There are many novel techniques have been invented to provide high-data rate with high quality communication services for future wireless communications systems. Recently, a novel digital modulation technology for multiple accesses, referred to as the Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA), has been proposed to support high data rate transmission; it is based on the combination of CDMA and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). The MC-CDMA has been shown to be an effective technique for combating multipath fading. With MC-CDMA system, a user¡¦s spreading code can be modulated on separate subcarriers, undergo frequency-flat fading channel and offers frequency diversity advantage. But in a multi-user environment, othogonality among spreading codes is severely distorted due to multipath delay spread, such that the system capacity will be limited by the multiple access interferences (MAI). Similar situations exist due to possible narrowband interference (NBI) from other systems. Effective interference reduction will render system capacity to increase, which means interference suppression techniques are vital in improving overall system performance. In this thesis, we propose a new linearly constrained recursive least square algorithm, with diagonal loading approach, referred to as the DL-LC RLS algorithms, to further improve the system performance. The proposed diagonal loading RLS algorithm is different from conventional diagonal loading RLS algorithm, in which the diagonal loading was used to improve the robustness to pointing errors in beamforming problem. However, in this thesis, the diagonal loading approach could be used to alleviate the effect due to multiple access interference (MAI), such that under certain circumstances, better performance could be achieved. Basically, in the proposed algorithm, the power of interference plus noise of received signal will be estimated and subtracted from the diagonal terms of the autocorrelation matrix of received signal. After that instead of using the original autocorrelation matrix, the new correlation matrix, with subtracting power related to the interference plus noise, will be involved during the adaptation processes for updating the weights of the multi-user detector. Finally, computer simulation results, in terms of bit error rate, are used to demonstrate the merits of the proposed scheme compared with the conventional RLS algorithm approach without using the diagonal approaches.

In this thesis, the problem of multiple access interference (MAI) suppression for the multi-carrier (MC) code division multiple access (CDMA) system, based on the wavelet-based (WB) multi-carrier modulation, associated with the combining process is investigated for Rayleigh fading channel. The main concern of this thesis is to derive a new scheme, based on the linearly constrained constant modulus (LCCM) criterion with the robust inverse QR decomposition (IQRD) recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm to improve the performance of the conventional MC-CDMA system with combining process. To verify the merits of the new algorithm, the effect due to imperfect channel parameters estimation and frequency offset are investigated. We show that the proposed robust LCCM IQRD-RLS algorithm outperforms the conventional LCCM-gradient algorithm [6], in terms of output SINR, improvement percentage index (IPI), and bit error rate (BER) for MAI suppression under channel mismatch environment. Also, the performance of the WB MC-CDMA system is superior to the one with conventional MC-CDMA system. It is more robust to the channel mismatch and frequency offset. Moreover, the WB MC-CDMA system with robust LCCM IQRD-RLS algorithm does have better performance over other conventional approaches, such as the LCCM-gradient algorithm, maximum ratio combining (MRC), blind adaptation algorithm and partitioned linear interference canceller (PLIC) approach with LMS algorithm, in terms of the capability of MAI suppression and bit error rate (BER).

There has been much effort in new design for transceiver used in mobile communications. The general approach is to combine RF functions with DSP to allow linear modulation techniques and permit flexibility of modulation format and receiver processing. In practice, with the quadrature modulation technique there is always some imbalance between the I- and Q channels of modulator and demodulator. This is mainly due to finite tolerances of capacitor and resistor values used to implement the analog components. The unavoidable imbalance between the I- and Q channels is known to degrade the performance of quadrature communication system. The main concern of this thesis is to propose a new blind scheme and with fast convergence algorithm, such as the inverse QRD-RLS algorithm, to deal with the problem described above for compensation in the transmitter and receiver. First, for the transmitter, the so-called adaptive estimation and compensation with power measurement implemented by the inverse QRD-RLS algorithm is employed. While in the receiver, a new blind adaptive filtering approach of the nonlinear parameters estimation and compensation, along with the power measurement in the receiver, is devised to adaptively compensate for the gain/phase imbalance and DC offsets in a quadrature demodulator. Where the conventional inverse QRD-RLS algorithm is employed for estimating the parameters of compensator, without using any reference signal transmitted from the transmitter. To document the merits of the proposed scheme, computer simulation for the coherent 16-PSK-communication system is carried out. With our proposed method a great improvement for eliminating the effects of the imbalance and offset over the existing techniques has verified. It has rapidly convergence rate and the smaller mean square error in steady state.

