The use of concurrent Information Feedback (IF) through counting seconds verbally as the subject ran a 75 yard dash was tested. Forty-six ten and eleven year old boys and girls (boys = 20, girls = 26) were given two trials under four IF conditions: No IF; Terminal/Concurrent IF; Terminal IF; IF Removal. The counting occurred under Condition 2 and was combined with a final time given at the end of the dash. Significant main effects were found for sex and for conditions, with interaction effects between sex and conditions, and between conditions and trials, p4 .05. Results supported the combined IF condition with counting as maintaining subjects' level of performance, probably through motivation. Males performed well under Conditions 1, 2, and 3, while girls performed best under Conditions 1 and 2. Trial scores under Conditions 2 and 3 for all subjects were much more similar than under Conditions 1 and 4, indicating more consistent performance when IF was provided,

Orientador: Denise Vaz de Macedo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Física / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T05:55:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lourenco_ThiagoFernando_D.pdf: 1624409 bytes, checksum: 54e7eba5a4bdbf1b59b89b21e0879d81 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O desempenho em corridas de 10 km (v10km) se correlaciona com velocidades pico de corrida durante um teste de VO2max (Vpico) e ao limiar ventilatório (vLV). No entanto, a relação entre a velocidade de corrida correspondente ao ponto de compensação respiratória (vPCR) e v10km ainda não está bem estabelecida. Fisiologicamente, a vPCR indica a capacidade de tamponamento sanguíneo, o que indica que exercício realizados acima da vPCR podem induzir acidose, trazendo alterações metabólicas prejudiciais ao desempenho. Porém, nenhum estudo investigou o comportamento do estado ácido-base sanguíneo em corredores submetidos à exercício em carga constante referente à vPCR. A forma com que os corredores distribuem suas velocidades ao longo da corrida também é importante para o desempenho. Em corridas de 10 km, grande parte dos estudos mostra que a estratégia adotada em eventos de longa duração se caracteriza por uma estratégia em forma de U. No entanto, nenhum trabalho comparou a estratégia de corrida com valores de vPCR. Um dos objetivos do presente estudo foi investigar o potencial da vPCR como preditor de desempenho e estratégia de corrida em 10 km e associar a estratégia de corrida adotada durante esse evento aos parâmetros ventilatórios encontrados no teste de esforço máximo (vLV, vPCR e Vpico). Paralelamente, buscamos observar a tolerância dos atletas e o comportamento de parâmetros relacionados ao estado ácido-base sanguíneo em quatro intensidades de exercício constante em esteira ergométrica. Participaram do estudo doze corredores recreacionais (R) e dezenove de elite (E) especializados em corridas de 10 km. Os corredores realizaram um teste de 10 km contra relógio em pista de 400 m para a determinação da v10km, um teste de esforço máximo para a determinação da vLV, vPCR e Vpico e um protocolo de carga constante. Todos participantes do grupo R realizaram aleatoriamente quatro corridas de, no máximo, 10 km nas intensidades vLV, vPCR, a 25% da diferença entre vPCR e Vpico (vV1) e Vpico. Os corredores do grupo E realizaram apenas uma corrida referente à vV1. No protocolo de carga constante, amostras de sangue capilar foram coletadas para análise do pH (bpH), lactato (bLac) e potássio (bK+) e HCO3- (bHCO3-) sanguíneos. Todos os protocolos foram realizadas com, pelo menos, 72 horas de recuperação. O ritmo de corrida dos atletas nos 10 km na pista correlaciona-se fortemente com vPCR (R2=0,92) e todos são capazes de completar 10 km na esteira ergométrica nessa velocidade. Todos os corredores recreacionais completaram 10 km nas intensidades vLV e vPCR, sem alterações no bpH. Na intensidade vV1, três corredores recreacionais e nove de elite foram capazes de completar 10 km sem alterações no bpH. Quedas significativa no bpH foram observadas nos corredores que não completaram 10 km em vV1 e Vpico. Em conclusão, nossos dados sugerem a manutenção do bpH como fator chave para a sustentação do exercício de 10 km em carga constante. Além disso, reforçam a vPCR como uma intensidade de exercício "segura¿ para o estratégias de corrida em 10 km / Abstract: The 10 km performance (s10km) correlates with running speeds related to VO2max (sVO2max) and ventilatory threshold (sVT). However, the relationship between running speed corresponding to the respiratory compensation point (sRCP) and v10km is not well established. Physiologically, sRCP indicates the buffering capacity of blood, which indicates that the exercise performed above sRCP can induce acidosis and decrease in motor output. However, no study has investigated the behavior of the blood acid-base status in runners undergoing constant load exercise related to sRCP. The way that runners distribute their running speeds throughout the race is also important for performance. In 10 km races, most studies show that the strategy adopted in is characterized by a U-shaped strategy. However, no study compared the running strategy to sRCP values. One objective of this study was to investigate the potential of sRCP as a predictor of 10 km performance, linking race strategy adopted during the 10 Km race to ventilatory parameters found in maximal exercise test (sVT, sRCP and sVO2max). In parallel, we would like to observe the tolerance of athletes and the behavior of blood acid-base status in four fixed exercise intensities. Twelve recreational runners (R) and nineteen elite runners (E) specialized in races of 10 km participated in this study. The runners performed a 10 km time trial on the track 400 m to determine the s10km, a maximal incremental exercise test to determine the sVT, sRCP and sVO2max and constant load protocol. All participants in the R group performed randomly four races at most 10 km in intensities related to sVT, sRCP, 25 % of the difference between sRCP and sVO2max (S1) and sVO2max. The E group underwent only a race related to S1. In the constant load protocol, capillary blood samples were collected for analysis of blood pH (bpH), lactate (bLac), potassium (bK+) and HCO3- (HCO3-). All protocols were performed at least with 72 hours recovery. The athletes race pace in 10 km on the track were strongly correlated with sRCP (R2=0.92) and all runners are able to complete 10 km on the treadmill at this intensity. All recreational runners completed 10 km in the intensities related to sVT and sRCP with no changes in bpH. At S1 intensity, three recreational and nine elite runners were able to complete 10 km with no changes in bpH. The bpH decreased significantly in in runners who have not completed 10 km in S1 and sVO2max. In conclusion, our data suggest the maintenance of bpH as a key factor for sustaining 10 km and indicate the sRCP as a ¿safe" exercise intensity for 10 km race strategies / Doutorado / Biodinamica do Movimento e Esporte / Doutor em Educação Física

