With the widespread use of information systems in modern society comes a growing demand for customizable and adaptable software. As a result, systems are increasingly developed as families of products adapted to specific contexts and requirements. Features are an established concept to capture the commonalities and variability between system variants. Most prominently, the concept is applied in the design, modeling, analysis, and implementation of software product lines where products are built upon a common base and are distinguished by their features. While adaptations encapsulated within features are mainly static and remain part of the system after deployment, dynamic adaptations become increasingly important. Especially interconnected mobile devices and embedded systems are required to be context-sensitive and (self-)adaptive. A promising concept for the design and implementation of such systems are roles as they capture context-dependent and collaboration-specific behavior. A major challenge in the development of feature-oriented and role-based systems are interactions, i.e., emergent behavior that arises from the combination of multiple features or roles. As the number of possible combinations is usually exponential in the number of features and roles, the detection of such interactions is difficult. Since unintended interactions may compromise the functional correctness of a system and may lead to reduced efficiency or reliability, it is desirable to detect them as early as possible in the development process. The goal of this thesis is to adopt the concepts of features and roles in the formal modeling and analysis of systems and system families. In particular, the focus is on the quantitative analysis of operational models by means of probabilistic model checking for supporting the development process and for ensuring correctness. The tool ProFeat, which enables a quantitative analysis of stochastic system families defined in terms of features, has been extended with additional language constructs, support for a one-by-one analysis of system variants, and a symbolic representation of analysis results. The implementation is evaluated by means of several case studies which compare different analysis approaches and show how ProFeat facilitates a family-based quantitative analysis of systems. For the compositional modeling of role-based systems, role-based automata (RBA) are introduced. The thesis presents a modeling language that is based on the input language of the probabilistic model checker PRISM to compactly describe RBA. Accompanying tool support translates RBA models into the PRISM language to enable the formal analysis of functional and non-functional properties, including system dynamics, contextual changes, and interactions. Furthermore, an approach for a declarative and compositional definition of role coordinators based on the exogenous coordination language Reo is proposed. The adequacy of the RBA approach for detecting interactions within context-sensitive and adaptive systems is shown by several case studies.:1 Introduction 1.1 Engineering approaches for variant-rich adaptive systems 1.2 Validation and verification methods 1.3 Analysis of feature-oriented and role-based systems 1.4 Contribution 1.5 Outline 2 Preliminaries I Feature-oriented systems 3 Feature-oriented engineering for family-based analysis 3.1 Feature-oriented development 3.2 Describing system families: The ProFeat language 3.2.1 Feature-oriented language constructs 3.2.2 Parametrization 3.2.3 Metaprogramming language extensions 3.2.4 Property specifications 3.2.5 Semantics 3.3 Implementation 3.3.1 Translation of ProFeat models 3.3.2 Post-processing of analysis results 4 Case studies and application areas 4.1 Comparing family-based and product-based analysis 4.1.1 Analysis of feature-oriented systems 4.1.2 Analysis of parametrized systems 4.2 Software product lines 4.2.1 Body sensor network 4.2.2 Elevator product line 4.3 Self-adaptive systems 4.3.1 Adaptive network system model 4.3.2 Adaptation protocol for distributed systems II Role-based Systems 5 Formal modeling and analysis of role-based systems 5.1 The role concept 5.1.1 Towards a common notion of roles 5.1.2 The Compartment Role Object Model 5.1.3 Roles in programming languages 5.2 Compositional modeling of role-based behavior 5.2.1 Role-based automata and their composition 5.2.2 Algebraic properties of compositions 5.2.3 Coordination and semantics of RBA 6 Implementation of a role-oriented modeling language 6.1 Role-oriented modeling language 6.1.1 Declaration of the system structure 6.1.2 Definition of operational behavior 6.2 Translation of role-based models 6.2.1 Transformation to multi-action MDPs 6.2.2 Multi-action extension of PRISM 6.2.3 Translation of components 6.2.4 Translation of role-playing coordinators 6.2.5 Encoding role-playing into states 7 Exogenous coordination of roles 7.1 The exogenous coordination language Reo 7.2 Constraint automata 7.3 Embedding of role-based automata in constraint automata 7.4 Implementation 7.4.1 Exogenous coordination of PRISM modules 7.4.2 Reo for exogenous coordination within PRISM 8 Evaluation of the role-oriented approach 8.1 Experimental studies 8.1.1 Peer-to-peer file transfer 8.1.2 Self-adaptive production cell 8.1.3 File transfer with exogenous coordination 8.2 Classification 8.3 Related work 8.3.1 Role-based approaches 8.3.2 Aspect-oriented approaches 8.3.3 Feature-oriented approaches 9 Conclusion

