This thesis proposes a multi-protocol label switching (MPLS)-based architecture to provide quality of service (QoS) for both internet service provider (ISP) networks and backbone Internet Protocol (IP) networks that are heterogeneous in nature. Heterogeneous networks are present due to the use of different link-layer mechanisms in the current Internet. Copper-based links, fiber-based links, and wireless links are some examples of different physical media that lead to different link-layer mechanisms. The proposed architecture uses generalized MPLS and other MPLS features to combat heterogeneity. The proposed architecture leverages the QoS capabilities of asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) and the scalability advantages of the IP differentiated services (DiffServ) architecture. This architecture is constructed in such a way that MPLS interacts with DiffServ in the backbone networks while performing ATM-like QoS enforcement in the periphery of the networks. The architecture supports traffic engineering through MPLS explicit paths. MPLS network management, bandwidth broker capabilities, and customizability is handled through domain specific MPLS management entities that use the Common Open Policy Service (COPS) protocol to interact with other MPLS entities like MPLS label switch routers and label edge routers. The thesis provides a description of MPLS and QoS, followed by a discussion of the motivation for a new architecture. The MPLS-based architecture is then discussed and compared against similar architectures. To integrate the ATM and DiffServ QoS attributes into this architecture, MPLS signaling protocols are used. There are two common MPLS signaling protocols. They are Resource Reservation Protocol with traffic engineering extensions (RSVP-TE) and Constraint-Routed Label Distribution Protocol (CR-LDP). Both these protocols offer comparative MPLS features for constraint routed label switch path construction, maintenance, and termination. RSVP-TE uses UDP and IP, while CR-LDP uses TCP. This architecture proposes a multi-level domain of operation where CR-LDP operates in internet service provider (ISP) networks and RSVP- TE operates in backbone networks along with DiffServ. Qualitative analysis for this choice of domain of operation of the signaling protocols is then presented. Quantitative analysis through simulation demonstrates the advantages of combining DiffServ and MPLS in the backbone. The simulation setup compares the network performance in handling mixed ill-behaved and well-behaved traffic in the same link, with different levels of DiffServ and MPLS integration in the network. The simulation results demonstrate the advantages of integrating the QoS features of DiffServ, ATM functionality, and MPLS into a single architecture. / Master of Science

