Residential roofs have traditionally formed the weakest part of the structure. The connections of roofs to the walls has lacked a clear load path with the result that the structure is weak at this point, leading to the compromise of the structure. Indeed roofs have multiple points of failure that lead to the weakness of the residential structure as a whole. Even if structural failure does not occur, compromise the roofing membrane can lead to high repair costs and property loss. The failure lies in the complex forming of the roof components as the roof aesthetics are placed to protect the underlayment and the underlayment protects the sheathing and trusses. However, the aesthetics, such as the roof tile, not being structural can be damaged easily and lead to the compromise of the roofing system as well as endangering surrounding structures. The shape of the roof tile lends itself well to structural design. The wave motion leads to structural redundancy and provides a significant ability to provide stiffness. Using the shape of the roof tile, a structure can be created to encapsulate the shape and provide structural strength. The aesthetics are already accounted for in the shape and the shape is strengthened according to necessity. A system has been devised for flexural strength and applicable connections to demonstrate the constructability and feasibility of creating and using such a system. Design concepts are accounted for, the components are tested and confirmed, and a full-scale test is carried out to demonstrate the concepts ability as a system. The outgrowth of this work is to produce design tables that allow the designer the ability to design for certain building conditions. Taking the concepts of flexural strength and wall to roof, panel to panel, and ridge connections, the design is broken down into appropriate design parameters. Tables are developed that allow the concept to be used under different structural conditions and geographical needs. The conclusion allows us to show specifically how the concept can be applied in specific geographical regions.

This thesis deals with marketing used on the Czech market of roofing products and with all aspects of consumers' behavior during the choosing and roofing of the roof. Czech roofing market is a global mixture of many inter-relations among different distribution channels on the production and selling part on one hand and specifying and installing part on the other hand. The thesis deals with also all parts of the 4P and 4C models used by producers of roofing materials and with 4P model of other distribution channels -- resellers and installers. Quantitative survey on roofers and qualitative survey on roofers and resellers of roofing materials confirmed, that roofer is the closest professional to investor while his decision process. As such, he has big influence on his decision and is able to change his mind and final decision. Local presence of the reseller is crucial for the buying of goods at the respective point of sale. There are differences in used roofing materials depending on the region of the Czech Republic. The difference could be given by historical habit, or by influence and knowledge of the brand of roofing material in the respective region or by technical performance of the roofing material, which is requested due to weather conditions in respective parts of the country. All distribution channels on the Czech roofing market use marketing methods to achieve their goals by selling roofing products and with it linked services.

The goal of this thesis is to develop a marketing plan to achieve the company's sales revenue target and marketing objectives for its Neustile product line in the next five years.

The aim of the thesis is to design a load-bearing precast concrete structure of production facility. Part of the diploma thesis is to design alternative roofing construction including economic comparison. Internal forces analysis was processed by Dlubal RFEM 5.16 software. In order to find out the expected results, were created simple bar models and the spatial model of the structure was processed later. Structural design report was created for selected elements of the concrete structure including drawings.

This document describes the design of the roof structure for the dimensions of the rink. It was designed and evaluated three roofing solutions – steel truss structure, concrete arch with external prestress and prestress truss roof girder with concrete roof panel. One option was selected – prestress truss girder. This variant has been further developed. In the beginning was drafted several proposals geometry respecting the demands on the type of construction. Within the static calculation was created a mathematical model of the structure of the program Scia Engineer. Using this model were obtained values needed for the assessment of individual elements of construction and design assessment as a whole for the ultimate limit state and usability. According to the proposed geometry and opinions parts of the structure was drawing documentation structure as a whole and individual parts of the structure solved in this thesis. The last proposal was visualized structures together with the phases of the construction by program ArchiCAD and rendered by program Artlantis.

