O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes concentrações de quitosana nas dietas de novilhos Nelore canulados no rúmen sobre o consumo e digestibilidade aparente total da matéria seca e nutrientes, fermentação e síntese de proteína microbiana ruminal, concentrações de parâmetros sangüíneos, e os balanços de energia e de nitrogênio. Foram utilizados 8 novilhos canulados da raça Nelore. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 2 quadrados latinos 4 x 4 balanceados e contemporâneos, para receber as seguintes rações experimentais: 1) Controle (Q0), composta por ração sem a inclusão de quitosana; 2) Q50, com a inclusão de 50 mg/kg de peso corporal de quitosana; 3) Q100, com a inclusão de 100 mg/kg de peso corporal de quitosana; e 4) Q150, com a inclusão de 150 mg/kg de peso corporal de quitosana. Diariamente foram realizadas pesagens das quantidades dos volumosos e concentrados fornecidos e das sobras de cada animal, para estimativa do consumo. As amostras de sobras, silagem e fezes foram coletadas do 15° ao 18° dias de cada período experimental, armazenadas em sacos plásticos em freezer à 20°C, e posteriormente submetidas a análises químico-bromatológicas dos principais nutrientes. Na determinação da digestibilidade aparente total dos nutrientes a quantidade total de matéria seca fecal excretada foi estimada pela concentração de fibra em detergente ácido indigestível (FDAi). As amostras de líquido ruminal foram coletadas no último dia de cada período, sendo uma coleta realizada antes da alimentação (0 hora), e seis coletas com intervalos de 2 horas após a alimentação (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 e 12 horas). Foram determinados no líquido ruminal o pH, as concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal e as concentrações dos ácidos graxos de cadeia curta. As amostras spot de urina foram obtidas de no 16º dia de cada período experimental, quatro horas após a alimentação matinal, durante micção espontânea. As amostras de sangue foram coletadas em tubos vacuolizados (vacutainer) por punção da veia jugular. Houve efeito quadrático com menores valores sobre o consumo de FDN, expressos em kg/dia e porcentagem de peso vivo (PV) para o tratamento Q150 (P<0,05). A inclusão de quitosana na dieta proporcionou aumento linear crescente (P<0,05) da digestibilidade da matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), carboidratos totais (CT), FDN e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT). Houve efeito quadrático (P<0,05) sobre a concentração de N-NH3 com redução no tratamento Q150. A inclusão de quitosana na dieta não causou diferenças nas concentrações totais de AGCC (P>0,05), porém alterou as proporções molares de AGCC individualmente. Houve efeito linear crescente (P>0,05) das concentrações e porcentagens molares de propionato (mmol/L) à medida que se elevou as concentrações de quitosana na dieta. Houve diminuição (P>0,05) da relação acetato: propionato, principalmente para o tratamento Q150. Foi observado efeito linear decrescente para as proporções molares de acetato e butirato com a inclusão de quitosana. Houve efeito linear crescente sobre as concentrações plasmáticas de glicose com os tratamentos. As concentrações de quitosana utilizadas não influenciaram a síntese de proteína microbiana. O balanço de energia não foi influenciado pelos tratamentos. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre o balanço de nitrogênio, porém ocorreu decréscimo na excreção do nitrogênio total (NT) nas fezes em porcentagem de NT. A quitosana quando utilizada como aditivo modulador da fermentação ruminal, resultou em alterações que possibilitam sua utilização como alternativa ao uso de ionóforos para bovinos. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of chitosan on intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation, ruminal microbial protein, balance of energy and nitrogen and blood parameters. Eight Nellore steers cannulated in the rumen were divided into two 4 x 4 balanced Latin squares. The daily doses of chitosan were 0, 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg BW respectively the treatments Q0 (Control), Q50, Q100 and Q150. The diets consisted of corn silage and concentrate in ratio 60:40 and the chitosan were inserted directly through the ruminal cannula, twice a day before feeding. Daily weights of the amounts of corn silage and concentrated supplied, and the orts refused of each animal, were recorded for estimate the nutrient intake. Samples of orts and feedstuffs were analyzed for composition and subsequent