This study utilized an experimental design testing low, medium, and high intensity warm-up protocols for NCAA Division I 800-meter male and female middle distance runners to determine which result in optimal outcomes in a peak performance, i.e., 800-meter time trial. Mississippi State University student athletes on the Track and Field Team who compete in middle distance running events participated. Among males, results of the repeated measures ANOVA found no significant difference among the three warm-up protocols for the first 400 meters completed. For females, repeated measures ANOVA results found no significant difference among the protocols for the first 200 meters completed. However, at the completion of the 800-meter time trial, a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) was seen among both males and females; post hoc analyses indicated that the high intensity warm-up group had a statistically significantly lower (i.e., better) total time than the low intensity warm-up group.

A monitoring program is essential in assuring goal attainment and reducing the risk of overtraining or undertraining, establishing long-term athlete development, and ensuring success. This monitoring program needs to be integrated into the training process, developed, and executed by both the sport science and coaching staff. This staff forms the SPEG (sports performance enhancement group), which is athlete centered and coach driven. The purpose of this dissertation was to create an evidence based, or white box approach, to collegiate distance running by identifying key characteristics, utilizing appropriate monitoring tools, and examining the annual plan. Collegiate distance runners took part in a monitoring program through East Tennessee State University, which included vertical jumps, V̇O2max, running economy, anthropometrics, isometric mid-thigh pull, performance results and ultrasound measurements. There were strong correlations between performance results and monitoring data, and there were significant changes that occurred throughout the monitoring program. The results indicate the importance of V̇O2max in collegiate runners and that monitoring variables, including performance, sum of skinfolds, ultrasound and vertical jumps significantly change throughout the competitive season. The results also identify characteristics of a high-level runner and indicate the impact that a strength program can have on monitoring variables and performance. Results further suggest that strength can be a critical component of a training program, can be tracked through systematic monitoring, and is associated with an increase in performance.