Capacity of CDMA system is limited to interference due to other users. System performance is degraded by near-far problem when undesired users are closer to base station. Beside, the channel parameters could not be estimated perfectly at receiver, refer to as mismatch problem, which would also degrade the system performance. We would like to consider the MAI and near-far interference cancellation by adaptive linear constraint algorithms to implement linear constraint minimum variance (LCMV) approach. To exploit the linearly constrained filtering, the structure of the generalized side-lobe canceller (GSC) has been employed, where the constrained problem is converted into an unconstrained form with fewer parameters. GSC structure is an indirect but simpler implementation of LCMV algorithm. Moreover, it is also known that the constant modulus (CM) criteria has advantage to combat the channel mismatch, and the performance of the adaptive constraint algorithm based on CM criteria will be investigate. In this thesis, we will derive a new GSC-IQRD-RLS algorithm to combat MAI and near-far problems by combining LC-IQRD-RLS algorithm [1][5] and GSC structure [17]; and prove that the GSC and LC structures based IQRD-RLS algorithms are equivalent, which means that the good performance of LC-IQRD-RLS algorithm can be achieved by a simpler GSC structure algorithm. We will also derive a new GSC-CM-IQRD-RLS algorithm to improve the system performance under mismatch problem by combining CM criteria [20] and GSC-IQRD-RLS algorithm.

In recent years, demands on all kinds of wireless communications become heavier due to the developments of new services and devices. At the same time, future wireless networks are expected to provide services with high quality and data rate. A possible solution which can attain these objectives is wireless communication systems that use multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas along with Alamouti¡¦s space-time block code and direct-sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) modulation technique. In such systems, spatial diversity rendered by multiple antennas as well as coding in spatial and time domains are the keys to improve quality of transmission. Many multiuser detection techniques for the space-time block coded CDMA systems have been investigated. In [8], the blind Capon receiver was proposed, which consists of a two-branch filterbank followed by the blind Capon channel estimator. The design of blind Capon receiver is based on linearly constrained minimum variance (LCMV) criterion, which is known to be sensitive to inaccuracies in the acquisition or tracking of the desired user's timing, referred to as mismatch effect. In other words, the LCMV-based receiver may perform undesirably under mismatch effect. In this thesis, we propose a new blind adaptive MIMO-CDMA receiver based on the linearly constrained constant modulus (LCCM) criterion. This work is motivated by the robustness of LCCM approach to the mismatch effect. To reduce the complexity of receiver design, framework of the generalized sidelobe canceller (GSC) associated with the recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm is adopted for implementing the adaptive LCCM MIMO-CDMA filterbank. Based on the GSC-RLS structure, we derive the proposed MIMO CM-GSC-RLS algorithm. For the purpose of comparison, an adaptive implementation of the blind Capon receiver proposed in [8] is also derived, which is referred to as the MIMO MV-GSC-RLS algorithm. We note that the signal model in [8] was constructed under assumption of frequency-flat channels. To obtain a more practical and realistic signal model, in this thesis we extend the system and channel model by including multipath effects in the beginning of our work. In completing this extension, inter-symbol interference (ISI) caused by the special coding scheme of ST-BC will be specifically analyzed. Finally, a full discussion of the multipath signal model will be provided, including necessity of truncating the received signals as well as modifications in the signal model when considering time-varying channels. Via computer simulations, advantages of the proposed scheme will be verified. Compared to the conventional blind Capon receiver, we will show that the performance of the proposed CM-GSC-RLS algorithm is better. This is especially true when mismatch problem is considered in the MIMO-CDMA systems of interest. The proposed scheme show more robustness against the mismatch effects than the conventional blind Capon receiver. Moreover, the benefit resulted by truncating the received signals is also demonstrated, especially for binary phase-shift-keying (BPSK) modulated source symbol. Finally, simulations considering time-varying channels are provided to reveal that our proposed scheme can adapt itself to the time-varying environments appropriately.

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) and Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) are two sleep disorders that affect daily life with symptoms such as sleepiness and fatigue. It was therefore hypothesised that the skeletal muscle could be affected as symptoms from skeletal muscle are common. The overall aim of the thesis was to investigate aerobic capacity and structure of skeletal muscle in patients with OSAS and RLS and an age matched control group to provide information regarding the underlying mechanisms. The specific aims were to investigate muscle fibre composition, capillary network, capillary proliferation and sings of local inflammation in musculus tibialis anterior of RLS and OSAS.OSAS and RLS patients had a significantly lower predicted VO2 max expressed in ml/min/kg compared with the control group and in the OSAS group apnoes-hyponea index (AHI) was inversely correlated to maximal oxygen uptake Fibre type composition and muscle fibre cross sectional area in the tibialis anterior muscle was equal in all groups with a predominant proportion of slow type I fibres and a smaller fibre area in slow type I fibres compared to fast type II fibres. The distribution of fast fibres (I/IIA, IIA) did not differ except for the group IIX and IIA/IIX where OSAS and RLS had a significantly higher percentage. OSAS patients had a significantly higher number of capillaries per fibre (CAF) for slow type I fibres and CAF per fibre area (CAFA) for fast type II fibres. CFPE- index (capillary to fibre perimeter exchange) and LC/PF-index (length of capillary/perimeter of fibre) were higher in both patient groups. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and proliferating endothelial cells were analysed by double-immunofluorescence staining and were presented to a greater extent in the patient groups compared with the healthy controls. Based on normal amounts of T-cells and macrophages in the histological picture it was also demonstrated that local inflammation was not present in the tibialis anterior muscle of RLS and OSAS whish was also supported by the absence of expression of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules (MHC class I) on the surface of the tibialis anterior muscle fibres.In conclusion, the low predicted VO2 max together with higher percentage of type IIX and IIA/IIX muscle fibres indicates a low central capacity in the patient groups. The increased capillary network and the absence of inflammation indicate the occurrence of local hypoxia in tibialis anterior muscle in patients OSAS and RLS.

