Submitted by Beatrice Aline Zimmermann (beatrice_aline@hotmail.com) on 2016-08-29T14:15:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Beatrice.pdf: 2126367 bytes, checksum: 55327cd076b375747101dababb19f11d (MD5) / Rejected by Letícia Monteiro de Souza (leticia.dsouza@fgv.br), reason: Prezada Beatrice, favor alterar seu trabalho de acordo com as normas ABNT: 1: cabeçalho: Por favor verificar cabeçalhos de outros trabalhos dos seus colegas. O nome da fundação não possuí acento. Retirar de todas as páginas que contem esse erro. 2: títulos das sessões: O título do 'Resumo', 'Abstract' e 'Sumário' devem estar em caixa alta, centralizado e negritado. 3: É recomendável que haja a sessão de agradecimentos. Pelo menos para o orientador. Não se esquecer que o título da sessão deve estar em caixa alta, centralizado e negritado. Atenciosamente, Letícia Monteiro 3799-3631 on 2016-08-29T14:34:35Z (GMT) / Submitted by Beatrice Aline Zimmermann (beatrice_aline@hotmail.com) on 2016-08-29T17:28:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Beatrice.pdf: 2127505 bytes, checksum: f73adb9f1d290ca33ba5bdfa3f4a10cf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Letícia Monteiro de Souza (leticia.dsouza@fgv.br) on 2016-08-29T17:35:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Beatrice.pdf: 2127505 bytes, checksum: f73adb9f1d290ca33ba5bdfa3f4a10cf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T17:38:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Beatrice.pdf: 2127505 bytes, checksum: f73adb9f1d290ca33ba5bdfa3f4a10cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-19 / The recent focus on the importance of infrastructure to growth and economic development combined with the importance given to the issue of poverty and its reduction have been causing discussions on rural electrification over the past few years. This relation, in theory, occurs through ways that involve objective economic factors that generally relate to increase of the productivity in places where the investment takes place. In these locations, theoretically, we should observe an increase in the range of private productive activities undertaken, since under these circumstances it is expected that productivity of the factors is greater. In addition to these routes, there are still other channels involving more subtle aspects of investment in electrification. In this sense, one can cite, for example, improvements related to education and health, ranging from extension of school activities to other shifts and the access to teaching tools before unviable, up to reductions in natality and mortality rates, related to better access to information and to improvements in the health facilities. Based on these statements, this study aims to contribute to the understanding of the importance of electrical infrastructure for people living in remote areas of the big cities of Brazil, using for it the Agricultural Census (1996 and 2006), the School Census (1997 to 2011), the health database (DATASUS, 2000 to 2010) and the program Luz Para Todos (LPT) of the federal government of Brazil, put in place in 2003. Overall, the results indicate the program increases the chances of rural establishments and rural schools have access to electricity. Moreover, the results show effects from electrification provided by the program on health and education issues. On the productive aspects, however, were not found significant effects. / O recente foco dado à relevância da infraestrutura para o crescimento e desenvolvimento econômico combinado com a importância dada à questão da pobreza e de sua redução vêm ensejando as discussões sobre eletrificação rural ao longo dos últimos anos. Tal relação se dá, em teoria, por caminhos que envolvem fatores econômicos objetivos que, geralmente, se relacionam ao aumento da produtividade nos locais onde ocorre o investimento. Nesses locais, teoricamente, deve-se observar um aumento na gama de atividades produtivas privadas desenvolvidas, dado que sob essas circunstâncias é esperado que a produtividade dos fatores seja maior. Além dessas vias, ainda existem outros canais que envolvem aspectos mais sutis do investimento em eletrificação. Nesse sentido, pode-se citar, por exemplo, os aprimoramentos relacionados à educação e saúde, que vão desde a extensão das atividades escolares para outros turnos e a disponibilidade do acesso a ferramentas de ensino antes inviáveis, até a redução das taxas de natalidade e mortalidade, advindas, por exemplo, do acesso à informação e do melhor atendimento prestado nas unidades de saúde. Com base nisso, o presente estudo busca colaborar para o entendimento da importância da infraestrutura elétrica para as populações residentes em áreas afastadas dos grandes centros do Brasil, utilizando para tanto os Censos Agropecuários (1996 e 2006), os Censos Escolares (1997 a 2011), a base de dados de saúde (DATASUS, 2000 a 2010) e o programa Luz Para Todos (LPT) do governo federal do Brasil, colocado em prática no ano de 2003. De maneira geral, os resultados encontrados apontam que o programa afetou de forma significativa as chances de os estabelecimentos rurais e das escolas das áreas rurais possuírem energia elétrica. Além disso, encontrou-se efeitos da eletrificação advinda do programa sobre questões de acesso à escola e de saúde em termos demográficos. Sobre os aspectos produtivos, contudo, não se verificou efeitos significativos.