Future applications will run in a highly heterogeneous and dynamic execution environment that forces them to adapt their behavior and offered functionality depending on the user's or the system's current situation. Since application components in such heterogeneous multi-device systems will be distributed over multiple interconnected devices and cooperate to achieve a common goal, a coordinated adaptation is required to ensure a consistent system behavior. In this paper we present a decentralized adaptation middleware to adapt a distributed software system. Our approach supports the reliable execution of multiple adaptation operations that depend on each other and are performed transactionally even in unsteady environments coined by message loss or node failures. We implemented our approach in a search-and-rescue robot scenario to show its feasibility and conduct first performance evaluations.

The Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) initiative aims to provide reliable and precise item banks measuring patient-reported outcomes in different health domains.The aimof the present work was to provide a German translation of the PROMIS itembanks for satisfaction with participation and to psychometrically test these German versions. Cognitive interviews followed a forward–backward translation. Distribution characteristics, unidimensionality, Rasch model fit, reliability, construct validity, and internal responsiveness were tested in 262 patients with chronic low back pain undergoing rehabilitation. Results for the final 13- and 10-item

Software is becoming more and more part of our daily life and makes it easier, e.g., in the areas of communication and infrastructure. Model-driven software development forms the basis for the development of software through the use and combination of different models, which serve as central artifacts in the software development process. In this respect, model-driven software development comprises the process from requirement analysis through design to software implementation. This set of models with their relationships to each other forms a so-called megamodel. Due to the overlapping of the models, inconsistencies occur between the models, which must be removed. Therefore, round-trip engineering is a mechanism for synchronizing models and is the foundation for ensuring consistency between models. Most of the current approaches in this area, however, work with outdated batch-oriented transformation mechanisms, which no longer meet the requirements of more complex, long-living, and ever-changing software. In addition, the creation of megamodels is time-consuming and complex, and they represent unmanageable constructs for a single user. The aim of this thesis is to create a megamodel by means of easy-to-learn mechanisms and to achieve its consistency by removing redundancy on the one hand and by incrementally managing consistency relationships on the other hand. In addition, views must be created on the parts of the megamodel to extract them across internal model boundaries. To achieve these goals, the role concept of Kühn in 2014 is used in the context of model-driven software development, which was developed in the Research Training Group 'Role-based Software Infrastructures for continuous-context-sensitive Systems.' A contribution of this work is a role-based single underlying model approach, which enables the generation of views on heterogeneous models. Besides, an approach for the synchronization of different models has been developed, which enables the role-based single underlying model approach to be extended by new models. The combination of these two approaches creates a runtime-adaptive megamodel approach that can be used in model-driven software development. The resulting approaches will be evaluated based on an example from the literature, which covers all areas of the work. In addition, the model synchronization approach will be evaluated in connection with the Transformation Tool Contest Case from 2019.

Journalistiken har de senaste åren utmanats av digitaliseringen samt samhällsförändringar och industrin går mot en negativ trend. Detta är en fallstudie som undersöker vilka villkor och förutsättningar digitaliseringen ställer på rollen som journalist för att försöka ge ökad förståelse om hur tekniken formar framtidens journalister. Undersökningen utfördes genom kvalitativa intervjuer av journalister och redaktörer inom branschen. Teori hämtades främst från relevant litteratur inom informatik och medieteknik, vilket blev fallstudiens ryggrad. Resultatet av denna studie visar på att digitaliseringen främst ställer krav på multikompetens och flexibilitet för rollen som journalist. Digitaliseringen snarare utmanar organisationens företagskultur och journalistens personliga värderingar och ideal än omformatering av rollen. Studien pekar på att socioteknisk determinism är det som avgör framtiden för rollen som journalist och journalistiken som helhet. Således ges förslag till vidare forskning om hur samhället kan använda sig av digitaliseringen för att enklare hantera vad studien kallar “Generationscykeln”. / Journalism has in recent years been challenged by digitalisation and societal changes and the industry is moving towards a negative trend. This is a case study that examines the terms and conditions digitalisation applies to the role of journalists in order to try to gain a better understanding of how technology shapes the journalists of the future. The survey was conducted through qualitative interviews of journalists and editors in the industry. The theory was mainly derived from relevant literature in informatics and media technology, which became the backbone of the case study. The results of this study shows that digitalisation primarily sets demands on multicompetence and flexibility on the role of a journalist. Digitization challenges the organization's corporate culture and the journalist's personal values ​​and ideals rather than reformatting the role. The study points out that sociotechnical determinism is what determines the future of the role of journalist and journalism as a whole. Thus, suggestions are made for further research on how society can use digitalization to more easily manage what the study calls the "Generation Cycle”.

