the methods and strategie sof drama education. In the theoretical section acquaints readers with important informations of bullying and substance of drama in education, which are the basis for a comprehensive understanding of this issue. The theoretical part is also the basis for creating bullying prevention project using the methods and strategies of drama education, presented and reflected in the practical part. The practical part is also the result of a questionnaire, which is focused on opinion surveys of teachers of primary schools to prevent bullying and the use of methods and techniques of drama in this issue. KEYWORDS: Drama in Education, methods and strategies, risky behaviour, bullying, prevention, classroom, primary school

Introduction: Prostitution is a phenomenon naturally related to different type of risky behavior such as drug use. There is an easier access to psychoactive substances in the sex business environment where becoming drug addict can be more accelerated. Psychoactive substances can be used as a way of breaking moral boundaries while working in sex business. The experts believe that drug use contributes to relaxation and reduces both mental and physical barriers when providing sexual services. Goals: The goal of this dissertation is to look into the issue of prostitution in the Czech Republic in the years 2010 to 2014 to map out the illegal drug use and presence of sexually transmitted diseases within the sex business. Methods: The practical part of this dissertation was based on secondary analysis of data obtained by long term research by the organization Rozkoš bez rizika (Pleasure without Risk) in sex business. The data analysis was taken between the years 2010 and 2014. Results: Sexual services are mostly provided in night clubs by girls and women in the age of 21-30, women of the Czech nationality, single women. The highest level of education is mostly practical school without graduation. The concentration of sex workers in capital Prague and in the border area with Germany and Austria was...

A presente tese tem por objetivo geral apresentar dois ensaios sobre os acidentes do trabalho à luz da teoria dos diferenciais salariais compensatórios sobre os empregos de risco no Brasil. Para tanto, a partir da base de dados da Relação Anual de Informações Sociais (RAIS), fornecida pelo Ministério do Trabalho (MT), são construídas variáveis relacionadas às taxas de ocorrência de acidentes do trabalho (fatal, lesão e doença) para as subclasses da Classificação Nacional de Atividades Econômicas (CNAE). No primeiro, intitulado \"O Valor estatístico de uma vida: estimativas para o Brasil\", é calculado o valor estatístico de uma vida para diferentes amostras de trabalhadores (homens, mulheres e trabalhadores blue-collars) com o objetivo de fornecer um parâmetro financeiro referente às indenizações a serem pagas a trabalhadores (e às suas famílias, em caso de acidentes fatais) que sofreram algum dos tipos de acidentes listados anteriormente no exercício de sua atividade laboral. No segundo ensaio, intitulado \"O impacto da \"Lei do Descanso\" nas horas trabalhadas, nos salários e nos acidentes não-fatais do trabalho dos caminhoneiros brasileiros\", é estimado o método de diferenças em diferenças generalizadas para avaliar se a Lei de Descanso, implementada em 2012 no Brasil, visando regular a jornada diária de trabalho e de descanso dos caminhoneiros brasileiros, com o intuito de melhorar as condições de trabalho e de reduzir os acidentes envolvendo estes profissionais, gerou diferenças estatísticas nas horas mensais trabalhadas, nos salários e nos acidentes não-fatais do trabalho (por lesão ou doença) destes trabalhadores. / The purpose of this thesis is to present two essays on labor accidents in the light of the theory of compensatory wage differentials on hazardous jobs in Brazil. To do so, based on the data base of the \"Relação Anual de Informações Sociais (RAIS), provided by the Ministry of Labor (MT), I use variables related to the rates of occurrence of labor accidents (fatal, injury and illness) constructed for the subclasses of the \"Classificação Nacional de Atividades Econômicas\" (CNAE). In the first essay, entitled \"The Value of a Statistical Life: Estimates for Brazil\", the value of a statistical life is estimated for different samples