In this report, the modeling process and operation of an autonomous hybrid power system is studied. It is built based on a hypothetical case study of electrification of a remote village of 100 inhabitants in Kenya. The power demand is estimated and the costs of equipment components are specified after extensive research, so that the techno-economical design of the system can be carried out. The microgrid consists of photovoltaics, wind turbine, batteries, diesel genset, basic loads and water pumping and purification load. The system is modeled and simulated in terms of power management and its operation as well as the performance of the dispatch strategy is assessed. Problems like the management of extra power or tackling the deficit of power in the system are addressed. The model represents reliably the behavior of the microgrid and several improving actions are suggested.

O trabalho de pesquisa tem por objetivo estudar e oferecer uma nova política de eletrificação rural para o Estado de São Paulo, tendo por base o seguinte questionamento: cabe ao Estado de São Paulo manter política própria de eletrificação rural após a lei da universalização, nº 10.438/2002, do programa Luz para Todos e, ainda, do conjunto de Resoluções da ANEEL sobre o assunto? A abordagem do assunto tem por base a experiência do autor sobre o tema eletrificação rural, em especial com os programas desenvolvidos no Estado a partir de 1996, sob gestão ou coordenação da CERESP, órgão da Secretaria de Saneamento e Energia (SSE). A regulação da época previa que o interessado deveria pagar pelo custo de conexão à rede elétrica das concessionárias, assim, os programas desenvolvidos até então, tratavam de complexos sistemas de financiamento dessas conexões. As inovações desses programas contribuíram para a implantação da lei da universalização 10.438/2002 e do programa Luz para Todos. O programa Luz para Todos trata a universalização de modo diferente daquele determinado pela Resolução 456/2000, em que os benefícios concedidos aos interessados atendidos pelo programa são mais abrangentes daqueles permitidos pela regulação atual. A pesquisa mostra que esse é o diferencial que permite a real universalização do acesso ao serviço público de eletricidade no meio rural, de forma adequada. O programa será encerrado em dezembro de 2010, cabendo às concessionárias atender os interessados apenas pelos critérios da universalização. O trabalho aponta grande possibilidade de exclusão do acesso à eletricidade a partir desse momento, e propõe oferecer ao Estado uma pesquisa que indique caminhos que possibilite a São Paulo antecipar-se às consequências que virão com fim do Programa Luz para Todos. Trata-se, assim, de pesquisa que envolve experiência profissional e conhecimento acadêmico. / The research work aims to study and provide a new policy of rural electrification in the State of Sao Paulo, based on the following question: \"the State of Sao Paulo must maintain its own policy of rural electrification after the universal law, nº 10.438/2002, the Light for All program and also the set of resolutions by ANEEL on the matter?\" The approach to the subject is based on the author\'s experience on the subject of rural electrification, especially through programs developed in the state since 1996, under the management or coordination of CERESP, organ of the SSE. The regulation of time provided that the person should pay for the cost of grid connection to the utilities power grids, therefore the programs developed so far, dealt with complex financial systems of these connections. The innovations of these programs contributed to the implementation of the law universal nº 10438/2002 and the Light for All program. The Light for All Program is universal and so different from that determined by ANEEL Resolution 456/2000, where the benefits granted to persons enrolled in the program are the most comprehensive of those allowed by current regulation. Research shows that this is the differential that allows the real universal access to public electricity in rural areas, as appropriate. The program will end in December 2010, leaving it to dealers only meet the criteria of universality. The work shows great possibility of exclusion from access to electricity from that time, and proposes giving the state a survey indicating that enable paths to Sao Paulo to anticipate the consequences that come with the end of the Light for All Program. Therefore, it is a research that involves work experience and academic knowledge.