nutrient intake calculation. For determination of total apparent digestibility of nutrients, the total amount of fecal dry matter excreted was estimate by indigestible detergent acid fiber (ADFi). The feces were collected in the 15th until the 18th day of each experimental period, and frozen in freezer at -20°C. In the end of the collection period it was made composed sample by animal with base in the dry matter, and analyzed. Samples of ruminal fluid were collected at 0 (before feeding) and 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 hours after feeding. Spot urine samples were collected on day 16 of the experimental period. The estimation of microbial protein synthesis was performed by the method of total excretion of purine derivatives. Blood samples were collected by puncture of jugular vein. Intakes (kg/d) of DM, OM, CP, ether extract , total carbohydrates , non-fiber carbohydrates and TDN were not different, however, NDF intake decresead quadratically (P<0,05) when expressed as kg/d and percent of BW. Digestibility in the total digestive tract increased linearly to NDF, DM, OM as well as improved the digestibility of CP and TC, accordingly there was a positive effect on TDN with the inclusion of chitosan. All the ruminal fermentation parameters were influenced by the time after feeding. The NH3-N concentration decreased quadractically with Q150 treatment and there were no difference in total VFA concentration, however the individual VFA proportions were affected. Propionate concentration was higher with Q150 and similarly increasing linearly the proportion of propionate (P<0,05) which means an increase of 7.47% (Q0 vs. Q150). Chitosan decreased linearly the molar proportion of acetate and butyrate .Was observed linear and quadratic decrease effect on acetate: propionate ratio. The plasmatic metabolites and enzymes had no effect by the treatments, nevertheless the glucose concentration was markedly superior with the supplementation corresponding to an increase of 18.58%, 26.35%, 23.68% for Q0 versus Q50, Q100 e Q150 respectively. The energy and nitrogen balance had no effect with the treatments, however there was a decrease of fecal total nitrogen (%) excretion. Chitosan when used as modulator of ruminal fermentation resulted in changes that allow its use as an alternative to the use of ionophores for cattle without showing damage to the health of the animal.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão de doses de S. cerevisiae na dieta sobre a digestibilidade da fibra, o consumo de matéria seca, a cinética e o ambiente ruminal de bovinos Nelore alimentados com feno de Tifton-85 (Cynodon spp.), recebendo ou não suplementação energética. Foram utilizados 36 novilhos Nelore canulados no rúmen, com aproximadamente 24 meses de idade e 400 kg de peso corporal (PC) ao início do experimento, em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com seis repetições por tratamento. Os tratamentos foram obtidos em arranjo fatorial 3x2, a partir da combinação de três níveis de inclusão de S. cerevisiae (0, 8 e 40 x109 UFC/animal/dia; CNCM I-1077, Lallemand&reg;) em duas dietas a base de feno de Tifton-85, com ou sem suplementação energética (0 e 0,8% do PC). Foram realizadas coletas de líquido ruminal para mensuração de pH, ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC) e N-amoniacal, além de esvaziamento total de conteúdo ruminal para determinação do volume, massa total e tamanho do compartimento ruminal. Amostras das fases líquida e sólida da digesta ruminal foram retiradas para as análises dos componentes da digesta e população de microrganismos ruminais através da técnica de PCR em tempo real. A inclusão de levedura aumentou linearmente o consumo de matéria seca (P = 0,03) e de FDN (P = 0,01), no entanto não houve efeito sobre o pH ruminal (P = 0,30). A suplementação energética aumentou a concentração ruminal de AGCC totais (P &lt; 0,01). Em relação à digestibilidade in situ da FDN, a inclusão de levedura promoveu aumento linear para as quatro forrageiras após 24 h de incubação (P = 0,02). A inclusão também aumentou a massa ruminal de MS (P = 0,02) e FDN (P = 0,02), mas não a de FDN indigestível (P = 0,33). Não houve efeito da levedura sobre a população das bactérias celulolíticas mais abundantes no rúmen (F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens e R. albus) (P = 0,72). Como conclusão, a inclusão de levedura na dieta de bovinos Nelore aumenta a digestibilidade ruminal da fibra, porém o aumento da digestibilidade da fibra não pôde ser explicado por mudanças na população de