Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Atualmente, a dengue à considerada a arbovirose mais importante do mundo, emergindo em paÃses onde a doenÃa parecia erradicada e ressurgindo em paÃses onde antes estava sob controle. Apesar de todos os esforÃos de pesquisa empreendidos na produÃÃo e desenvolvimento de uma vacina contra a doenÃa, ainda nÃo se dispÃe de uma terapia preventiva eficaz; a Ãnica alternativa de manejo nos dias atuais se dà atravÃs do combate ao Ãnico elo vulnerÃvel, o mosquito vetor Aedes aegypti. Apesar dos programas de manejo das populaÃÃes de vetores disporem de vÃrias opÃÃes de inseticidas sintÃticos, o surgimento de populaÃÃes resistentes apresenta-se como um entrave no controle desse mosquito vetor. AlÃm do monitoramento dessas populaÃÃes resistentes, tornou-se evidente que estudos moleculares podem ser a chave para o manejo sustentÃvel desses vetores. Assim, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as alteraÃÃes na expressÃo proteica de larvas de Ae. aegypti tratadas com o larvicida orgÃnico m-pentadecadienil-fenol, um lipÃdeo fenÃlico isolado de sementes de Myracrodruon urundeuva a fim de elucidar os possÃveis mecanismos de detoxificaÃÃo e resposta molecular a esse composto. Para isso foi realizada eletroforese bidimensional (focalizaÃÃo isoelÃtrica seguida de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida em condiÃÃes desnaturantes - SDS-PAGE) de larvas de terceiro estÃdio tratadas com m-pentadecadienil-fenol, em concentraÃÃes subletais (CL50 10,16 Âg.mL-1), em comparaÃÃo com um grupo controle nÃo tratado. Treze spots foram identificados como diferencialmente expressos, e doze foram identificados consistentemente em bancos de dados apÃs anÃlise dos espectros obtidos por espectrometria de massas (ESI-Q-ToF). ApÃs a anÃlise das vias nas quais essas proteÃnas estÃo envolvidas, foi proposto que o larvicida m-pentadecadienil-fenol elicita a superexpressÃo de proteÃnas que promovem a formaÃÃo de barreiras mais eficientes, e que uma vez dentro das cÃlulas promove um estresse oxidativo que leva ao aumento do metabolismo de degradaÃÃo lipÃdica, desestabilizaÃÃo da membrana lisossomal, aumento do metabolismo em resposta ao estresse tÃxico e possivelmente resulta em morte celular programada (apoptose). / Currently, dengue fever is considered the most important arboviral disease in the world, emerging in countries where the disease seemed eradicated and reappearing in countries where before was under control. Despite all the efforts to produce and develop a vaccine against the disease, there is not a preventive therapy. Nowadays, the disease management is through the eradication of the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti. Despite the several options of synthetic insecticides available for management programs of vector populations, the emergence of resistant populations is presented as an obstacle in mosquito control vector. In addition to monitoring these resistant populations, it became evident that molecular studies may be the key to the sustainable management of these vectors. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the changes in protein expression of Ae. aegypti larvae treated with the organic larvicide m-pentadecadienil-phenol, a phenolic lipid isolated from Myracrodruon urundeuva seeds to elucidate the putative mechanisms of detoxification and molecular response to this compound. For this, two-dimensional electrophoresis (isoelectric focusing followed by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel under denaturing conditions - SDS-PAGE) of third-instar larvae treated with m-pentadecadienil-phenol, at sublethal concentrations (LC50 10.16 microg.mL-1) was performed. The results were compared to a non-treated group. Thirteen spots were identified as differentially expressed, and twelve were consistently identified in databases analysis of the spectra obtained by mass spectrometry (ESI-Q-ToF). After analysis of the pathways in which these proteins are involved, it was proposed that the larvicide m-pentadecadienil-phenol elicits the overexpression of proteins that promote the formation of more efficient barriers and that once inside the cells, it promotes oxidative stress which leads to increased lipid degradation metabolism, destabilization of lysosomal membrane, increased metabolism in response to stress due to the moleculeâs toxicity and possibly results in programmed cell death (apoptosis).