CAMARGO, Ednaldo J. S. Programa Luz para Todos da eletrificação rural à universalização do acesso à energia elétrica. Da necessidade de uma política de Estado, 2010, 127 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Energia) Programa de Pós-Graduação em Energia da Universidade de São Paulo, 2010 A criação do Programa Luz para Todos, em 11 de novembro de 2003, por meio da Lei 10.762, e sua regulamentação pelo Decreto 4.873, da mesma data, trouxe novos temas para o âmbito do estudo da eletrificação rural. O Programa luz para Todos acumulou em sua estruturação uma somatória de conhecimentos e experiências anteriores, com um arranjo financeiro que possibilitou uma solução até então inédita para o atendimento do morador pobre das áreas rurais: a total gratuidade da ligação. Esta solução foi possível graças a um arranjo financeiro que envolveu diversas partes. O Governo Federal, com recursos de dois fundos setoriais a RGR Reserva Global de Reversão e a CDE Conta de Desenvolvimento Energético, sendo a CDE lançada a fundo perdido, como subvenção e a RGR na forma de financiamento, os Governos Estaduais e os agentes concessionários e permissionários, não havendo qualquer participação financeira de parte do consumidor a ser ligado. Este arranjo tripartite varia dependendo do impacto tarifário que a ligação ou conjunto de ligações gerar para o agente executor da obra, assim, eventualmente o percentual de CDE pode ser superior ao da RGR ou mesmo o valor do governo do Estado pode ser igual ao da CDE. Essa estrutura de custo viabilizou em pouco mais de seis anos a ligação de mais de dois milhões e cem mil domicílios muitos deles que jamais poderiam ser atendidos de outra forma, pois que mais de 60% desses atendimentos foram em famílias com renda familiar inferior a um salário mínimo. O problema que se coloca é que o Programa tem prazo para acabar: 31 de dezembro de 2.010 e o quadro que se vislumbra é o retorno às normas anteriores ao Programa que possuem viés excludente. O principal problema apontado é o retorno às normas da Resolução 456, de 29 de novembro de 2000. Esta regulação estabelece que o atendimento da concessionária se dá até o limite da propriedade, decorrendo que, a partir desse ponto, todos os custos são suportados pelo consumidor que solicitou o serviço. Durante a vigência do Programa Luz para Todos estas normas estiveram suspensas para as ligações efetuadas sob a égide do Programa, pois o Decreto que regulamentou a Lei que criou o Programa efetuou uma transferência de titularidade normativa, determinando que o Ministério de Minas e Energia criaria um Manual de Operacionalização com as normas para a efetivação do Programa, deste modo suspendeu a aplicabilidade das normas que fossem conflitantes com o Manual de Operacionalização. Com o fim do Programa e o retorno do quadro regulatório anterior se prevê uma situação de exclusão, pelo que são propostas alterações normativas para transformar o que é Programa de Governo em Política de Estado e, assim, garantir que as futuras gerações não sejam vítimas de um sistema elétrico baseado na exclusão dos moradores pobres das áreas rurais.. / CAMARGO, Ednaldo J. S. Luz para Todos - from rural electrification to universal access to electricity. The need for a state policy, 2010, 131 p. Dissertation (Master in Energy) - Post-Graduation in Energy at the Universidade de São Paulo, 2010 The creation of Luz para Todos Program, at November, 11, 2003, through Law 10.762, and its regulation by Decree 4.873, at the same day, brought new themes for the study of rural electrification. The Luz para Todos Program accumulated in their structure a sum of knowledge and previous experience with a financial solution that enabled a hitherto unprecedented solution for meeting the resident poor rural areas: a totally free connection. This solution was possible through a financial arrangement involving various parties. The Federal Government, with funds from two sector funds - RGR Reserve Global Reversion and CDE - Energy Development Account, CDE released the grant and RGR in the form of funding, the state governments and agents dealers and authorized the absence of any contribution of the consumer to be connected. This tripartite arrangement varied depending on the tariff impact that the connection or set of links would generate for the executive agent of the work, so eventually the percentage of CDE could be higher than the RGR or the value of the state government could be equal to the CDE. This cost structure made possible in just over six years the connection of more than two million one hundred thousand homes, many of which could never be met