https://dc.etsu.edu/entc-2160-oer/1026/thumbnail.jpg

Usability has long been considered an important component of an innovation (Norman, 2002), evidenced by the fact that usability research has dominated innovation design efforts for a number of years. However, recent research has shown that satisfying usability is not sufficient for the successful diffusion and adoption of an innovation (Karsh, 2004). To develop an useful innovation, one must understand the mechanisms by which people choose to adopt and use an innovation, as well as how an innovation fits different levels of a socialtechnical system (Karsh, Escoto, Beasley, & Holden,(2006). The goal of this research, therefore, was to develop an innovation analytic and design framework that would enable designers to design a more likely adopted innovation and to validate it through the design and evaluation of a fall-protection training intervention for residential roofing subcontractors. The proposed innovation analytic and design framework was based on the traditional systems-engineering process: Requirement Analysis, Prototype Development, and Summative Evaluation. Rogers’ Theory of Innovation Diffusion and Adoption, as well as Participatory Design, were utilized to obtain a holistic view of technology-adoption challenges and opportunities. The requirement analysis involved the development and use of a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews to identify the contributors of safety technology adoption in small roofing companies, as well as to understand the practices of safety technology adoption and fall-protection training. One hundred and four questionnaires from workers in North Carolina and Virginia were collected, and 29 workers received the follow-up semi-structured interview. Results showed that (1) social influence had a significant impact on the diffusion and adoption of safety technology; (2) workers’ satisfaction with existing safety performance standards/practices, as well as disengagement during available safety training, caused difficulties in implementing regular safety training; (3) management commitment and presentation of good/bad consequences of unsafe behavior were expected to facilitate the rate of adoption of safety technology. Results also identified specific recommendations for a fall-protection training intervention. The prototype development was performed by a six-member Participatory Design (PD) team in a PD workshop, who used the results of the questionnaire and semi-structured interviews to develop a training intervention. Four PD approaches (PICTIVE, Inspiration Card Workshop, Scenario Building, and Future Workshop) were employed in the development of a Personal Fall Arrest System (PFAS) as an industry-specific training intervention. This research also used summative comparative evaluation to assess the developed PFAS training intervention against a standard PFAS training intervention with respect to (1) adoption propensity, (2) expected adoption outcome, and (3) results demonstrability. Eighteen roofing workers were recruited to evaluate and compare the two interventions. The standard PFAS training intervention was developed by two experts using the safety manual published by the National Roofing Contractor Association. Results suggested that (1) the developed PFAS training intervention was more likely to be adopted and easier to diffuse among roofing subcontractors than the standard PFAS training intervention, and (2) use of the developed PFAS training intervention would better improve company's safety performance in comparison to the standard training intervention. Results of the evaluations confirmed the efficacy of the proposed innovation analytic and design framework in designing a more likely adopted innovation. / Ph. D.