Athletes complete a balance of training loads and rest periods, risking overtraining when this balance favors excessive training. Diagnostic biomarkers have been suggested but a clear diagnostic method is not available. This preliminary study's objective was to use data standardization to improve an electronic nose's (enose) discrimination model for athletes' breathprints after cumulative and acute training loads. Collegiate long distance runners were observed throughout competitive training seasons. Prolonged training effects were observed through Profile of Mood States (POMS) surveys and blood and breath samples collected at the beginning (Pre-Study) and end of the training season (Post-Study). Immediate training effects were observed for one low (LI) and one high (HI) intensity acute training load. Subjects provided blood and breath samples before the LI (BSR) and HI (BLR), completed the training load, and provided blood and breath samples after each training load (ASR; ALR). Blood was analyzed for antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase). Breath samples were analyzed with a Cyranose® 320 (C320) enose. Age, gender, and training loads affected oxidative states, with the HI having more effect than the LI. Mood profiles indicated healthy and successful athletes. Neither POMS nor blood parameters suggested overtrained athletes. The C320 successfully discriminated between breathprints of athletes correlating to the training loads. Direct data standardization through carbon dioxide as a baseline sensor purge correctly classified 100 percent of the data through linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Indirect data standardization by subtracting Pre-Study data from the subsequent data classes (e.g. BSR) correctly classified 96 percent of the data. An LDA on the combined blood parameters correctly classified 61.9 percent of the data. The blood analyses required invasive sample collections and involved procedures that took a long time (hours). In comparison, the best C320 model correctly classified 96 percent of the data and required less invasive sample collections, simple analysis, and short result times (minutes). Evidence suggested the C320 will provide a simple and noninvasive method for clinically diagnosing the onset of overtraining. The unit is small, handheld, rapid, and noninvasive so it could also be used on- site to provide immediate feedback for training optimization. / Ph. D.

When distance runners are recruited or walk-on to participate on their college track teams, they have two main goals in mind. They want to have a satisfying individual and team experience, and they have a desire to win and be the best. The outcomes of these goals are most directly influenced by their coach, who plans, develops, and implements the mental and physical aspects of the distance runners' overall training program. Wins and losses can be measured on the track, but distance runners' perceptions of satisfaction with their athletic experience are not often or easily assessed. Based on the advantages that satisfaction can offer student-athletes, this study was designed to achieve a dual purpose. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between collegiate distance runners' satisfaction and training protocols. The secondary purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between collegiate distance runners' training program satisfaction and performance. The participants included 130 NCAA distance runners from the six major Division I conferences. In order to assess satisfaction levels of training and instruction protocols and performance, the procedures required the distance runners to complete the 2010 Track Distance Athlete Satisfaction and Performance Questionnaire. The 2010 Track Distance Athlete Satisfaction and Performance Questionnaire was comprised of the following four sections: training (satisfaction), instruction (satisfaction), performance (satisfaction), and demographic information. The results were analyzed to determine the relationships between satisfaction and the training and instruction protocols and between overall training program satisfaction and performance, gender, and academic level. The results of this study indicated that NCAA Division I distance runners perceive their coaches' overall training programs and training and instruction protocols as satisfying. Further research is needed to continue to fill the gap in the satisfaction and performance literature and to develop a comprehensive understanding of this complex relationship. Overall, this study found that distance runners who are satisfied with their training program tend to be confident in their training, motivated, trusting of the coach and his or her training program, and enjoy their college racing and training experience. Therefore, satisfaction also positively affects distance runner retention. / Ph. D.

Athletic performance is improved by increasing training loads but it is difficult to determine an athlete's response to a training load and the amount of stress incurred. This makes athletes susceptible to overtraining, leading to decreased performance levels, due to physical exhaustion and oxidative stress. Past studies have observed a myriad of biomarkers without conclusively identifying a clinically specific marker for overtraining due to oxidative stress. These methods require invasive testing and lengthy result times, making real-time adjustments of training programs to prevent overtraining difficult. The use of an electronic nose (enose) as a non-invasive evaluation tool will provide immediate feedback on training stress, allowing for real-time training adjustments for performance optimization. Two long distance runners (one male and one female) completed a pilot study. Both performed a short run and the female performed a long run. Blood samples were collected from each athlete before and after each run and analyzed for catalase and GPx activity. Breath samples were also collected before and after each run and analyzed by an enose. Multivariate analyses of combined blood data yielded better results than individual analyses. Although data was limited for this pilot study, canonical discriminant analyses (CDA) showed separation between before and after run and between short and long run breath samples. Cross validations also found up to a 77.8 percent prediction accuracy for the enose. Results indicate an enose is feasible for detecting changes in the breath occurring after physically demanding exercise perhaps due to oxidative stress incurred during the exercise. / Master of Science

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