otherwise, for more than 60% of these visits were in families with income less than minimum wage. The problem that arises is that the program has a term to end: December 31, 2010 and the picture that is emerging is the return to the pre program regulations that are exclusionary. The main problem cited is return to the norms of Resolution 456 of 29 November 2000. This regulation requires the attendance of the licensee is given to the extent of the property, with the result that, from that point, all costs are borne by the consumer who requested the service. During the term of Luz para Todos Program these rules have been suspended for calls made under the auspices of the Program. Because the Decree implementing the Law that created the program effected a transfer of ownership regulations, determining that the Ministry of Mines and Energy would an Operating Manual to the standards for the realization of the program, thus suspended the applicability of the rules that would conflict with the Operating Manual. With the end of the program and return the previous regulatory framework provides for an exclusion, so that legislative changes are proposed to transform what is government\'s programs in state policy and thus ensure that future generations do not suffer a electric system based on the exclusion of the poor residents of rural areas

Le développement des systèmes énergétiques renouvelables et/ou conventionnels pour l’alimentation des zones décentralisées est confronté à de multiples barrières techniques, institutionnelles, socioculturelles et surtout financières. La solution défendue dans cette thèse est de rechercher des approches pour concevoir des systèmes durables et rentables, conditions requises pour le développement de l’électrification rurale par le secteur privé. L’analyse des différents critères économiques permet tout d’abord de définir plusieurs types d’équivalence entre critères économiques : équivalence décisionnelle, équivalence pour le dimensionnement optimal et équivalence pour le classement des solutions techniques. Cette première étude permet de démontrer que les 3 critères économiques habituellement utilisés (le LCOE, le taux de rentabilité interne, et le temps de retour sur investissement) aboutiront à des solutions techniques optimales différentes. Un modèle technico-économique est alors développé pour les systèmes hybrides PV/Diesel sans batteries de stockage en site isolé. Une application au site 2iE-K1 (Ouagadougou) permet de valider la conformité des modèles par comparaison au logiciel HOMER. On montre que les critères de taux de rentabilité interne maximum ou de temps de retour sur investissement minimum limitent l’investissement et le montant de la dette maximale. Plusieurs solutions optimales, dépendant du critère économique considéré, sont alors proposées pour un cas d’application réel : l’électrification de la localité rurale de Bilgo. Le travail réalisé au cours de cette thèse se situe donc dans la branche des outils de dimensionnement optimal et d’optimisation technico-économique des systèmes de production décentralisée d’énergie. / The development of renewable and / or conventional energy systems for power supply to decentralized areas faces many technical, institutional, socio-cultural and financial barriers. The solution recommended in this thesis is to look for approaches to design sustainable and cost-effective systems for the development of rural electrification by the private sector. An analysis of various economic criteria allows first to define several types of equivalence inter-linking them: equivalence for investment decision, equivalence for the optimal sizing and equivalence for ranking technical solutions. This first study shows that the three economic criteria usually used (levelized cost of energy, internal rate of return and discounted payback period) lead to different optimal technical solutions. A techno-economic model is then developed for off-grid batteryless PV/Diesel hybrid systems. An application to 2iE-K1 campus (Ouagadougou) has been done to validate the compliance of models compared to HOMER software. It shows that the maximum internal rate of return criteria or minimum discounted payback period criteria reduces the initial investment and the amount of the maximum debt. Several optimal solutions are then obtained, depending on economic criteria under consideration. The electrification of the rural community of Bilgo has been chosen for a real case study. The work carried out, through this thesis, could be classified in the category of optimal design and techno-economic optimization tools for off-grid energy production systems.

