No description available.

Processes and patterns of migration on a global scale have changed in profound ways during the last two decades (Smith and King, 2012). In the European context, this is exemplified by transformations to the traditional mobility patterns from East to West Europe (Koser and Lutz, 1998), with migrants more likely to be involved in temporary circular and transnational mobility (Favell, 2008). Since the end of the Second World War, historical and political events in Europe have facilitated the mobility of ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe to Germany. Subsequently, the fall of the Iron Curtain has permitted unrestrained East-West movements, which resulted in mass migrations towards the West and diaspora fragments in the East. However, after settlement in the West, ethnic Germans have also been absorbed within wider temporary and transnational movements (Koser, 2007). Within this context, this thesis examines the post-migratory lives of three generations of Transylvanian Saxons in Germany by exploring the cultural, social, economic and political dimensions of this community. This thesis aims to contribute to on-going academic debates about diasporas by explicitly responding to Hoerder s (2002) call for more studies on ethnic German diasporas. It shows that Transylvanian Saxons, who relocated to the ancestral homeland, do not disrupt identities and lives forged in diaspora, but rather, they negotiate complex identities and belongings in relation to both home and homeland . It reveals a double diaspora and the necessity to perceive identity and diaspora as dynamic processes and constantly evolving in relation to time, space and place. This double diasporic allegiance in the case of the Transylvanian Saxons suggests interrogating the formation of a return diaspora and its importance for processes of international migration.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / The purpose of this study is to determine how post-Cold War NATO allies have contributed to transatlantic relations, both in times of crisis and in times of harmony. Their contribution, although less significant when compared to long-time members' military capabilities, takes various forms. Their support in times of disagreement among allies over the Iraq 2002-2003 issue proved to be more valuable than was anticipated. Therefore, my research is an introspective look at the events that marked NATO's evolution during the last fifteen years and their implications for NATO members as units and for traditional transatlantic relations as a whole. Successive NATO enlargements proved that each decision to add new members reflected NATO's priorities at that particular moment. Whether it was a pre-Cold War enlargement or a post-Cold War enlargement, the decision reflected NATO's interests. Some of the decisions were predominantly military; some were in accordance with the international order established after World War II. The post-Cold War enhancements had two major characteristics: the first enlargement was more symbolic than the second because it erased the artificial lines set by Yalta, whereas the second one was much more practical. The geo-strategic position of the NATO candidates and their willingness to join, prior to their formal invitation, were favorable factors, and the decisions made regarding membership proved to have long-term, positive consequences. New NATO members, particularly Romania, appreciated their new status and participated actively in both NATO operations and in "coalition of the willing". Their equal participation in NATO-led operations and coalitions made a palpable contribution to both NATO and to the transatlantic relations. / International Civilian, Romanian Ministry of National Defense

L’objectif de cette recherche est de comprendre et d’analyser la patrimonialisation des monuments historiques en tant que processus social impliquant des acteurs institutionnels, collectifs et individuels. La patrimonialisation, comprise comme l’enchaînement par lequel certains biens acquièrent le statut de patrimoine, commence avec l’acquisition de la conscience patrimoniale, se manifeste ensuite dans la réglementation du domaine et finit par les actions concrètes de classification et de protection du patrimoine. Si la première étape se déploie dans la longue durée et est diffuse, les deux dernières étapes, que j’ai nommé la patrimonialisation officielle, font l’objet des actions précises des acteurs institutionnels, au niveau national et au niveau local. L’analyse de la législation en matière, l’étude des acteurs basée sur des entretiens et sur l’observation, menés dans la période 2006 – 2010, rendent visibles les représentations que les acteurs se font des monuments historiques et les logiques qui se trouvent à la base de leurs actions. La patrimonialisation en Roumanie sera appréhendée comme un processus imbriqué, effervescent et le monument historique – une notion en permanence négociée et redéfinie. / The objective of this research is to understand and analyze the patrimonialization of historical monuments as a social process involving institutional, collective and individual actors. As the sequence by which certain goods acquire the heritage status, the patrimonialization begins with the attainment of patrimonial consciousness, then arrives to regulation of the field and finalizes in the concrete actions of classification and protection of cultural heritage. If the first stage unfolds in the long term and is diffuse, the last two ones, covering the official patrimonialization, are the object of specific actions of institutional actors, both at national and local level. The analysis of the legislation, the study of actors based on interviews and observation, conducted in the period 2006 - 2010, display the representations the actors are making about the historical monuments and the logics founding their actions. The Romanian patrimonialization will be grasped as an intertwined and effervescent process and the historical monument – as a notion incessantly negotiated and redefined.