A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo desenvolver um novo elemento de cobertura, compatível com o meio ambiente: telhas de cimento alternativo reforçado com fibras celulósicas. Para tanto, foram utilizadas matérias-primas consideradas resíduos industriais (cimento de escória de alto-forno e rejeito de polpa de celulose de eucalipto) para obtenção de pastas cimentícias reforçadas. Os compósitos foram produzidos por dispersão prévia das fibras em água, mistura do compósito em argamassadeira convencional, adensamento por vibração, moldagem em fôrmas, seguida de cura úmida. Foram moldadas placas planas de diferentes formulações de matrizes cimentícias, com as matérias-primas alternativas disponíveis. Com base nos melhores resultados dessa fase preliminar, foram produzidas duas séries de telhas tipo romana \"capa canal\". Foram avaliados o desempenho físico-mecânico, os custos de produção e o comportamento térmico das telhas. Os resultados revelaram a potencialidade dos compósitos obtidos na produção de fibrocimentos alternativos, por meio de técnicas simples e de baixo consumo de energia, direcionados à autoconstrução urbana e rural de baixo custo. / The objective of this study was to develop a new roofing material that would be compatible with the environment: roofing tiles made of alternative cement reinforced with cellulose fibers. Industrial waste materials were used as raw materials (blast furnace slag cement and waste eucalyptus cellulose pulp) to obtain reinforced cement pastes. The composites were produced by previously dispersing the fibers in water, mixing the composite in a conventional cement-mixer, compaction by vibration, shaping them in molds, followed by moist curing. Flat sheets were molded using different formulations of cement matrixes with the alternative raw materials avaiable. Based on the best results from this preliminary phase, two series of Roman tiles for roofing were produced. The physical and mechanical performance, the cost of production, and the thermal behavior of the tiles were evaluated. The results revealed the potential of composites made of alternative fiber-cements, using simple techniques and with low energy consumption, in urban and rural areas for low-cost self-construction.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar e quantificar o efeito do sombreamento artificial proporcionado por diferentes tipos de materiais de cobertura sobre a fisiologia, o comportamento e o desenvolvimento de novilhas leiteiras, em ambiente de pastagens. A pesquisa foi realizada no período de 08/01/2007 à 30/04/2007. A área experimental foi dividida em 16 parcelas adjacentes e iguais com 84 m² cada. Foram comparados a testemunha (sem sombra) com três tipos de cobertura: telhas de fibrocimento sem cimento amianto, telhas galvanizadas e tela de polipropileno 80% As dimensões dos abrigos foram 2m x 4m e 4m de altura (4m² de sombra.animal-1), sem paredes laterais. Foram utilizadas 16 novilhas Holandesas e 16 Hol x Jersey com idade e peso iniciais de 17,2 ± 5,6 meses e 265,3 ± 66,9kg, respectivamente, pareadas em função da uniformidade de peso e idade. As novilhas permaneciam em piquetes de capim elefante (Penissetum purpureum) durante a noite e após as 9:00h eram conduzidas para as parcelas. A tgn foi registrada por minidatalogger conectado a globo negro para cálculo de CTR e ITGU em cada parcela. As variáveis meteorológicas foram obtidas no posto agrometeorológico da ESALQ/USP. Semanalmente foram registradas FR, TR e TP. As observações comportamentais foram realizadas em dias não consecutivos por 24 horas pelo método focal. As pesagens dos animais foram realizadas mensalmente. As condições ambientais durante o período da pesquisa foram caracterizadas como estressantes para novilhas. A análise física dos materiais (tgn, CTR e ITGU) indicou diferença entre os materiais de cobertura (P<0,05) sendo a telhas de fibrocimento sem amianto a mais confortável termicamente, seguida da telha galvanizada e da tela. Os valores de FR foram menores sob as telhas de fibrocimento (P<0,05) e semelhantes entre telha galvanizada e tela (P>0,05), os valores de TR não apresentaram diferença entre tratamentos somente entre horários e para a TP houve diferença (P<0,05) entre o tratamento fibrocimento e a testemunha, porém não houve entre os demais (P>0,05). A FR apresentou as respostas mais imediatas às alterações ambientais. Houve correlação da TR com a FR e a TP. Não foram observadas alterações comportamentais entre os tratamentos, os animais ficaram sob as sombras nas horas mais quentes do dia, preferencialmente em pé, o comportamento diário seguiu os padrões conhecidos para bovinos. O ganho de peso não foi alterado pelos tratamentos. A análise de custo indicou a cobertura de fibrocimento como a mais indicada para a construção de abrigos considerando-se os resultados encontrados. A pesquisa indicou haver melhora no bem estar térmico das novilhas, porém, não conseguiu determinar ganhos efetivos na utilização da sombra. / The objective of the present study was to evaluate and quantify the effect of artificial shade given by different types of roofing materials on the physiology, behavior and development of dairy heifers in a pasture environment. The present study took place from January 8, 2007 to April 30, 2007. The experimental area was divided into 16 equal, adjacent plots with 84 m2. Three roofing treatments (fiber-cement roofing tiles without amianthus, galvanized roofing tiles and 80% polypropylene screen) were compared to a control (no shade). Shelter structures had no lateral walls and measured 2m x 4m x 4m height (4m² shaded per animal). Animals consisted of 16 Holstein heifers and 16 Holstein x Jersey heifers with initial age and weight being 17.2 ± 5.6 months and 265.3 ± 66.9 kg, respectively. Animals were equally distributed among the treatments according to weight and age. At night, heifers were kept in fields with Pennisetum purpureum, also known as elephant grass. After 9:00 am, animals were taken to the experimental plots. Black globe thermometer temperature (tbg) was measured using a mini-datalogger connected to a black globe. Values were then used to calculate Radiant Thermic Load (RTL) and Black Globe Humidity Index (BGHI) of each plot. Meteorological variables were obtained from the agricultural-meteorological post at the ESALQ/USP. Respiration rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT) and skin temperature (ST) were registered weekly. Behavioral observations were recorded every other day using the focal method. Animals were weighed monthly. Environmental conditions during the research period were characterized as stressful for the heifers. Physical analysis of the material (tbg, RTL and BGHI) indicated the roofing treatments to be significantly different (P<0.05), with the fiber-cement roofing tiles without amianthus to be the most comfortable regarding temperature, followed by the galvanized roofing tiles and the 80% polypropylene screens. Respiration rate was lower under the fiber-cement roofing tiles (P<0.05) and similar under the galvanized tiles and polypropylene screen (P>0.05). RR values were lower under the fiber-cement tiles (P<0.05) and similar under the galvanized roofing tiles and polypropylene screen (P>0.05). There were no significant differences in RT values among treatments; however, a difference was found among data collection times. Concerning ST, fiber-cement tiles were significantly different from the control (P<0.05). On the other hand, there were no significant differences regarding ST among the other treatments (P>0.05). RR presented the most immediate response to environmental alterations. RT presented correlation with RR and ST. No behavioral alterations were observed among the treatments. Daily behavior followed known bovine patterns. Weight gain was not altered by the treatments. A cost analysis indicated fibercement roofing tiles to be better for shelter construction. The present study also indicated improved heifer thermal well-being; however, no effective gains could be determined from shade use.