A Madagascar, la politique d’électrification rurale repose sur le partenariat entre les acteurs public et privé. Le modèle d’électrification y est essentiellement basé sur des systèmes décentralisés. De nos jours, ce secteur n’a pas encore prouvé sa pleine réussite. Le taux d’accès à l’électricité en zone rurale malgache demeure très faible. La plupart des recherches concernant l’efficacité des projets d’électrification porte sur les performances techniques et financières des systèmes de production. Très peu d’études s’intéressent aux questions relatives à l’impact socio-économique. La thèse vise à apporter une meilleure connaissance des mécanismes par lesquels l’électrification rurale joue sur le bien-être humain, dans le cadre d’une évaluation d’impact. L’analyse est abordée du point de vue de l’approche par les capabilités. L’exigence de ce cadre en termes de mesure des réalisations, et des réalisables qui ne sont pas supposés observables directement, demande une démarche méthodologique plus rigoureuse. Aussi, la thèse propose une combinaison d’approches différentes, qualitatives, quantitatives ainsi que de dynamique temporelle sur la base d’événements décrits par des enquêtes biographiques. La thèse met en évidence l’intérêt de resituer l’électrification rurale sur une trajectoire de vie autrement qu’un simple événement ponctuel. Les résultats révèlent que la hausse des capabilités constitue une condition nécessaire pour accéder à l’électricité. Cette source d’énergie renforce les capabilités des ménages ruraux en s’insérant dans une trajectoire de vie préétablie. Dans une moindre mesure, l’électrification rurale permet aux ménages pauvres d’initier une trajectoire ascendante. / In Madagascar, rural electrification policy is focused on the partnership between public and private actors. Decentralized system is mainly the model used to serve rural electricity needs. However, this sector hasn’t shown its full success. The rate of access to electricity remains very low in Malagasy rural area. Most research on the effectiveness of electrification projects concerns the technical and financial performances of production systems. Studies related to socio-economic impact are very few. The thesis aims to provide a better understanding on the mechanisms by which rural electrification influences human well-being, through an impact assessment. Evaluation is based on Sen’s capabilities framework. The empirical applications of this framework should provide more rigorous methodological approach. Therefore, a combination of different approaches, qualitative, quantitative and temporal dynamics is proposed. The thesis highlights the interest to place rural electrification on a life trajectory other than a one-time event. Results reveal that, the rise of capabilities is a condition for access to electricity. This energy enhances households’ capabilities by inserting in a predetermined trajectory. Findings demonstrate, to a lesser extent, that rural electrification allows poor households to initiate an upward trajectory.

Universal access to electricity stands high on the global agenda and is regarded as essential for positive development in sectors such as health care, education, poverty reduction, food production and climate change. Decentralized, off-grid electrification is deemed an important complement to centralized grid extension. By utilizing a renewable energy source, solar technology for the generation of electricity, photovoltaics (PV) is being considered as a way forward to minimize the environmental problems related to energy use. This thesis aims to contribute to improving the technical and social feasibility of PV and PV-diesel hybrid micro-grids for the purpose of providing access to electricity to people in rural areas of countries with low level access to electricity. In line with these general aims, the focus has been to address three questions related to challenges in three phases of rural electrification. The work has a multi-disciplinary approach, addressing mainly technical and social aspects of long-term sustainability of micro-grids, in a local context, and the changes these are intended to generate. One specific micro-grid in Tanzania has been used as a major case study. The thesis is developed through three papers, all presenting methodologies or aspects for investigation in rural electrification projects and studies in general, and for PV-diesel hybrid micro-grids in particular. Paper I puts forward a methodology to facilitate non-social scientific researchers to take social aspects increasingly into consideration. Paper II is a guideline to support system users to increasingly apply an evaluation based system operation. Paper III specifically highlights the importance to consider blackouts when investigating how an existing off-grid PV-diesel hybrid system shall be utilized when a national grid becomes available.