This dissertation presents a new perspective on the function of objects in late-medieval devotional practice through a study of the so-called Soissons group of thirteenth-century French Gothic ivories. These ivory diptychs were sophisticated tools constructed to guide the user through various spiritual exercises that led to prayer. The hitherto unexplained increase in the availability of ivory in mid-thirteenth-century France is accounted for by an alteration in the trade routes that brought elephant tusks from the Swahili coast of Africa to northern Europe: a newly-opened passage through the Straits of Gibraltar allowed a small amount of luxury goods to be shipped together with bulk materials necessary to the northern textile industries. The increasing supply required a revision of the structure of the thirteenth-century craft of ivory. The Soissons group, the first ivory diptychs fashioned during this time of growth in ivory markets, is subdivided into two sections. An itinerant master who traveled throughout the Picard region between 1235 and 1270 crafted the first group. Concurrently, three separate Parisian artists produced the second group based on a Picard model. This dissertation redates all the ivories substantially earlier than previously thought, conclusions which were attained through stylistic analysis. The dense Passion iconography shaped the diptychs’ function in private devotion. The narrative encouraged the viewer to practice a number of spiritual exercises—reading, memorization and compunction—analogous to the three reasons for allowing images in the Christian Church, the triplex ratio. The Passion diptych format introduced with these objects was immensely popular throughout the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries and its conservation over time underscored its effectiveness. The small differences in iconography and composition among the seven Soissons diptychs, however, were subtle modifications to adjust to different audiences and to hone the objects’ efficacy as tools for prayer.

This dissertation presents a new perspective on the function of objects in late-medieval devotional practice through a study of the so-called Soissons group of thirteenth-century French Gothic ivories. These ivory diptychs were sophisticated tools constructed to guide the user through various spiritual exercises that led to prayer. The hitherto unexplained increase in the availability of ivory in mid-thirteenth-century France is accounted for by an alteration in the trade routes that brought elephant tusks from the Swahili coast of Africa to northern Europe: a newly-opened passage through the Straits of Gibraltar allowed a small amount of luxury goods to be shipped together with bulk materials necessary to the northern textile industries. The increasing supply required a revision of the structure of the thirteenth-century craft of ivory. The Soissons group, the first ivory diptychs fashioned during this time of growth in ivory markets, is subdivided into two sections. An itinerant master who traveled throughout the Picard region between 1235 and 1270 crafted the first group. Concurrently, three separate Parisian artists produced the second group based on a Picard model. This dissertation redates all the ivories substantially earlier than previously thought, conclusions which were attained through stylistic analysis. The dense Passion iconography shaped the diptychs’ function in private devotion. The narrative encouraged the viewer to practice a number of spiritual exercises—reading, memorization and compunction—analogous to the three reasons for allowing images in the Christian Church, the triplex ratio. The Passion diptych format introduced with these objects was immensely popular throughout the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries and its conservation over time underscored its effectiveness. The small differences in iconography and composition among the seven Soissons diptychs, however, were subtle modifications to adjust to different audiences and to hone the objects’ efficacy as tools for prayer.