of workers (men, women and blue-collar workers) with the objective of providing a financial parameter related to the indemnities to be paid to workers (and their families in case of fatal accidents) who suffered any of the types of accidents listed, previously, in the exercise of their work activity. In the second essay, entitled \"The Impact of the \"Rest by Law\" on hours worked, wages, and non-fatal accidents of Brazilian truck drivers\", the method of generalized differences-in-differences is estimated to assess whether the \"Rest by Law\", implemented in 2012 in Brazil, aimed to properly regulate the daily work of the Brazilian truck drivers, with the purpose of improving their working conditions and reducing accidents involving these professionals, generated statistical differences on monthly hours worked, in wages and in non-fatal accidents of work (injury or illness) of these workers.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T20:31:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carla Irene Roggenkamp.pdf: 2019170 bytes, checksum: 9699b1b0d77b54df063e97318451d896 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-04 / This paper presents an analysis of the musical experiences developed by teenagers which find themselves at social and personal risk that are put under an institution’s care. The objective of this research was to investigate the relations between the teenagers and the classic, pop and mediatical emissions musical repertory, to reveal the contradictions inside the institution related to the functions granted to arts and music, also to verify in which measure the musical education techniques applied to this public can or not contribute to overcome this social reality. Were used as theoretical methodological references the Dialectical and Historic Materialism (MARX, ENGELS, 1999, 2008; MARX, 2006, 2008; MÉSZÁROS, 2002; CHAUÍ, 2007; KOSIK, 2010), authors that contributed with the bases for the State theories and that are related to the institution’s general aspects (GRUPPI, 1986; CARNOY, 1988; NETTO, 1992; PERONI, 2006; GRANEMANN, 2009; REZENDE, 2009; IAMAMOTO, 2010), and authors that write about the educational and aesthetics conceptions from critic perspective VÁZQUEZ, 1978; CANCLINI, 1984; FISCHER, 1987; PEIXOTO, 2003).The gathering and analysis of the data happened through the observation of the results achieved by the application of musical education techniques by the researcher, a music teacher, inside institution for a two years period. This paper assumes that musical education, and arts education in general, can and should contribute for a greater critical sense development among the attended population in order to lead to social transformation. / Este trabalho apresenta uma análise das práticas musicais no ambiente de uma instituição que acolhe adolescentes em situação de risco pessoal e social. O objetivo da pesquisa foi investigar as relações das adolescentes envolvidas com o repertório musical clássico, popular e midiático, desvelar as contradições do contexto institucional no que se refere às funções atribuídas à arte e à música, bem como verificar em que medida as práticas de educação musical voltadas a este público podem contribuir ou não para a superação da realidade social vivida. Utilizou-se como referencial teórico-metodológico o Materialismo Histórico e Dialético (MARX, ENGELS, 1999, 2008; MARX, 2006, 2008; MÉSZÁROS, 2002; CHAUÍ, 2007; KOSIK, 2010), autores que contribuíram para uma fundamentação das teorias de Estado e que envolvem os aspectos gerais da instituição (GRUPPI, 1986; CARNOY, 1988; NETTO, 1992; PERONI, 2006; GRANEMANN, 2009; REZENDE, 2009; IAMAMOTO, 2010), e autores que discorrem sobre as concepções estéticas e educacionais a partir de uma perspectiva crítica (VÁZQUEZ, 1978; CANCLINI, 1984; FISCHER, 1987; PEIXOTO, 2003). A coleta e a análise de dados deram-se através das práticas de educação musical realizadas pela pesquisadora, enquanto professora de música, no ambiente institucional, e da observação deste cenário ao longo de dois anos consecutivos. Este trabalho parte do pressuposto que a educação musical, e a educação para as artes em geral, podem e devem contribuir para um maior desenvolvimento do senso crítico da população atendida de modo a contribuir para a gestação da transformação social.