\"Obwohl er nicht zu unserem Volke gehörte ... \" - so beginnt der Verfasser der ersten rumänischen Musikgeschichte Mihail Grigore Poslusnicu (1871-1936) die Verdienste von Carol Miculi in der Geschichte der rumänischen Musik zu würdigen2. Nicht alle Musikhistoriker unseres Landes sind dem Beispiel dieses Bahnbrechers gefolgt. Etliche von ihnen hielten oder halten Miculi - wenn auch nur stillschweigend - für einen Rumänen, der in Wien studierte, eine Zeit in Paris in Chopins Umkreis leben durfte und ab 1858 in Lemberg seine segensreiche und vielseitige Tätigkeit ausübte - aber ein Rumäne blieb. Octavian Beu (1893-1964), ein geschätzter Jurist und Diplomat seiner Zeit, der auch als ein eifriger Forscher der rumänischen Musikgeschichte großes Ansehen genoß, machte es sich sogar zu seiner erklärten Aufgabe, den \"Fehler\", Miculi nicht für einen Rumänen zu halten, zu verbessern. Diese militante Einstellung ist in der rumänischen Fachliteratur allerdings einmalig.

The thesis characterizes soils of the karst platform around Sf. Elena village established by Czech colonists in Romanian Banat. The emphasis is given to the relationships among soil chemical properties and different land use and relief. In the area, occurrence and distribution of soil types was mapped. The relief was found out to be the dominant factor determining soil chemical properties. It affects also the vegetation and land use. Among the different land use types the statistically significant difference was found mainly in organic carbon content, which is the main determinant of sorption capacity. Less favourable properties were found on arable land, where the low nutrient content was observed, too. It gives evidence of a depletion of the soil by farming.

La perception de la communauté humaine construite par l'écrivain Ayn Rand intégrait le principe selon lequel une culture ne peut exister sans un courant permanent des idées, sans les "esprits indépendants" pour le soutenir, vu que l'être humain a impérativement besoin d'un espace de référence, une vision globale de l'existence – quelque rudimentaire qu'elle soit, en assurant les repères de la conscience sociale, en argumentant le bien et le mal, en justifiant les actions et un code de valeurs intrinsèques. Cette prémisse génère les hypothèses de recherche de notre thèse, le palier épistémique général visant à identifier la grille fonctionnelle inhérente au régime totalitaire/marxiste-léniniste de Roumanie, impliquée dans la structuration du milieu intellectuel et dans l'inculcation d'une nouvelle identité nationale référentielle et adaptée aux principes idéologiques. En ce sens, les interrogations de base proposent un sujet peu étudié dans l'historiographie relative au contexte politique et culturel d’après La Seconde Guerre Mondiale : y-avait-il un discours identitaire créé dans l'espace de recherche, intrinsèque dans la "nouvelle culture socialiste" construite par l'idéologie communiste ? La différenciation du discours schématique officiel, caractérisé par une simplicité intelligible pour les masses "prolétariennes", a-t-elle donné au discours théorique sur l'idée de nation (nationalisme, spécificité de la communauté nationale et traditions culturelles) les fonctions d'extension/application des prémisses idéologiques définitoires ? Les normes du milieu intellectuel, déterminées par les effets totalitaires et destructeurs de la "dictature du prolétariat", mises en contraste avec les valeurs culturelles et scientifiques des régimes libres et démocratiques, ont mis en oeuvre un modèle de comportement qui dépend des intérêts politiques du parti-état. Ainsi, notre thèse reconstruira-t-elle le cadre institutionnel pour la création du discours national-identitaire, analysera les étapes de formation et les thèmes récurrents, les modèles de transformation conceptuelle des phrases clés extraites de la pléthore du phénomène national rendra la relation des acteurs impliqués dans l'établissement de l'identité nationale. / The perception of the human community built by the writer Ayn Rand integrated the principle that a culture cannot exist without a permanent stream of ideas, without the "independent minds" to support it, as a human being has an imperative need for a reference space, a comprehensive view of existence - no matter how rudimentary, providing the components of a social consciousness, arguing good and bad, justifying actions and a code of intrinsic values. This assumption generates the research hypotheses of our thesis, the general epistemic level aiming at identifying the functional scale inherent to the totalitarian/Marxist-Leninist regime in Romania, involved in structuring the intellectual environment and instilling a new national identity and tailored to the referential ideological principles. To that end, the basic interrogations propose a less studied topic in the area of historiography regarding the political and cultural post-war context: was there an identitary discourse comprised by the "new socialist culture" built by communist ideology? Did the differentiation of the official schematic discourse characterized by an intelligible simplicity for the proletarian masses, give the theoretical discourse on the idea of nation, nationalism, national community characteristics and cultural traditions, the extension/application of the defining ideological prerequisites? The standards of the intellectual milieu caused by the totalitarian and destructive effects of the "dictatorship of the proletariat", placed in contrast with the cultural and scientific values of the democratic regimes, implemented a behavioral model dependent on the political interests of the party-state. Thus, our thesis will reconstruct the institutional framework for the creation of the nationalist-identitary discourse, will analyze the formative stages and recurring themes, the patterns of conceptual transformation of the key phrases extracted from the national phenomenon plethora will render the relationship between the actors involved in the construction of national identity.