The description logic ALCQI extends the 'standard' description logic ALC by qualifying number restrictions and converse roles. We show that concept satisfiability for this DL is still decidable in polynomial space. The presented algorithm combines techniques from [Tob99] to deal with qualifying number restrictions and from [HST99] to deal with converse roles.

Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Untersuchung der Rollgeschwindigkeiten von Leukozyten auf humanen kardialen mikrovaskulären Endothelzellen (HCMEC) und humanen umbilikalen venösen Endothelzellen (HUVEC). Die Endothelzellen wurden aus explantierten humanen Herzen sowie aus menschlichen Nabelschnüren unmittelbar postpartal gewonnen. Unter definierten Bedingungen wurden die in einer Flusskammer gemessenen Geschwindigkeiten von L-Selektin exprimierenden Nalm6-IF4 Zellen auf unstimulierten Endothelzellen mit denen auf stimulierten Endothelzellen verglichen. Die langsamere Geschwindigkeit der Leukozyten auf stimulierten Endothelzellen weist darauf hin, dass L-Selektin Liganden auf humanen kardialen mikrovaskulären Endothelzellen erst nach Stimulation exprimiert werden. Die beobachtete Geschwindigkeitsreduktion der Leukozyten ist jedoch von dem in der Literatur beschriebenen Selektin vermittelten Rollen zu unterscheiden. In den Versuchen mit Tunicamycin wurde gezeigt, dass N-glykosidisch gebundene Zucker kritische Bestandteile der Liganden für ihre Interaktion mit L-Selektin sind. Unter den gleichen Versuchsbedingungen wurde auch der Einfluss E-Selektin vermittelter Interaktionen auf die Geschwindigkeit der HL60 Zellen untersucht. Neben dem typischen Rollen wurde hier ebenfalls eine Selektin abhängige Geschwindigkeitsreduktion gesehen. / The aim of the present study was to investigate selectin mediated rolling velocities of leucocytes on human cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (HCMEC) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). HCMEC were gained from explanted human hearts and HUVEC from umbilical cords immediately postpartum. Flow velocities of L-Selectin expressing Nalm6-IF4 cells on quiesent endothelial cells were compared to those on stimulated endothelial cells. Stimulation of endothelial cells with TNF led to significantly slower velocities of Nalm6-IF4 cells indicating that HCMEC express L-Selectin ligands only after stimulation. The observed reduction of flow velocities differs from rolling of leucocytes described in the literature. Experiments with tunicamycin showed that N-glycosylated carbohydtrate moieties are needed for proper function of L-Selectin ligands. E-Selectin mediated interactions between HL60 cells and endothelial cells were studied under the same conditions. Besides the typical rolling, a selectin mediated reduction of flow velocity was observed.