bactérias celulolíticas no rúmen. / The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of dietary S. cerevisiae on fiber digestion, dry matter intake, kinetics and ruminal environment of Nellore cattle fed with Tifton-85 hay (Cynodon spp.), receiving or not energetic supplementation. Thirty-six rumen cannulated Nellore steers, approximately 24 months old and 400 kg body weight (BW) were used at the beginning of the experiment, in a randomized complete block design with six replicates per treatment. The treatments were obtained in a 3x2 factorial arrangement, by combining three inclusion levels of S. cerevisiae (0, 8 and 40 x109 CFU/animal/day; CNCM I-1077, Lallemand&reg;) in two diets based on Tifton-85 hay, with or without energetic supplementation (0 and 0.8% of BW). Ruminal fluid samples were collected to measure pH, short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and ammonia nitrogen, as well as the rumen evacuation to determine the volume, total mass and size of the rumen compartment. Samples of the solid and liquid phases of the rumen digesta were taken for analysis of the digesta components and population of ruminal microorganisms through the real-time PCR technique. The yeast inclusion linearly increased the dry matter intake (P = 0.03) and NDF (P = 0.01), however with no effects on rumen pH (P = 0.30). Energy supplementation increased the rumen concentration of total SCFA (P &lt; 0.01). The yeast inclusion linearly increased in situ digestibility of NDF of the four forages after 24 h of incubation (P = 0.02). The yeast inclusion also increased the ruminal mass of DM (P = 0.02) and NDF (P = 0.02), but not the indigestible NDF (P = 0.33). There was no yeast effect on a population of the most abundant cellulolytic bacteria in the rumen (F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens and R. albus) (P = 0.72). In conclusion, the inclusion of yeast in the diet of Nelore cattle increases the rumen digestibility of the fiber, however, it could not be explained by changes in the population of cellulolytic bacteria in the rumen.

No description available.

The effects of induced subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) using grain pellet-based (GPI) and alfalfa pellet-based diet models on systemic immunological parameters were evaluated in nonlactating Holstein cows. The systemic immunological parameters analysed in this study included rectal temperature, blood cell leukogram, expression of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) recognition receptors on leukocytic cells, and plasma and serum proteins. Also, blood biochemistry was analysed. There were no significant differences in rectal temperature, blood cell leukogram, expression of LPS recognition receptors and fibrinogen or haptoglobin concentrations between control and SARA induction treatments. Concentrations of serum amyloid A and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein increased while total protein concentrations decreased in response to GPI SARA compared to control. Blood glucose and urea concentrations increased and decreased, respectively, with GPI SARA treatment. Grain pellet-induced SARA resulted in changes to serum proteins and acute phase proteins but did not affect other systemic immunological parameters suggesting a localized inflammatory response was initiated.

The effects of induced subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) using grain pellet-based (GPI) and alfalfa pellet-based diet models on systemic immunological parameters were evaluated in nonlactating Holstein cows. The systemic immunological parameters analysed in this study included rectal temperature, blood cell leukogram, expression of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) recognition receptors on leukocytic cells, and plasma and serum proteins. Also, blood biochemistry was analysed. There were no significant differences in rectal temperature, blood cell leukogram, expression of LPS recognition receptors and fibrinogen or haptoglobin concentrations between control and SARA induction treatments. Concentrations of serum amyloid A and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein increased while total protein concentrations decreased in response to GPI SARA compared to control. Blood glucose and urea concentrations increased and decreased, respectively, with GPI SARA treatment. Grain pellet-induced SARA resulted in changes to serum proteins and acute phase proteins but did not affect other systemic immunological parameters suggesting a localized inflammatory response was initiated.