Este trabalho apresenta a análise de agregados reciclados de telhas de cerâmica vermelha, visando seu emprego em camadas de pavimentos de baixo custo, baseado em estudos de laboratório. A indústria de cerâmica vermelha gera refugos da queima que são tratados como resíduos, mas se constituem em materiais de alto conteúdo energético e matéria prima de qualidade. O quadro da geração desses resíduos foi diagnosticado nas cidades de Monte Carmelo e Ituiutaba, em Minas Gerais. Os dados quantitativos obtidos indicam que é justificável a sua reciclagem. Somente na cidade de Monte Carmelo, as quantidades geradas permitiriam executar 10,8 km de camada de base de pavimento, ao se misturar 40% de solo poderia atingir 32 km por ano. Aproximadamente 10 t destes resíduos foram britadas obtendo-se o agregado reciclado de telha (ART). Estes agregados foram caracterizados mediante os ensaios físicos e mecânicos, e submetidos aos ensaios empregados na pavimentação, como a metodologia tradicional, metodologia MCT, método da pastilha, resistência ao cisalhamento, outros ensaios denominados índices de qualidade, ensaio de módulo resiliente e deformação permanente. Apesar deste material atender aos principais requisitos da metodologia tradicional, identificou-se que ele quebra com a aplicação de energia de compactação e de tensões nos ensaios, e apresenta alta resiliência - grandes deformações resilientes-, o que levaria à perda da capacidade de suporte da estrutura do pavimento, por fadiga. Desenvolveu-se uma metodologia para a determinação da absorção no estado saturado superfície seca, de agregados porosos, com fração fina inclusive, pois os métodos conhecidos não são aplicáveis; esta metodologia pode ser aprimorada para se constituir em norma de ensaio. Estudou-se um método inédito para a otimização do volume compactado da mistura de agregado com solo, baseado na porosidade do material granular, como uma alternativa ao método da estabilização granulométrica que se mostrou inadequado, no caso. As misturas produzidas com solos lateríticos foram avaliadas após a compactação não apresentando mais a quebra dos grãos do agregado, e mostraram ganhos expressivos no valor do módulo de resiliência, chegando em um caso a atingir 288% acima do módulo do agregado. Os resultados dos ensaios de laboratório indicaram ser possível a aplicação deste material em misturas com solos lateríticos, em camadas de pavimentos de baixo custo. / The purpose of this work is to use recycled aggregate of ceramics roofing tiles for low cost pavement layers, based on laboratory studies. The heavy-clay ceramic industry generates wastes, originated from the calcination stage, that are considered as residues which demand resources for its deposition. However they are high energy content materials which can be useful. The generation of these residues in the cities of Monte Carmelo and Ituiutaba, in the State of Minas Gerais indicated that its recycling is valid. For instance, in the city of Monte Carmelo, it is generated such a large amount of residues that it should be enough to execute about 10,8 km of base course of pavement; moreover if 40% of soil is mixed 32 km pavement per year can be produced. For this study, approximately 10 metric tones of these residues had been crushed to produce the recycled aggregate from roofing tile. The aggregates produced had been characterized by physical and mechanical tests. They were also submitted to the tests used for aggregates for pavement, such as the traditional methodology, methodology MCT (tropical compacted miniature), shear strength, resilient module, permanent deformation, and other tests called quality rates. These residues comply with the main requirements of the traditional methodology, however it is necessary to point out that the material breaks with the application of energy for compaction and under the tensions during the mechanical tests, it also presents high resilience, or great resilient deformations, which will lead to the loss of the supporting capacity of the pavement due to fatigue. An appropriate methodology was developed for the porous aggregate absorption measurement, including its fraction, in the saturated dry surface state. As the known methods for absorption are not applicable, this methodology with improvements can be proposed as standard test. A new method to optimize the compacted volume of the mixture was studied, based on the porosity of the granular material, as an alternative to the traditional method of the grain sized stabilization, which is not adequate for this purpose. The mixtures produced with lateritics soils were evaluated after the compacting, they have not presented the broken grains. These mixtures performed very well with significant increase in the value of the resilience module, up to 288% above of the module of the aggregate. The results of the laboratory indicate that it is possible to use these residues in mixtures with laterític soil, for layers of low cost pavements.