O impacto do uso do álcool na condução de veículos automotores foi primeiramente evidenciado concomitantemente ao surgimento dos primeiros automóveis. Desde então, diversos estudos foram realizados a fim de identificar a relação entre o uso de álcool e a capacidade psicomotora de motoristas. Atualmente, já está bem estabelecido que dirigir veículos sob o efeito de álcool aumenta o risco de colisões no trânsito. Por outro lado, dados sobre o impacto de outras substâncias psicoativas (SPAs) além do álcool ainda são escassos na literatura, mesmo com o crescente relato de motoristas envolvidos em colisões no trânsito que testaram positivo para SPAs. No Brasil, poucos estudos foram realizados visando à detecção de SPAs no trânsito - porém, mesmo com poucos dados, já foi possível observar uma alta prevalência de uso de SPAs pelos condutores. Além disso, estudos internacionais apontam que condutores que dirigem sob o efeito de álcool e de outras SPAs possuem características específicas, como por exemplo, alto índice de recidiva e alta prevalência de transtornos pelo uso de substâncias. Apesar de o Brasil possuir legislação que proíba motoristas de dirigir sob o efeito de álcool e também outras SPAs, contamos apenas com o uso de etilômetros para a mensuração do uso de álcool como medida efetiva na testagem de motoristas em barreiras de fiscalização, sem nenhum dispositivo aprovado para SPAs. Assim, o objetivo desta tese foi investigar fatores de risco para colisões no trânsito envolvendo o uso de SPAs e avaliar dispositivos de detecção de SPAs que possam ser implementados na fiscalização de condutores brasileiros. O artigo 1 da presente tese é uma análise de dados secundários provenientes de um estudo multicêntrico que avaliou 765 usuários de crack, e teve como objetivo estimar a prevalência de dirigir sob o efeito de SPAs e de colisões no trânsito na amostra, analisando se questões psiquiátricas e padrão de uso de SPAs estão relacionadas ao histórico de acidentalidade. O artigo 2 compreende uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre a confiabilidade de dispositivos de triagem para a detecção de SPAs utilizando urina ou fluido oral como matrizes biológicas. O artigo 3 é uma avaliação de dois dispositivos de triagem para a detecção de cocaínicos, utilizando amostras de fluido oral doadas por usuários de cocaína ou crack recrutados em centros de atendimento para transtorno pelo uso de substâncias na cidade de Porto Alegre. Como resultados principais, encontrou-se uma alta prevalência de usuários de crack que relataram ter dirigido sob o efeito de SPAs e também uma alta prevalência do relato de colisões no trânsito após o uso de crack. Além disso, o uso de crack por mais de cinco anos - independente de comorbidades psiquiátricas ou consumo de outras SPAs - foi o único fator associado à maior prevalência de histórico de acidentalidade (RR=1.52, 95%IC: 1.02-2.75). De forma geral, os dispositivos de triagem avaliados pela revisão sistemática mostraram uma alta variabilidade nos dados de confiabilidade (sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia), tanto para dispositivos de urina quanto para dispositivos de fluido oral. Especificamente, o dispositivo DDS2TM atingiu resultados superiores ao recomendado para os critérios de confiabilidade (>80%) para a análise de benzoilecgonina no ponto de corte de 10 ng/mL. Já o dispositivo Multi-Drugs Multi-Line – Twist Screen Test Device™ não atingiu esses parâmetros de forma concomitante para nenhuma das análises realizadas. Os resultados do presente trabalho sugerem que a população de usuários de crack é uma população de risco para colisões no trânsito. Além do uso prolongado de crack (que foi estatisticamente associado ao desfecho de histórico de acidentalidade), outros fatores, como o uso de múltiplas substâncias, prejuízo cognitivo e altos índices de impulsividade também podem estar indiretamente associados ao aumento do risco de colisões no trânsito nessa população. Devido à alta variabilidade dos resultados de confiabilidade dos dispositivos de triagem encontrados na literatura, e devido ao fato de que o uso desses dispositivos frequentemente implica em questões legais e morais dos sujeitos testados, aconselha-se que os dispositivos sejam avaliados quanto as suas capacidades analíticas e características práticas antes de serem implementados em qualquer contexto. Especificamente para a detecção de cocaínicos, o dispositivo DDS2TM apresentou melhores resultados quando comparado ao dispositivo MDMLTM. Entretanto, principalmente devido à alta