This paper shows the results of asurvey on use of traditional medicinal plants of K’ho people who living in the buffer zone of Chu Yang Sin National Park, Central Highlands, Vietnam. Total of 66 medicinal plant species belonging to 61 genera, 40 families were recorded through semi-structured interviews, group discussions and from guides of field trips who are knowledgeable about medicinal plants. These medicinal plants used by K’ho people are documented with latin name, family, local name, parts used and medicinal uses. In generally, fresh medicinal plants are mainly boiled or decocted for drinking and leaves are parts most commonly used. The results of this study showed that K’ho people still depend heavily on medicinal plants to treat diseases such as headache, fever, malaria, diarrhea, fractures, sprains and arthritis. / Bài báo này đề cập kết quả khảo sát cách sử dụng cây thuốc truyền thống của người K’ho sống ở vùng đệm Vườn quốc gia Chư Yang Sin, Việt Nam. Tổng số 66 loài cây thuốc thuộc 61 chi, 40 họ đã được ghi nhận thông qua quá trình phỏng vấn bán cấu trúc, thảo luận nhóm và từ những người dẫn đường đi thu mẫu có am hiểu về cây thuốc. Những cây thuốc truyền thống của dân tộc K’ho được tư liệu hóa gồm tên latin, tên phổ thông, bộ phận sử dụng và cộng dụng. Nhìn chung, dược liệu tươi được dùng đun hoặc sắc để uống là chủ yếu và lá là bộ phận được sử dụng phổ biến nhất. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy cộng đồng K’ho vẫn phụ thuộc vào cây thuốc để chữa trị một số bệnh như đâu đầu, sốt, sốt rét, ỉa chảy, lị, gãy xương, bong gân và thấp khớp.

Im 6. Informationsblatt zur »Umsetzung der Wasserrahmenrichtlinie in Sachsen« liegt der Schwerpunkt auf der Umsetzung von Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung des Gewässerzustands. Zum einen wird eine Zwischenbilanz zum Stand der Arbeiten gezogen. Zum anderen wird beleuchtet, ob die bisherigen Anstrengungen ausreichend sind, um die hoch gesteckten Ziele in Sachsen erreichen zu können. Außerdem werden Projekte des LfULG und seiner Partner vorgestellt, die beispielhaft für Sachsen sein können.

Soil erosion is a complex geomorphological process with varying influences of different impacts at different spatio-temporal scales. To date, measurement of soil erosion is predominantly realisable at specific scales, thereby detecting separate processes, e.g. interrill erosion contrary to rill erosion. It is difficult to survey soil surface changes at larger areal coverage such as field scale with high spatial resolution. Either net changes at the system outlet or remaining traces after the erosional event are usually measured. Thus, either quasi-point measurements are extrapolated to the corresponding area without knowing the actual sediment source as well as sediment storage behaviour on the plot or erosion rates are estimated disrupting the area of investigation during the data acquisition impeding multi-temporal assessment. Furthermore, established methods of soil erosion detection and quantification are typically only reliable for large event magnitudes, very labour and time intense, or inflexible. To better observe soil erosion processes at field scale and under natural conditions, the development of a method is necessary, which identifies and quantifies sediment sources and sinks at the hillslope with high spatial resolution and captures single precipitation events as well as allows for longer observation periods. Therefore, an approach is introduced, which measures soil surface changes for multi-spatio-temporal scales without disturbing the area of interest. Recent advances regarding techniques to capture high resolution topography (HiRT) data led to several promising tools for soil erosion measurement with corresponding advantages but also disadvantages. The necessity exists to evaluate those methods because they have been rarely utilised in soil surface studies. On the one hand, there is terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), which comprises high error reliability and retrieves 3D information directly. And on the other hand, there is unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology in combination with structure from motion (SfM) algorithms resulting in UAV photogrammetry, which is very flexible in the field and depicts a beneficial perspective. Evaluation of the TLS feasibility reveals that this method implies a systematic error that is distance-related and temporal constant for the investigated device and can be corrected transferring calibration values retrieved from an estimated lookup table. However, TLS still reaches its application limits quickly due to an unfavourable (almost horizontal) scanning view at the soil surface resulting in a fast decrease of point density and increase of noise with increasing distance from the device. UAV photogrammetry allows for a better perspective (birds-eye view) onto the area of interest, but possesses more complex error behaviour, especially in regard to the systematic error of a DEM dome, which depends on the method for 3D reconstruction from 2D images (i.e. options for additional implementation of observations) and on the image network configuration (i.e. parallel-axes and control point configuration). Therefore, a procedure is developed that enables flexible usage of different cameras and software tools without the need of additional information or specific camera orientations and yet avoiding this dome error. Furthermore, the accuracy potential of UAV photogrammetry describing rough soil surfaces is assessed because so far corresponding data is missing. Both HiRT methods are used for multi-temporal measurement of soil erosion processes resulting in surface changes of low magnitudes, i.e. rill and especially interrill erosion. Thus, a reference with high accuracy and stability is a requirement. A local reference system with sub-cm and at its best 1 mm accuracy is setup and confirmed by control surveys. TLS and UAV photogrammetry data registration with these targets ensures that errors due to referencing are of minimal impact. Analysis of the multi-temporal performance of both HiRT methods affirms TLS to be suitable for the detection of erosion forms of larger magnitudes because of a level of detection (LoD) of 1.5 cm. UAV photogrammetry enables the quantification of even lower magnitude changes (LoD of 1 cm) and a reliable observation of the change of surface roughness, which is important for runoff processes, at field plots due to high spatial resolution (1 cm²). Synergetic data fusion as a subsequent post-processing step is necessary to exploit the advantages of both HiRT methods and potentially further increase the LoD. The unprecedented high level of information entails the need for automatic geomorphic feature extraction due to the large amount of novel content. Therefore, a method is developed, which allows for accurate rill extraction and rill parameter calculation with high resolution enabling new perspectives onto rill erosion that has not been possible before due to labour and area access limits. Erosion volume and cross sections are calculated for each rill revealing a dominant rill deepening. Furthermore, rill shifting in dependence of the rill orientation towards the dominant wind direction is revealed. Two field plots are installed at erosion prone positions in the Mediterranean (1,000 m²) and in the European loess belt (600 m²) to ensure the detection of surface changes, permitting the evaluation of the feasibility, potential and limits of TLS and UAV photogrammetry in soil erosion studies. Observations are made regarding sediment connectivity at the hillslope scale. Both HiRT methods enable the identification of local sediment sources and sinks, but still exhibiting some degree of uncertainty due to the comparable high LoD in regard to laminar accumulation and interrill erosion processes. At both field sites wheel tracks and erosion rills increase hydrological and sedimentological connectivity. However, at the Mediterranean field plot especially dis-connectivity is obvious. At the European loess belt case study a triggering event could be captured, which led to high erosion rates due to high soil moisture contents and yet further erosion increase due to rill amplification after rill incision. Estimated soil erosion rates range between 2.6 tha-1 and 121.5 tha-1 for single precipitation events and illustrate a large variability due to very different site specifications, although both case studies are located in fragile landscapes. However, the susceptibility to soil erosion has different primary causes, i.e. torrential precipitation at the Mediterranean site and high soil erodibility at the European loess belt site. The future capability of the HiRT methods is their potential to be applicable at yet larger scales. Hence, investigations of the importance of gullys for sediment connectivity between hillslopes and channels are possible as well as the possible explanation of different erosion rates observed at hillslope and at catchment scales because local sediment sink and sources can be quantified. In addition, HiRT data can be a great tool for calibrating, validating and enhancing soil erosion models due to the unprecedented level of detail and the flexible multi-spatio-temporal application.