La présente recherche nous a permis de voir de près les dessous d'un projet d'envergure métropolitaine, en l'occurrence le tronçon de l'Autoroute 25, et ses impacts, en particulier sur l'étalement urbain. L'étalement du territoire urbanisé au détriment du territoire agricole est une caractéristique des villes contemporaines. Il est aidé par l'utilisation de l'automobile comme moyen de transport. Les citadins s'installent en banlieue pour diverses raisons. L'éloignement de la banlieue dépend des moyens de transport, car sa localisation correspond à celle des réseaux routiers. C'est à partir de là que nous avons développé notre hypothèse de recherche qui suppose qu'un tronçon de cette envergure encouragera l'étalement urbain. Comme le tronçon se trouve dans la Communauté métropolitaine de Montréal (CMM), nous avons également analysé l'étalement urbain à l'échelle de la CMM, en observant de près quelques facteurs (indicateurs) qui y participent. Ensuite, nous nous sommes penchés sur le territoire limitrophe au tracé de l'Autoroute 25. Nous avons procédé par une étude comparative de deux périodes distinctes, 1999 et 2008, afin de voir les changements réalisés sur ce site. Le dernier volet de notre mémoire traite des intérêts économiques qui entourent le projet. Nous pensons que seuls de forts intérêts économiques peuvent expliquer l'acharnement de certains partis à le réaliser, malgré une opposition farouche de différents organismes. Nos recherches nous ont menés aux résultats suivants : Dans un premier temps, nos recherches, qui ont visé l'étalement au niveau de la zone limitrophe au tracé de l'Autoroute 25, nous ont aidés à découvrir que l'étalement urbain est déjà visible, puisque 10 % du territoire qui était jadis (1999) agricole est désormais urbanisé (2008). Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons constaté que de grosses sommes d'argent ont été investies dans la réalisation de ce projet. Ces intérêts économiques se présentent sous forme d'intérêts personnels (des particuliers) ou des collectivités locales. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Étalement urbain, intérêts économiques, cadre bâti, terres agricoles, terres urbanisées, banlieue, cité-jardin, la couronne sud, la couronne nord, mouvement de la population, centre-ville, expansion urbaine, réseau de transport

This dissertation considers daily operations management for a fleet of trucks providing container pickup and delivery service to a port. Truck congestion at access points for ports may lead to serious inefficiencies in drayage operations, and the resultant cost impact to the intermodal supply chain can be significant. Recognizing that port congestion is likely to continue to be a major problem for drayage operations given the growing volume of international containerized trade, this research seeks to develop optimization approaches for maximizing the productivity of drayage firms operating at congested seaports. Specifically, this dissertation addresses two daily drayage routing and scheduling problems. In the first half of this dissertation, we study the problem of managing a fleet of trucks providing container pickup and delivery service to a port facility that experiences different access wait times depending on the time of day. For this research, we assume that the wait time can be estimated by a deterministic function. We develop a time-constrained routing and scheduling model for the problem that incorporates the time-dependent congestion delay function. The model objective is to find routes and schedules for drayage vehicles with minimum total travel time, including the waiting time at the entry to the port due to congestion. We consider both exact and heuristic solution approaches for this difficult optimization problem. Finally, we use the framework to develop an understanding of the potential impact of congestion delays on drayage operations, and the value of planning with accurate delay information. In the second half of this dissertation, we study methods for managing a drayage fleet serving a port with an appointment-based access control system. Responding to growing access congestion and its resultant impacts, many U.S. port terminals have implemented appointment systems, but little is known about the impact of such systems on drayage productivity. To address this knowledge gap, we develop a drayage operations optimization approach based on a column generation integer programming heuristic that explicitly models a time-slot port access control system. The approach determines pickup and delivery sequences with minimum transportation cost. We use the framework to develop an understanding of the potential efficiency impacts of access appointment systems on drayage operations. Findings indicate that the set of feasible drayage tasks and the fleet size required to complete them can be quite sensitive to small changes in time-slot access capacities at the port.

The main subject of the thesis is planning &ldquo / cultural routes&rdquo / as a method for conservation of cultural and natural heritage areas at regional scale. Defining a framework of conceptual principles which should be considered in spatial planning of cultural routes and regional networks constitutes the major aim of the thesis. Within the scope of the study, a new developing concept recently, cultural routes are discussed as a tool for sustaining historic and local values of rural and archaeological landscapes. In this respect, the study is structured in two main parts. Firstly, conceptual background on the issue is discussed as the development of cultural route concept, definitions declared by international organizations working on the issue and principles of route planning. Secondly, based on the conceptual research, basic concepts and principles for route planning process is discussed through a case study. The case study for the thesis is selected as the Kas- Kekova region in Antalya, known as the Central Lycia in antiquity. Depending on the assessment of region&rsquo / s cultural landscape, the study is resulted by description of a spatial and conceptual framework for planning of a cultural route network in the region. Through areas rich in cultural and natural heritage, planning routes and networks at regional scale could be used as an effective tool for presenting and sustaining multivalent character of the place, and leading economic sectors which have effect on heritage.