This diploma thesis attempts to improve the language-support for coping with the problem of negative emergence in dynamic Systems-of-Systems (SoS). Negative emergence is understood to be the emergence of unintended behaviour among constituent systems of a SoS in response to certain changes to the composition of constituent systems in the SoS. The architecture description language (ADL) "EventArch 2.0" approaches this problem by allowing the SoS-manager to define certain rules to manipulate the original behaviour of certain constituent systems at certain critical points of execution of the SoS to prevent unintended behaviour ("coordination rules"). This thesis approaches a solution to the following problem: to prevent the introduction of unintended behaviour through overly- or underly-restrictive coordination rules, more- or less-restrictive variants of a coordination rule would have to be applied to the SoS depending on the current composition of constituent systems in the SoS. This thesis has the goal to approach this problem by devising a mechanism to dynamically exchange a coordination rule depending on the current composition of constituent systems in the SoS. To achieve that goal, the ADL "EventArch 2.0" is extended to support the dynamic application of a coordination rule to a System-of-Systems. The dynamic application is achieved by connecting coordinators and constituent systems at runtime. As a special characteristic, each coordinator is dedicated to a specific constituent system and is responsible for achieving compliance of that system with respect to a specific coordination rule. It is shown that this architectural setup can be nicely modeled using concepts from the field of "role-based modeling". The solution does therefore employ concepts that are central to the "role-based modeling"-approach: "Role", "Base", and "Compartment". The applicability of the extended language to practical coordination-problems is shown by applying it to a constructed use case in the field of energy-efficient computing. / Die vorliegende Diplomarbeit ist mit der Verbesserung der Sprachunterstützung zur Vermeidung negativer Emergenz in dynamischen Systems-of-Systems (SoS) befasst. Negative Emergenz wird dabei als unerwünschtes Verhalten von an einem SoS beteiligten Systemen verstanden, welches auf Grund von Änderungen in der Zusammensetzung des SoS (d.h. auf Grund des Eintritts oder Austritts von konstituierenden Systemen) aufgetreten ist. Die Architekturbeschreibungssprache "EventArch 2.0" unterstützt den SoS-manager bei der Lösung dieses Problems durch die Möglichkeit das Verhalten der beteiligten Systeme in bestimmten Ausführungsmomenten durch die Definition von Koordinationsregeln zu manipulieren und auf diesem Wege das Auftreten negativer Emergenz zu vermeiden. Die Diplomarbeit ist ein Beitrag zur Lösung des folgenden Problems: Um die Einführung von unerwünschtem Verhalten durch übermäßig- oder unzureichend restriktive Koordinationsregeln zu verhindern, müssten unterschiedliche Varianten einer Koordinationsregel, die sich im Grade ihrer Restriktivität unterscheiden, auf das SoS angewendet werden. Diese Anwendung müßte in Abhängigkeit der aktuellen Zusammensetzung des SoS aus konstituierenden Systemen erfolgen. In der vorliegenden Diplomarbeit wird eine Möglichkeit entwickelt um eine Koordinationsregel zur Laufzeit in Abhängigkeit der aktuellen Zusammensetzung des SoS aus konstituierenden Systemen auszutauschen. Sie leistet damit einen Beitrag zur Lösung des vorgenannten Problems. In der Arbeit wird die Architekturbeschreibungssprache "EventArch 2.0" um die Möglichkeit des dynamischen Austausches von Koordinationsregeln erweitert. Dabei werden Koordinationsregeln angewendet durch die gezielte Verbindung von Koordinatoren und konstituierenden Systemen. Die Besonderheit des Ansatzes besteht darin, dass jedem konstituierenden System ein persönlicher Koordinator zugeordnet wird, d.h. ein Koordinator der ausschließlich für die Anpassung des Verhaltens des jeweiligen Systems an eine bestimmte Koordinationsregel verantwortlich ist. In der Arbeit wird gezeigt, dass dieser architektonische Ansatz durch zentrale Konzepte des Modellierungsansatzes "rollenbasierte Modellierung" modelliert werden kann. In der entwickelten Spracherweiterung werden daher die Konzepte "Rolle", "Basis" und "Compartment" verwendet. Die Anwendbarkeit der erweiterten Sprache, wird durch deren Anwendung auf einen konstruierten Anwendungsfall aus dem Bereich der Energie-effizienten Berechnung gezeigt.