The goal of this research was to evaluate the effects of calf starter fermentation on rumen pH, metabolic adaptation of ruminal epithelia and growth of calves during the weaning transition. In study 1, calf starter consumption increased short chain fatty acid concentration in the rumen and changed expression of genes involved in ketogenesis and intracellular pH regulation but did not affect rumen pH. In study 2, decreasing dietary starch content did not increase rumen pH. However, feeding a calf starter that had the highest in situ dry matter disappearance lowered rumen pH without adversely affecting feed intake and growth of calves. These findings suggest that rumen epithelium can metabolically adapt to increased fermentation in the rumen at molecular level, and that sub-acute rumen acidosis may not adversely affect feed intake and productivity of dairy calves during the weaning transition. / Animal Science

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O experimento foi realizado no Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal do Cearà com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de quatro nÃveis de concentrado (25,0; 37,5; 50,0; 62,5 com base na MS) na raÃÃo de ovinos, sobre o consumo; as digestibilidades aparentes de matÃria seca (MS), matÃria orgÃnica (MO), proteÃna bruta (PB), extrato etÃreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente neutro corrigida para cinzas e proteÃna (FDNcp), fibra em detergente Ãcido (FDA), carboidratos totais (CT) e carboidratos nÃo-fibrosos (CNF); pH ruminal; as concentraÃÃes amÃnia ruminal (NAR), balanÃo de compostos nitrogenados (BN) e nitrogÃnio ureico plasmÃtico (NUP) Foram utilizados dezesseis ovinos machos, nÃo castrados, da raÃa Santa InÃs, com peso corporal de 26,4kg  4,13kg e aproximadamente sete meses de idade. Os animais foram alojados em gaiolas metabÃlicas individuais, equipadas com coletores e separadores de fezes e urina, bem como cochos para alimento e bebedouros com Ãgua permanentemente à disposiÃÃo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetiÃÃes, totalizando 16 parcelas experimentais. O perÃodo experimental teve duraÃÃo de 28 dias, com 21 dias de adaptaÃÃo e sete dias para coleta de dados. Os animais foram alimentados com raÃÃes contendo feno de Tifton 85 e concentrado (25,0; 37,5; 50,0 e 62,5%). As raÃÃes foram formuladas conforme o NRC (2007) para atenderem aos requisitos nutricionais de ovinos para ganho de 200 g/dia. As raÃÃes foram fornecidas aos animais uma vez ao dia (800h) em forma de mistura total. O consumo de matÃria seca foi determinado pela diferenÃa entre o oferecido e as sobras da raÃÃo ofertada. Amostras dos alimentos, sobras e fezes foram diariamente pesadas e amostradas para subseqente anÃlises quÃmicas. As fezes foram coletadas durante sete dias consecutivos para estimar a digestibilidade dos nutrientes. Os consumos de MS, MO, CT e NDT expressos em g/dia nÃo foram influenciados pelos nÃveis de concentrado da raÃÃo (P>0,05). Comportamento linear crescente foi verificado para os consumos de PB, EE e CNF. Os consumos de FDN, FDNcp e FDA apresentaram comportamento linear decrescente. Para consumo expresso em %PV, registrou-se comportamento linear crescente para MS e decrescente para FDN, comportamento igual foi verificado para o consumo de MS expresso em (g/kg0,75). Os coeficientes de digestibilidade de MS, MO, PB, EE, CT e CNF aumentaram (P<0,05) com o nÃvel de concentrado na raÃÃo. O pH ruminal apresentou comportamento linear para as raÃÃes com menores nÃveis de concentrado e comportamento quadrÃtico para o tratamento experimental com maior nÃvel de concentrado em funÃÃo do tempo pÃs-prandial. As dietas experimentais influenciaram as concentraÃÃes de N-NH3 no rÃmen (NAR) apresentando comportamento linear decrescente para os nÃveis de 37,5 e 50,0% de inclusÃo de concentrado e comportamento quadrÃtico para o nÃvel de inclusÃo 62,5% de concentrado nas raÃÃes. Os nÃveis de concentrado nÃo influenciaram excreÃÃo de NitrogÃnio (N) nas fezes (g/d) e na urina (g/d). O BN foi positivo em todos os nÃveis de concentrado. Os valores de NUP diferiram entre as raÃÃes, apresentando comportamento quadrÃtico. A adiÃÃo de concentrado nas raÃÃes influencia o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, os parÃmetros