prevalência de resultados falsos positivos, ressalta-se a importância da realização de testes confirmatórios sempre que a realização de testes de triagem tiverem finalidades forenses, como no caso do uso para fiscalização de trânsito. / The impact of alcohol use in driving abilities was initially described concomitantly to the development of the automobile. Since then, several studies were conducted aiming at the identification of the relationship between alcohol use and driving impairment. Currently, it is well established that driving under the influence of alcohol increases the risks of traffic crashes. However, data regarding the impact of psychoactive substances (PAS) other than alcohol are still missing in the literature, even with the increased report of drivers who have tested positive in traffic crashes. In Brazil, few studies were conducted aiming at the detection of PAS in traffic settings; however, even with little data, it is possible to describe a high prevalence of PAS use among drivers. Moreover, international studies suggest that drivers who drive under the influence of alcohol or other PAS present specific characteristics, such as high rates of recidivism and high prevalence of substance-use related disorders. Although Brazil has legislation that prohibits drivers to drive under the influence of alcohol and other PAS, we can only rely on the use of breathalyzers for the measurement of alcohol at the roadside. Therefore, the aim of the present thesis was to investigate risk factors for traffic crashes involving PAS use, and to evaluate point-of-collection testing devices for detection of PAS that could be implemented in the context of Brazilian traffic enforcement. The first paper is a secondary data analysis derived from a multicenter study which evaluated 765 crack-cocaine users; its main goal was to estimate the prevalence of driving under the influence of PAS and traffic crashes, and to ascertain psychiatric comorbidities and polydrug use related to the history of crashes. The second paper is a systematic review of the literature about the reliability of point-of-collection testing devices for detecting PAS in urine and oral fluid. The third paper is an analytical evaluation of two point-of-collection testing devices for cocaine detection, using samples of oral fluid obtained from cocaine or crack-cocaine users recruited in substance abuse treatment centers in the city of Porto Alegre. We found a high prevalence of crack-cocaine users that reported driving under the influence of PAS, and a high prevalence of reported involvement in traffic crashes after crack-cocaine use. Besides that, crack-cocaine consumption for more than five years – independently of psychiatric comorbidities and other PAS use - was the single factor associated with higher prevalence of crash history (RR=1.52, 95%IC: 1.02-2.75). Overall, the point-of-collection testing devices evaluated in the systematic review showed high variability in the reliability results (sensitivity, specificity and accuracy), even for urine as for oral fluid analysis. Specifically, the DDS2TM mobile test system achieved results superior to that recommended for reliability measures (>80%) for the analysis of benzoylecgonine with the cutoff of 10 ng/mL. The Multi-Drugs Multi-Line – Twist Screen Test Device™ did not achieve these parameters in a concomitant way in any of the analysis performed. The results of the present study suggest that crack-cocaine users are a risky population for traffic crashes. Besides the longer use of crack-cocaine (which was statisticaly associated with the traffic crash outcome), other factors - such as use of several PAS, cognitive impairment and high levels of impulsivity could be indirectly associated with increased risk for traffic crashes among this population. Due to the high variability in the reliability measures of the point-of-collection testing devices found in the literature, and also due to the fact that the use of these devices frequently implies legal and moral aspects of the subjects being tested, it is recommended that these devices be evaluated for its analytical and practical capacities before they are implemented in any context. Specifically for cocaine detection, the DDS2TM mobile test system showed better results in comparison with the MDMLTM device. However, primarily because of the high prevalence of false positive results, we highlight the need for confirmatory analysis in all cases where the screening tests would have forensic purposes, such as in the traffic enforcement context.