Software has been subject to change, at all times, in order to make parts of it, for instance, more reusable, better to understand by humans, or to increase efficiency under a certain point of view. Restructurings of existing software can be complex. To prevent developers from doing this manually, they got tools at hand being able to apply such restructurings automatically. These automatic changes of existing software to improve quality while preserving its behaviour is called refactoring. Refactoring is well investigated for programming languages and mature tools exist for executing refactorings in integrated development environments (IDEs). In recent years, the development paradigm of Model-Driven Software Development (MDSD) became more and more popular and we experience a shift in the sense that development artefacts are considered as models which conform metamodels. This can be understood as abstraction, which resulted in the trend that a plethora of new so-called model-based Domain-Specific Languages (DSLs) arose. DSLs have become an integral part in the MDSD and it is obvious that models are subject to change, as well. Thus, refactoring support is required for DSLs in order to prevent users from doing it manually. The problem is that the amount of DSLs is huge and refactorings should not be implemented for new for each of them, since they are quite similar from an abstract viewing. Existing approaches abstract from the target language, which is not flexible enough because some assumptions about the languages have to be made and arbitrary DSLs are not supported. Furthermore, the relation between a strategy which finds model deficiencies that should be improved, a resolving refactoring, and the improved quality is only implicit. Focussing on a particular quality and only detecting those deficiencies deteriorating this quality is difficult, and elements of detected deficient structures cannot be referred to in the resolving refactoring. In addition, heterogeneous models in an IDE might be connected physically or logically, thus, they are dependent. Finding such connections is difficult and can hardly be achieved manually. Applying a restructuring in a model implied by a refactoring in a dependent model must also be a refactoring, in order to preserve the meaning. Thus, this kind of dependent refactorings require an appropriate abstraction mechanism, since they must be specified for dependent models of different DSLs. The first contribution, Role-Based Generic Model Refactoring, uses role models to abstract from refactorings instead of the target languages. Thus, participating structures in a refactoring can be specified generically by means of role models. As a consequence, arbitrary model-based DSLs are supported, since this approach does not make any assumptions regarding the target languages. Our second contribution, Role-Based Quality Smells, is a conceptual framework and correlates deficiencies, their deteriorated qualities, and resolving refactorings. Roles are used to abstract from the causing structures of a deficiency, which then are subject to resolving refactorings. The third contribution, Role-Based Co-Refactoring, employs the graph-logic isomorphism to detect dependencies between models. Dependent refactorings, which we call co-refactorings, are specified on the basis of roles for being independent from particular target DSLs. All introduced concepts are implemented in our tool Refactory. An evaluation in different scenarios complements the thesis. It shows that role models emerged as very powerful regarding the reuse of generic refactorings in arbitrary languages. Role models are suited as an interface for certain structures which are to be refactored, scanned for deficiencies, or co-refactored. All of the presented approaches benefit from it.

I den här vetenskapliga essän: Konsten att vara specialist och kunna lyssna, reflekterar jag kring och undersöker min praktik som yrkesverksam inom HR-området. Jag undersöker några av de förväntningar som jag och min omgivning har på mig och min yrkesroll. Hur gör jag när jag möter motstridiga förväntningar? Hur ska jag förstå mitt agerande? För att synliggöra min praktiska kunskap tar jag hjälp av tre möten med chefer, hämtade ur mitt arbetsliv. Genom dessa möten och frågorna ovan låter jag min yrkesutövning möta modern managementforskning och teorier kring främst tolkning, sammanhang och specialistrollen från filosoferna Paul Feyerabend och Hans-Georg Gadamer. Jag kommer fram till att min praktiska kunskap är att kunna läsa av situationerna och förväntningarna i situationen jag befinner mig och våga stanna i osäkerheten utan att ha svaren givna, jag måste stanna i processen och när jag gör det visar sig även lösningarna. Jag kommer också fram till vikten av att kunna lyssna. En annan viktig insikt är att min roll som HR-medarbetare är beroende av att det är just jag i en viss kontext som utövar mitt yrke och att min person och min roll är intimt sammankopplade i min yrkesutövning. Det går inte att skilja oss åt. / In this scientific essay: The art of being a specialist and listening, I reflect and examine my practice as a professional in the area of HR. I examine some of the expectations that I and my surrounding have on me and my professional role. How do I do when I meet conflicting expectations? How should I understand the way I’m acting at work? I retell three situations from meetings with managers taken from my work experience. These stories help me to make my practical knowledge visible. Through these examples, and the questions above I let my profession meet modern management research and theories about interpretation, context and specialist role from the philosophers Paul Feyerabend and Hans-Georg Gadamer. I conclude that my practical knowledge is to read the complexity and expectations in the situation I find myself and dare to remain in uncertainty without having the answers given, I have to stay in the process, and when I do, solutions will be given to me. The importance of being able to listen turns out as an important part of my practical knowledge. Another important insight is that my role as HR employees are dependent on it just me in a certain context practicing my profession and to my person and my role is intimately linked in my profession. You can not separate us.