La majorité des grands opérateurs utilise la technologie MPLS pour gérer leur réseau via des protocoles de signalisation et de distributions de labels. Or, ces protocoles sont complexes à déployer, à maintenir et la résolution des pannes est souvent très difficile. L'IETF a initié la standardisation d'une architecture de routage par segments (Segment Routing) s'appuyant sur un plan de contrôle simple, léger, facile à gérer et instanciée sur MPLS ou IPv6. Cette architecture repose sur le concept de routage à la source, dans lequel l'en-tête des paquets transporte les indications du chemin à suivre pour atteindre sa destination. Adapté aux cas d'usages simples et offrant nativement une résistance aux pannes, les cas d'usages plus complexes exigent de résoudre des verrous technologiques pour lesquels nous proposons plusieurs solutions. Dans cette thèse effectuée au sein d'Orange Labs, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'instanciation de l'architecture Segment Routing sur le plan de transfert MPLS et plus particulièrement à l'ingénierie de trafic, notamment avec réservation de ressources. Nous avons proposé des solutions aux problèmes liés à la limitation matérielle des routeurs actuels ne permettant pas l'expression de tous les chemins contraints. Ce travail est divisé en deux parties : (i) la proposition d'algorithmes de calcul et d'encodage de chemins de routage par segment afin de contourner les limitations matérielles. (ii) la définition des exigences architecturales et la construction d'une preuve de concept fonctionnelle. Enfin, cette thèse propose de nouvelles pistes d'études afin de consolider les outils d'ingénierie de trafic pour le routage par segment. / Most major operators use MPLS technology to manage their network via signalling and label distribution protocols. However, these protocols are complex to deploy, maintain and troubleshooting is often very difficult. The IETF has initiated the standardization of a segment routing architecture based on a simple control plane, lightweight, easyto-manage and instantiated on MPLS or IPv6. This architecture is based on the concept of source routing, in which the packet header carries the indications of the path to follow to reach its destination. Suitable for simple use cases and natively resistant to failure, more complex use cases require the resolution of technological issues for which we offer several solutions.In this thesis carried out within Orange Labs, we were interested in the instantiation of the Segment Routing architecture on the MPLS transfer plan and more particularly in traffic engineering, particularly with resource reservation. We have proposed solutions to the problems related to the hardware limitation of current routers that do not allow the expression of all constrained paths. This work is divided into two parts : (i) the proposal of algorithms for computing and encoding segment routing paths in order to bypass hardware limitations. (ii) the definition of architectural requirements and the construction of a functional proof of concept. Finally, this thesis proposes new research issues to consolidate traffic engineering tools for segment routing.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EdsonMSN.pdf: 1297152 bytes, checksum: ddeef5119a3b863368e35112b7fbbd68 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-02 / New multimedia applications that use the Internet as a communication media are pressing for the development of new technologies, such as: MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) and DiffServ. These technologies introduce new and powerful features to the Internet backbone, as the provision of QoS (Quality of Service) capabilities. However, to obtain a true end-to-end QoS, it is not enough to implement such technologies in the network core, it becomes indispensable to extend such improvements to the access networks, what is the aim of the several works presently under development. To contribute to this process, this Thesis presents the RSVP-SVC (Resource Reservation Protocol Switched Virtual Connection) that consists in an extension of RSVP-TE. The RSVP-SVC is presented herein as a mean to support a true end-to-end QoS, through the extension of MPLS scope. Thus, it is specified a Switched Virtual Connection (SVC) service to be used in the context of a MPLS User-to-Network Interface (MPLS UNI), that is able to efficiently establish and activate Label Switched Paths (LSP), starting from the access routers that satisfy the QoS requirements demanded by the applications. The RSVP-SVC was specified in Estelle, a Formal Description Technique (FDT) standardized by ISO. The edition, compilation, verification and simulation of RSVP-SVC were made by the EDT (Estelle Development Toolset) software. The benefits and most important issues to be considered when using the proposed protocol are also included / O protocolo proposto nesta Tese, denominado Resource Reservation Protocol Switched Virtual Connection (RSVP-SVC), que consiste numa extens?o do RSVP-TE, vai de encontro ao surgimento de novas aplica??es multim?dia, que usam a Internet como meio de interconex?o. Tais aplica??es pressionam pelo desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias, tais como: MPLS, DiffServ e RSVP-TE, que introduzem novas e eficientes caracter?sticas ao backbone Internet, proporcionando uma significativa diferen?a no que tange ? provis?o de QoS (Quality of Service). O presente trabalho leva em conta o fato de que para se conseguir uma QoS fim-a-fim verdadeira, n?o basta implementar tais tecnologias no n?cleo da rede, ? imprescind?vel, estender tais melhorias ?s redes de acesso e qui?? ?s redes locais. Nesse sentido, muitos trabalhos est?o atualmente em desenvolvimento. ? no intuito de contribuir com este processo que este trabalho apresenta a defini??o de uma UNI MPLS SVC atrav?s do RSVP-SVC. Essa extens?o d? ao RSVP-TE a capacidade de estabelecer t?neis LSP (Label Switched Path) a partir de conex?es discadas, ampliando portanto o escopo de utiliza??o do MPLS, levando-o at? ?s redes locais atrav?s das redes de acesso, e provendo tamb?m suporte a uma QoS fim-a-fim verdadeira. O RSVP-SVC foi especificado em Estelle, que ? uma linguagem de especifica??o formal padronizada pela ISO. A edi??o, compila??o, verifica??o e simula??o do RSVP-SVC foi feita atrav?s do programa EDT (Estelle Development Toolset). Ademais, tanto os benef?cios quanto ?s quest?es mais importantes a serem consideradas quando do uso deste protocolo s?o apresentados