During this master thesis an adaptive control system for angular velocity was developed. The approach focuses on radio controlled quadrotors and thereby targets a computational efficient solution. The adaptation is divided into two steps. First, an Integral Squared Plus Time Delay (I2PD) model estimation is done through the Recursive Least Squares (RLS) algorithm. Second, control parameters for the quadrotors Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller are found by using empirically modified Tuning Rules (TRs) which are based on the I2PD model. Simulation results show the benefits of an adaptive tuning algorithm in regards of the time consuming process of manually tuning a PID controller as well as robustness against both predictable and unpredictable system changes. This includes actuator degradation, battery consumption, changes in weight or inertia etc. However, it is apparent that the tuning algorithm demands an arbitrary initial approximation to be stable at initialization.

The objective of Diploma thesis is design of analysis tool for equalizers used in FMT modulation. The model of transmission channel was designed for simulations with FMT. The transmission path is modeled by test loop, which corresponds to DSL line. For this reason, some principles of DSL technology is described in the thesis. The principles of multicarrier modulation are introduced in first part. The multicarrier modulation with filter bank (FMT) is described in detail.The different methods of design the fiter bank are given and compared. Channel equalization are introduced in second part. The attention was focused on minimum mean square error filtering (MMSE). Decision feedback channel equalizer (DFE) is extended from linear MMSE equalizer. DFE equalizers were programmed in analysis tool. For computation of equalizer coeficients was used also equalizers based on adaptive algorithms and MMSE. The last part describes the results of DFE equalizers used in communication system with FMT modulation. Analysis tool was programmed in MATLAB with a graphical user interface. It allows to show mean square error, signal-to-noise ratio and transmission speed dependence on delay between original and distorted signal. Signal-to-noise ration is displayed also in individual subchannels and users can display mean square error dependence on different orders of DFE filters.

Multilevel inverters (MLI) have been widely applied in medium and high voltage applications for their advantages in high quality of output waveforms. Among various multilevel topologies, cascaded H-bridge (CHB) inverters have attracted more attentions for its modular structure, which simplifies the design and implementation. In addition, the modularity of CHB also expands diverse power ratings without many changes in the hardware setup. In a CHB inverter, the AC output voltage can be produced at different voltage levels depending on the number power cells that are cascaded at the output. To produce the AC output voltage, different modulation schemes and control algorithms have been studied and applied to the CHB inverter. Model predictive control (MPC) has been widely employed among all control algorithms in multilevel topologies due to their advantages such as good dynamic performance, multiple control targets, inclusion of nonlinearity, and flexibility to add more performance objectives. However, one disadvantage of the MPC is that the switching frequency is variable compared with other modulation schemes. Therefore, a new MPC method called modulated model predictive control (M2PC) has been researched to obtain a fixed switching frequency, which improves the harmonic spectrum of load currents and simplifies the filter design. In the modulated model predictive control, the mathematical model is obtained by electrical model of the system. It means that the operation of the M2PC algorithm relies on the accuracy of the given parameters and model. If there is an error in parameters and model, the performance of the control will be affected negatively. To solve this problem, modulated model-free predictive control (M2FPC) algorithm has been introduced. With this method, the mathematical model is established with measured values instead of given values and model. Reliability is one of the most important issues in the design of power converters. However, the failure of power switches will lead to the distortion of load currents and voltage waveforms. Also, the distortion in load currents and voltage waveforms causes power imbalance between faulty and healthy phases. To reduce the negative effects of IGBT failure in power converters, the faulty power cells should be found and isolated. Therefore, fault detection and localization algorithm (FDL) should be introduced to detect the fault in power converters and localize the faulty power switches. FDL algorithm based on the given M2PC scheme is proposed in this thesis for the CHB inverter to make the system more reliable. The FDL algorithm utilizes the phase voltages and load currents to detect the open fault in the CHB inverter and localize the single and multiple open switches by measuring the expected and actual phase voltages. With the faulty information, the faulty power cell can be isolated, and the fault-tolerant control can be applied to make the system work normally even though there is an open fault. In this thesis, without losing the generality, a seven-level CHB inverter is considered where there are three power cells in each phase. The M2PC algorithm was introduced to obtain the fixed switching frequency with the design of possible voltage vector set and carrier phase-shifting modulation. Based on the proposed M2PC algorithm, the FDL algorithm is designed to detect and localize the open switches to improve the system reliability. The theoretical analysis and simulation results validate the feasibility of the proposed M2PC algorithms and open fault diagnosis scheme. All possible open-circuit scenarios in power cells are discussed and the M2PC-based FDL algorithm has been verified. Experimental results verify the feasibility of the proposed M2PC. The experimental result of M2PC algorithm is presented to verify its operation. Also, diverse open scenarios can be diagnosed in the experiments. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

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