Rural areas continue to be home to the majority of the population in Africa. The importance of providing modern energy to rural areas cannot, therefore, be overemphasized.  No wonder that at presently the major energy resource in Mozambique is fuel wood biomass. Total population is estimated to be 25 million and more than 80% of the energy consumed in the country comes from fuel wood biomass. The energy from the main grid covers about 45.3% of Mozambican population which 26.8% comes from the National Grid and the remaining 18.5% from renewables and other sources. People outside the grid are mainly those living in rural and suburban areas. For most rural households in the region, biomass fuels continue to be the dominant fuel of choice. The present document suggests possible options that could have greater impact on rural clean energy development. Such options could be Solar Photovoltaic and Solar Thermal energy, Wind and Micro- hydropower for pumping water or electricity generator and Biofuels. These energy options are receiving adequate attention from policy makers and are improving rural life. These are useful Renewable Energy sources available in the rural areas since they can supply reliable, relatively cost-effective electricity for basic needs in developing countries. They can be used to improve the lives of people in many ways, including supplying clean electricity to light homes, hospitals, schools, small shops, and other infrastructures, pumping water, etc. For example, using the natural resource of wind, sunlight, rivers and Jatropha plants can improve the lives of many people in general and those in rural areas in particular. This paper aims to describe and discuss the present status of renewable energy technologies in developing countries (case of Mozambique), to define the plausible ways for expanding rural electrification and improving the life conditions for the rural population.

This project work focuses on the feasibility study of a hybrid PV-Wind System for rural electrification at the Estatuene Locality in southern Mozambique. This is in line with electricity network expansion, which, in Mozambique shows high implementation cost and low operation cost. Through field research, an analysis was made of the actual electrical demand in the Estatuene rural community. The wind data was collected from the installed weather stations in the region while the solar data were extracted internally from the HOMER software by introducing the site coordinates. All the configurations, simulations and selection of hybrid systems were also made using HOMER. For the Estatuene rural community it was estimated a scaled annual average demand of 9.4 kWh/day with a peak load of 1.4 kW for DC charge; and a total scaled annual average of 133 kWh/day with a peak load of 15.3 kW for AC Charge. The annual mean solar potential is 5.205 kWh/m2/d, and the mean wind speed is 4.84 m/s for 12 meters above the ground. Thus the calculations and the selection of the best configuration of the hybrid system were crossed out with the technical specifications and costs of photovoltaic panels, wind turbines, power converter, batteries, and the electricity network, specifically for the comparison between an optimum hybrid system solution and two separate ones. The calculations presented an analysis of the technical and the financial viability of the selected hybrid system for local electric power production.

The high cost of grid extension to rural areas, often characterized by scattered communities with low load densities, requires the use of low cost electrification technologies to ensure economic viability. In Single Wire Earth Return (SWER) power distribution networks, the earth itself forms the current return path of the single phase system leading to significant cost savings on conductors, poles and poletop hardware compared to conventional systems. However, challenges exist in SWER with regard to earthing and safety as well as the dependence on earth conductivity to supply consumer loads. This work presents models for the optimal planning of SWER distribution networks. The earth return path is modeled as a conductor based on the Carson line model taking into consideration specific ground properties of the considered location. A load flow algorithm for radial SWER networks is subsequently formulated whereby both overhead line and ground voltages and currents are determined. First, heuristic planning models are developed based on the SWER load flow model. The objective of the heuristic models is to determine the optimum feeder configuration and overhead conductor subject to SWER load flow constraints and load growth over several time periods. Whereas the resulting solutions are good, they may not necessarily be globally optimum. Optimization models are then developed using mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) with the aim of obtaining global solutions to the SWER network planning problem. Since the MINLP formulations are limited to the accurate analysis of limited size networks, considerations and approximations for the analysis of larger networks are presented. The developed models are applied to a case study in Uganda to test their practical application. In addition, comparative studies are done to determine how the proposed optimization models compare with previous distribution planning models. The numerical analysis includes the impact of deterministic distributed generation on the SWER planning problem. Results showed consistent performance of the proposed heuristic and optimization models, which also compared well with conventional models. The optimization models gave more cost-effective solutions to the SWER planning problem than the heuristic models. However, the former models had higher computational cost than the latter. The inclusion of distributed generation allowed for cheaper network solutions to be obtained. The models are applicable to the planning of Single Wire Earth Return networks for isolated mini-grids, grid-extension to previously un-electrified rural areas as well as the upgrade of SWER feeders in existing installations. / <p>QC 20121207</p> / Sustainable Technological Development in the Lake Victoria Region