The rapid growth of the Internet, in the last few years, has generated a need to enhance the existing IP networks in the areas of availability, dependability and scalability in order to provide a mission critical networking environment. In contemporary IP networks, data packets are routed as a function of the destination address and a single metric such as hop-count or delay. This approach tends to cause message traffic to converge onto the same link, which significantly increases congestion and leads to unbalanced network resource utilization. One solution to this problem is provided by Traffic Engineering (TE), which uses, bandwidth guaranteed, Explicitly Routed Label Switched Paths (ER-LSPs). Due to the dramatic increase in the backbone speeds, current research focuses more on traffic engineering with LSPs for clear control over the traffic distribution in the network. However, the growing popularity of the Internet is driving the Internet Service Providers to adapt new technologies in order to support multiple classes of applications with different characteristics and performance requirements. Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS), which was proposed by the IETF provides essential facilities for traffic engineering and reliable QoS services for the Internet. MPLS networks provide the required flexibility for operators to manage their traffic with ER-LSPs. Even though conventional routing algorithms support the ER-LSP setup in MPLS networks, they are not efficient in link residual capacity information updates and limit resource utilization, which eventually leads to LSP failures and unbalanced network resource utilization. This thesis proposes a new architecture with a cluster based distributed routing algorithm to setup bandwidth guaranteed ER-LSPs in MPLS backbone networks. The proposed routing algorithm confines the route discovery region in order to reduce the routing overhead and computes all possible routes from ingress node to egress node. Based on LSP requirements and network load conditions, the egress node selects the most suitable path from the available paths in order to setup the LSP. This routing scheme optimizes network resource utilization by evenly distributing traffic throughout the network. The Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) works in conjunction with the routing protocol for resource reservation and label distribution along the LSP.

Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) emerged as a suitable solution to optimization of Internet Protocol (IP) networks. It improves network efficiency, utilization of resources and resilience in packet switched networks. With MPLS, packet forwarding decisions are made based on label inspection rather than packet header information. While MPLS is native to packet switched networks, Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS) extends MPLS functionality to networks that support non-packet switched domains such as time, lambda and fiber. GMPLS also offers better resource management through the use of a new protocol; Link Management Protocol (LMP). In this work, a performance evaluation of GMPLS and MPLS control plane signaling protocols was performed. Further, a control plane interworking model for MPLS and GMPLS networks was proposed. Simulations were carried out to examine the performance of signaling protocols in an MPLS network configured with, and without Quality-of-Service (QoS). Conclusions on the performance characteristics of each signaling protocol were made based on the collected results.

GMPLS is a still developing protocol family which is indented to assume the role of a control plane in transport networks. GMPLS is designed to provide traffic engineering in transport networks composed of different network technologies such as wavelength switched optical networks, Ethernet networks, point-to-point microwave links, etc. Integrating the different network technologies while using label switched paths to provide traffic engineering poses a challenge. The purpose of integrating multiple technologies under a single GMPLS control plane is to enable rapid service provisioning and efficient traffic engineering. Traffic engineering in networks provides two primary advantages, network resource utilization optimization and the ability to provide Quality of Service. Utilizing network resources more efficiently translates to lower expenditures for the network provider. Quality of Service can be used to provide the customer with for example guaranteed minimum bandwidth packet services. Specifically this thesis focused on the problems of signaling and establishing Forward Adjacency Label Switched Paths (FA-LSPs), and on a experimental method of connecting different network technologies. A testbed integrating an Ethernet network and a wave length division multiplexing network was used to show that the proposed solutions can work in practice. / GMPLS består av en samling protokoll under utveckling, de är tänkta att anta rollen som kontrollplan i transportnätverk. GMPLS är designat för att tillhandahålla trafikplanering i transportnätverk bestående av flera olika nätverksteknologier såsom Ethernet, våglängds switchande nätverk m.fl. Integration av dessa olika nätverksteknologier under ett gemensamt kontrollplan och uppsättning av ”label switched paths” i dataplanet är en utmaning. Syftet med att integrera multipla teknologier under ett ensamt GMPLS kontroll plan är att snabbt kunna tillhandahålla tjänster över nätverket samt möjliggöra advancerad trafikplanering. Trafikplanering i nätverk ger två stora fördelar, optimering av utnyttjandet av nätverksresurser samt ökade möjligheter att erbjuda ”Quality of Service” till kunder. Bättre utnyttjande av nätverksresurser innebär lägre kostnader för nätverksleverantören medans ”Quality of Service” kan ge kunden t.ex. en garanterad bandbredd. Specifikt fokuserar denna avhandling på problemen med att signalera och etablera ”Forwarding Adjaceny Label Switched Paths” samt en experimentell metod som båda sammankopplar olika typer av nätverk. En testbed bestående av ett Ethernet nätverk samt ett optiskt våglängdsswitchande nätverk användes för att visa att lösningarna kan fungera i praktiken.