Texte remanié de: Diss.--Fakultät für Geschichts- und Kunstwissenschaften--München--Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2001. / Bibliogr. p. XIII-LXIV. Index.

Amusement parks are a huge business. Guest experiences determine the success or failure for an amusement park. This report suggests an approach to improve guest experience by managing guest flow. The guest happiness optimization problem is formulated into a visitor routing management model. The constraints for this model include attraction attributes and guest behavior. To build the attraction constraints, their information is first gathered from internet, field studies and surveys, and then input into simulation software. Constraints on guest behavior are set up with a literature study and a guest survey. A two phase heuristic is developed to solve this problem with constraints. Candidate routes are generated with a route construction algorithm in the first phase. Visitor distribution and selection on these candidate routes are determined in the second phase using a mixed integer programming solver. Visitor routes are then recommended to the park’s operator side, for them to distribute to guests visiting on their vacations. Data from Disney Epcot are collected and applied in the case study to implement the methodology in this report. Attraction operations capability is maintained at the current level with no additional cost for the project, while guest satisfaction is improved by ensuring the number and type of attractions they visit. In addition, average waiting time for visitors is reduced by at least 70% in the recommended operation strategy. / text

Cette thèse aborde l'institutionnalisation du système socio-technique qui a permis la mobilité automobile entre 1920 et 1950 au Portugal, un pays qui au départ n'est pas producteur de véhicules automobiles et demeure périphérique technologiquement, par l'étude de deux aspects qui sont complémentaires : la régulation de la circulation des automobiles et l'adaptation des routes aux nouveaux véhicules motorisés. C'est une étude sur l'appropriation et la construction de ce système en fonction des actions menées par les usagers, les ingénieurs, les législateurs, les clubs automobiles, les services de voirie ou les organes de l'administration routière. Pendant la période analysée et malgré des taux de motorisation assez faibles, le système socio-technique est institutionnalisé et stabilisé, accompagnant et dialoguant avec la définition des standards internationaux et en créant des structures qui ont influencé le développement de ce système pendant la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle.La façon dont l'institutionnalisation du système a été menée à terme a non seulement permis une augmentation importante du transport routier commercial (au détriment du développement des chemins de fer), mais a aussi protégé une culture élitiste de l'usage des voitures particulières et le développement du tourisme automobile, visible dans la régulation de la circulation et dans la construction de routes touristiques avec des caractéristiques techniques et des budgets spéciaux. Elle a aussi permis le développement de l'ingénierie routière au Portugal avec la création d'un organe autonome d'administration routière et avec la formation de plusieurs ingénieurs qui ont construit une oeuvre que s'est approprié le discours de l'Estado Novo comme un symbole de sa réalisation et de sa modernité. Ces acteurs ont participé à l'élaboration de connaissances techniques ainsi qu'aux négociations de normes sociales et morales et à la construction de représentations au niveau des pratiques des usagers, des discours et de la matérialité de ce système.

L'anthropologie nous permet, dans ses avancées récentes, de mieux comprendre la complexité du monde symbolique de l'Antiquité. Virgile et son Enéide nous proposent un exemple de cette complexité, et nos analyses s'efforceront d'appréhender la grande épopée romaine comme récit donnant à voir de façon cryptée une série de cartes, de routes et de chemins symboliques, tendant à définir des itinéraires initiatiques. Nous repérerons plus particulièrement deux réseaux.D'abord, un processus initiatique établissant une carte de la progression d'Enée au milieu de la faune et de la flore.Ensuite, et en correspondance avec ce niveau terrestre, nous établirons une correspondance avec une carte céleste, ce qui mettra en évidence deux aires zodiacales servant un projet spirituel d'Enée.A partir de ces matériaux, et en élargissant notre analyse, nous tenterons de poser le problème de la représentation dans une perspective symbolique.