ruminais e promove maior retenÃÃo de compostos nitrogenados no corpo do animal. / The experiment w as conducted at the Department of Animal Scie nce, Federal University of Cear a in order to evaluate the effect of four levels of concentr ate (25.0, 37.5, 50.0, 62.5 on DM basis) in the diet of sheep on intake, digestibility of total dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), total carbohydrates (TC) and non - fiber carbohydrates (NFC ) rumen pH, rumen ammoni a concentrations (NAR), nitrogenous compounds (BN) and plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) . We used sixteen castrated male sheep of Santa Ines body weight of 26.4 kg  4.13 kg and approximately seven months old. The animals were housed in individual metabolic cages equipped with collectors and tabs of feces and urine, and mangers for the supply of food and water fountains with water continuously available. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four treatments and four replications, totaling 16 experimen tal plots. T he experimental period lasted 28 days with 21 days of adaptation and seven days to collect samples. The animals were fed diets containing Tifton 85 hay and concentrate (25.0, 37.5, 50.0 and 62.5% ), which consisted of four experimental treatment s. The diets were formulated according to NRC (2007) to meet the nutritiona l requirements of sheep 200g. day - 1 gain. Diets were fed to animals once a day (800h), in form of a total mixture. Daily consumption of dry matter was determined by the difference be tween the bid and the remains of food offered. Feed samples, orts and feces were daily weighed and sampled for chemical analysis subseqente. Feces were collected for seven consecutive days to estimate the digestibility of dietary nutrients. The DM, OM, TC and NDT in g /d were not affected (P> 0.05) by concentrate feed. Increasing linear behavior was observed for intakes of CP, and NFC. For the intake of NDF, NDF, ADF and these linearly decreased. For consumption expressed as% of BW, there was a linear increasing and decreasing for MS to NDF equal behavior was observed for DM intake expressed in (g / kg 0, 75 ). The digestibility 9 of DM, OM, CP, CT and NSC increased (P <0.05) with the level of dietary concentrate. Rumen pH showed a linear response for diets with lower levels of concentrate and a quadratic for the experimental treatment with high level of concentrate as a function of time post - prandial. The diet influenced the concentrations of NH3 - N in the rumen (NAR) decreased linearly to levels of 37.5 and 50% of the concentrate and a quadratic for the 62.5% level of inclusion of dietary concentrate. The concentrate levels did not influence the excretion of nitrogen (N) in faeces ( g /d ) and urine (g /d ). The NB was positive at all levels of concentrate . PUN values among diets, showing a quadratic behavior. The addition of dietary concentrate influences the consumption and digestibility of nutrients, ruminal and promotes retention of nitrogen in the animal's body.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:45:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 canesin_rc_dr_jabo.pdf: 538754 bytes, checksum: ff04afe88df47df73388089d0501780c (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da frequência de suplementação no comportamento ingestivo animal, ingestão e digestibilidade da matéria seca, desempenho e características da carcaça; além de verificar o efeito da frequência de suplementação na, fermentação ruminal, fluxo de nutrientes, eficiência de síntese microbiana e produção de metano ruminal de bovinos Nelore, mantidos em pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha cv Marandu, durante o período da seca. O suplemento foi fornecido diariamente, de segunda a sexta-feira e suspenso aos sábados e domingos e em dias alternados, na ordem de 1%; 1,4% e 2,0% do peso corporal, respectivamente. O suplemento foi composto de polpa cítrica, farelo de algodão e uréia. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância com medidas repetidas no tempo, pelo procedimento MIXED do SAS, e as médias foram comparadas através do teste de Tukey. A frequência de suplementação não influenciou o desempenho, o comportamento ingestivo animal, a ingestão de matéria seca, a eficiência de síntese microbiana e a produção de metano ruminal. Os meses do ano exerceram efeito na massa e composição química da forragem, no desempenho e na produção de metano de bovinos em pastejo. Foram verificadas interações significativas entre as frequências de suplementação e meses avaliados na digestibilidade da matéria seca, pH e concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal ruminal, e na produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta. As características de carcaça foram influenciadas pelas frequências de suplementação, no entanto, encontraram-se no limite desejável de acabamento. Desta forma, a redução da frequência de suplementação torna-se uma boa opção no sistema de suplementação, pois permite diminuir custos com suplemento e equipamentos. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation frequency on behavior animal intake, dry matter intake, dry matter digestibility, performance and characteristics of the carcass; besides the effect of the supplementation frequency on the ruminal fermentation, flow of nutrients, microbial synthesis efficiency and ruminal methane production by Nellore steers grazing Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu pasture during dry season. The supplement was offered daily or from Monday to Friday or in alternate days, in the order of 1%, 1.4% and 2.0% of the body weight, respectively. This supplement was composed by citrus pulp, cottonseed meal and urea. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance (repeated measure in time), using the proc mixed procedure of SAS, and the averages were cooperated through Tukey test. The supplementation frequency did not influence the performance, behavior animal intake and dry matter intake, microbial synthesis efficiency and ruminal methane production. Months of the year affected the herbage mass and their chemical composition, performance and ruminal methane production of animals. They were verified significant interaction between supplementation frequency and months for dry matter digestibility, ruminal pH and concentration of ruminal ammonia nitrogen and short-chain fatty acids production. Carcass characteristics were influenced by the supplementation frequency, however, they were in the desirable limit of finish. This way, the reduction in the supplementation frequency became a good option in the production system, because of reducing costs and time with supplement and equipments.

No description available.

A series of in vitro investigations was conducted to study the effects that polyphenolic compounds exerted toward rumen cellulolytic micro-organisms. The effect of the complexing of tannins with proteins on the ruminal degradation and intestinal digestibility of protein was also tested. Five polyphenolic compounds of known molecular mass were selected as representative of hydrolysable tannin (tannic acid) or their molecular components (gallic acid and ellagic acid) and components of condensed tannin (catechin and epicatechin). The effects of polyphenolic compounds on the degradation of microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel) and ryegrass and on the formation of gas and VFAs by mixed rumen micro-organisms undergoing rumen-like fermentation (consecutive batch culture, CBC) were studied. On a molar and weight basis, tannic acid was the most inhibitory compound towards cellulose degradation and on the production of VFAs followed by ellagic acid, catechin and epicatechin. Low concentrations (up to 10 mM) of gallic acid caused a significant (P < 0.05) stimulation of cellulolysis, gas and VFA formation. This was probably due to the presence of gallate-degrading bacteria in the rumen. The ability of the ruminal fungus Neocallimastix frontalis to degrade cellulose in two different media, to adhere to cellulose, to utilize glucose and to form colonies from zoospores was assessed, in the presence and absence of polyphenolic compounds. The compounds tested were more inhibitory towards fungi grown in a defined medium rather than in a peptide and rumen fluid-containing medium, presumably due to the interactions between the proteins in the medium and the tested compounds. The adhesion of three fractions of the fungi to cellulose was inhibited by the presence of phenolic compounds in the medium.