L'évolution des réseaux actuels vise principalement l'amélioration des performances à travers une augmentation importante des débits disponibles. Cependant, les besoins des applications multimédia se situent également dans l'accès à de nouvelles fonctionnalités telles que le multipoint et la garantie de qualité de service (QoS). Pour satisfaire ces besoins, nous proposons d'associer une architecture pour le multipoint avec QoS aux technologies de commutation. Une première instanciation de cette approche nous a amenés à étudier l'intégration de RSVP sur les réseaux ATM, et à proposer une solution palliant l'absence de service multipoint avec QoS capable de soutenir efficacement RSVP. Nous nous intéressons ainsi à CLIP, l'une des techniques d'intégration d'IP sur ATM, pour réaliser l'intégration du modèle RSVP. La contribution repose sur l'utilisation de plusieurs arbres multipoints pour éviter les limitations intrinsèques aux réseaux ATM. Cette approche a été expérimentée sur la plate-forme MIRIHADE à l'aide d'une application vidéo à codage hiérarchique. La commutation associée à une signalisation orientée connexion se prêtant mal à l'intégration des nouvelles fonctionnalités, nous nous sommes orientés vers l'utilisation d'une signalisation en mode non connecté à travers une solution de type ``Commutation par label''. Appliquée à RSVP, nous avons intégré directement la signalisation de la commutation dans celle assurant les nouvelles fonctionnalités pour permettre la commutation directe du trafic de données tout en conservant les fonctionnalités de la couche réseau. Notre solution, appelée ``RSVP Switching'', est en cours d'expérimentation sur la plate-forme SAFIR, pour un projet de simulation interactive distribuée ayant des besoins importants en terme de multipoint avec QoS.

We examined relations between eye movements (single-fixation durations) and RSVP-based event-related potentials (ERPs; N400’s) recorded during reading the same sentences in two independent experiments. Longer fixation durations correlated with larger N400 amplitudes. Word frequency and predictability of the fixated word as well as the predictability of the upcoming word accounted for this covariance in a path-analytic model. Moreover, larger N400 amplitudes entailed longer fixation durations on the next word, a relation accounted for by word frequency. This pattern offers a neurophysiological correlate for the lag-word frequency effect on fixation durations: Word processing is reliably expressed not only in fixation durations on currently fixated words, but also in those on subsequently fixated words.

Title from PDF of title page. / Document formatted into pages; contains 62 pages. / Thesis (M.S.E.E.)--University of South Florida, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. / Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format. / ABSTRACT: The rapid growth of the Internet, in the last few years, has generated a need to enhance the existing IP networks in the areas of availability, dependability and scalability in order to provide a mission critical networking environment. In contemporary IP networks, data packets are routed as a function of the destination address and a single metric such as hop-count or delay. This approach tends to cause message traffic to converge onto the same link, which significantly increases congestion and leads to unbalanced network resource utilization. One solution to this problem is provided by Traffic Engineering (TE), which uses, bandwidth guaranteed, Explicitly Routed Label Switched Paths (ER-LSPs). Due to the dramatic increase in the backbone speeds, current research focuses more on traffic engineering with LSPs for clear control over the traffic distribution in the network. / ABSTRACT: However, the growing popularity of the Internet is driving the Internet Service Providers to adapt new technologies in order to support multiple classes of applications with different characteristics and performance requirements. Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS), which was proposed by the IETF provides essential facilities for traffic engineering and reliable QoS services for the Internet. MPLS networks provide the required flexibility for operators to manage their traffic with ER-LSPs. Even though conventional routing algorithms support the ER-LSP setup in MPLS networks, they are not efficient in link residual capacity information updates and limit resource utilization, which eventually leads to LSP failures and unbalanced network resource utilization. This thesis proposes a new architecture with a cluster based distributed routing algorithm to setup bandwidth guaranteed ER-LSPs in MPLS backbone networks. / ABSTRACT: The proposed routing algorithm confines the route discovery region in order to reduce the routing overhead and computes all possible routes from ingress node to egress node. Based on LSP requirements and network load conditions, the egress node selects the most suitable path from the available paths in order to setup the LSP. This routing scheme optimizes network resource utilization by evenly distributing traffic throughout the network. The Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) works in conjunction with the routing protocol for resource reservation and label distribution along the LSP. / System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

In this study, possible applications of label switching in large area, fully optical networks are investigated. The objective was to design a label assignment method by using Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) concept to get an efficient optical network operation. In order to fulfill this objective, two new approaches were proposed: a label assignment method and a concatenated label structure. Label assignment method was designed to provide an efficient utilization of resources. Concatenated label structure aimed handling the label in optical domain. Mainly, the lambda switch capable GMPLS networks were investigated. In order to verify the performance of label assignment method, a simulator was developed. The results of simulation have clearly indicated that the proposed approaches could be beneficial in an optical network operation.