Background: Family businesses are shaping the world’s economy through contributions to establishing jobs, creating wealth, and competitiveness, correspondingly being influenced by the quality of the business environment. Family business branding is useful to understand how to leverage their unique resources and create a competitive advantage, these being shaped by the context. The historical events and economic factors of Romania are influencing the decision of family firms to portray their family in their branding endeavours in order to become more competitive. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to understand the reasoning behind the Romanian family companies’ decision to promote their family aspect in their brand and how do family business identity, image, and reputation relate to the brand in the context of Romania. For guidance, two research questions were developed in order to gain valuable and significant insights for this thesis. Method: Ontology – Relativism; Epistemology – Social constructionism; Approach – Inductive; Design – Exploratory; Methodological choice – Qualitative; Time Horizon – Cross-sectional; Strategy – Case-study; Data collection – In-depth Interviews; Sampling – Non-probability Purposive Samples based on criteria (eleven respondents); Data Analysis – Content Analysis. Conclusion: From findings, it can be concluded that the context of Romania has a direct impact on family businesses and on how they are conducting their family brand promotion. Even though it is considered to have a positive impact, few Romanian family businesses actively market themselves as a family business. The predominant factors affecting the decisional processes, which are shaped by the contextual effects according to the three brand dimensions, have been comprised in a model of influential factors.

L’élargissement de l’Union Européenne (UE) vers les pays d’Europe Centrale et Orientale (PECOs) constitue un événement historique sans précédent ayant marqué le début du XXIème siècle. La Roumanie s’est embarquée dans une course sans équivoque aux réformes économiques et structurelles dans tous les domaines, y compris le commerce et l’environnement. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de cette thèse est de procéder à une analyse des performances commerciale et environnementale de la Roumanie ainsi que de leurs interdépendances dans le contexte de rattrapage économique vis-à-vis de l’UE. S’il est généralement reconnu que le commerce extérieur constitue un moteur de croissance économique, il est également essentiel d’examiner si la Roumanie est capable d’atteindre les objectifs de développement et de compétitivité tout en respectant en parallèle ses engagements en terme de protection de l’environnement dans un milieu en perpétuel changement structurel et rempli d’incertitudes. Notre recherche porte d’abord sur l’analyse du commerce (exportations et importations) ainsi que sur la balance commerciale afin de mettre en évidence la performance commerciale de la Roumanie dans l’économie de l’UE. Nous cherchons à étudier le volume et la spécialisation qui émergera suite à une intégration économique des pays avec des niveaux de développement différent, comme c’est le cas de la Roumanie et des pays de l’UE. Plus particulièrement, nous identifions les déterminants économiques et non économiques qui expliquent le mieux les échanges commerciaux ainsi que la balance commerciale entre ces pays en utilisant des données récentes. De plus, nous essayons à déterminer si la Roumanie va continuer de renforcer sa spécialisation initiale, c’est-à-dire un commerce inter-branche reposant sur des industries traditionnelles ou des secteurs intensifs en travail à bas salaires, ou bien si elle va évoluer vers une spécialisation intra-branche adapté aux conditions de compétitivité, qui conduit à la convergence économique au sein de l’UE. […] / No English summary available.

Human and faunal osteological material from the southeastern Carpathian Bend area, Romania, was analysed for δ13C, δ15N and δ34S to reconstruct the dietary practices of the Middle Bronze Age Monteoru culture. As a secondary objective, the extent of intraskeletal variation in stable isotope values was investigated by comparing skeletal elements with differing collagen turnover rates. The intraskeletal isotope results revealed a pattern where cortical bone samples produced statistically lower δ13C values compared to trabecular bone samples, highlighting the necessity for more systematic research to understand how stable isotopes are incorporated into bone collagen of various skeletal elements. Diet in the Monteoru culture was shown to be exclusively or predominantly terrestrial in origin with no detectable input of C4 or marine resources. Differences in average δ13C and δ15N values between the two sites included in the study (representing distinct phases of the culture) suggest a shift in dietary preferences from a more meat-based economy to a more dairy- and plant-based economy. The dissimilar contribution of animal foods to overall diet between the two sites was supported by estimates generated by the Bayesian mixing model FRUITS, which also showed that in both sites plant foods accounted for most of the calories consumed. The faunal isotopic data contained a few outliers, suggestive of deliberate movement of livestock, either through long-distance herding or trade. A combined approach using juvenile bone collagen and incrementally sectioned tooth dentine from adults demonstrates that the duration of breastfeeding varied between individuals, but that there were no significant differences in weaning practices between survivors and non-survivors. Sulphur isotopes reflect a population that was relatively homogeneous in its isotopic composition and local in origin, except for the presence of two possible migrants. The δ13C and δ15N data from the Carpathian Bend are comparable to those from contemporaneous sites in coastal and inland Greece and Croatia, suggesting a broad uniformity in Bronze Age dietary practices across Southeast Europe. As the first major stable isotope study conducted on osteological material from the Romanian Sub- Carpathians, this thesis provides new insights into the lives of these communities, expands our knowledge of Bronze Age subsistence strategies in Southeast Europe, and establishes a foundation for further isotopic investigations in the region.