Water resources in the semi-arid to arid areas of Central Asia are often limited by low precipitation, and hence vulnerable to impacts of global change, i.e. socio-economic development and climate change. Both, socio-economic development and climate change are very likely causing significant changes as water resources are affected by two main effects: Firstly, growing population and industrial activities in the region raise the pressure on water resources due to increasing water abstractions. Secondly, air temperature in the region has been rising in the past far above global average and it is expected to increase further, which will lead to changes in runoff generation and therefore water availability. Increasing temperature as well as increasing water abstractions will affect water quantity and consequently water quality as a result of higher pollution intake or reduction in dilution capacity. Thus, it is of crucial importance to analyse and assess the state of current and future water resources to implement sustainable water management as the above mentioned effects very likely causing significant changes of water resources. Within the last years, the number of scientific research studies using large-scale models to simulate water availability and water use has increased substantially. Several new datasets from earth observations and new or improved models have been published (Werth et al. 2009; Werth and Güntner 2010; van Beek et al. 2011). Nevertheless, those studies focussed on water quantity and did not take into account impacts on water quality induced by global change although changes in water quality affecting aquatic ecosystems and species. Furthermore, spatially explicit large-scale modelling studies have not been carried out for Mongolia and Central Asia to get a comprehensive overview and assessment. To address this research gap, the large-scale water resource modelling framework WaterGAP 3 was applied to Central Asia with a focus on Mongolia to simulate impacts on current and future water resources. WaterGAP 3 consists of hydrology, water use and water quality sub-models in order to simulate current and future water quantity and quality.

Für die Reinigungseffizienz ist die Kenntnis des Wirkzusammenhangs zwischen Schmutzbeschaffenheit und Reinigungsverhalten bedeutsam, da der Reinigungsbedarf von den Schmutzeigenschaften bestimmt wird. Bisher ist jedoch unzureichend dokumentiert, worauf der Reinigungsbedarf von kohäsiven Lebensmittelrückständen im immergierten System zurückgeführt werden kann. Anhand von Reinigungsuntersuchungen in einer Fließzelle werden die Auswirkungen physikochemischer Schmutzparameter (z.B. elektrisches Potential, energetischer Zustand, Molekülgröße) von Proteinen und Stärken getestet, um Empfehlungen für eine ressourceneffiziente Reinigungspraxis abzuleiten. Die Vielfalt der physikochemischen Eigenschaften von Lebensmittelinhaltsstoffen wird durch gezielte Modifizierung (physikalisch, chemisch, enzymatisch) simuliert und unter Anwendung verschiedener Analysetechniken charakterisiert. Die vorgestellte Durchflusszelle ermöglicht vergleichende Untersuchungen zum Abtragsverhalten an einer Vielzahl von Verschmutzungen in verschiedenen Messkonfigurationen. Es konnten Prozessbedingungen (Fließrate, Temperatur) identifiziert werden und die Genauigkeit der Fließmethode durch Vergleich von spektroskopisch und gravimetrisch ermittelten Abtragswerten gezeigt werden. Die Reinigungsuntersuchungen an Polymerverschmutzungen zeigten eine deutliche Differenzierung hinsichtlich Polymerart und pH der Modifizierung und können auf Lifschitz van der Waals- oder elektrostatische Wechselwirkungen zurückgeführt werden. Die Auswirkungen hitzeinduzierter Strukturveränderungen und der Proteinvernetzung waren nicht signifikant. Der Grad der enzymatischen Stärkehydrolyse wurde über rheologische Messungen und den DE-Wert charakterisiert, wobei mit zunehmender Inkubationsdauer die Reinigungseffizienz in ähnlicher Weise zur Löslichkeit steigt. Die Anwendung eines Enzymreinigers aus Diastase verbesserte signifikant die Reinigungseffizienz von Stärke- sowie Dextrinverschmutzungen und es wurde eine Modellvorstellung abgeleitet, nach der geringer kationisch geladene, niederenergetische und niedermolekulare Rückstände einen kleineren Reinigungsbedarf erfordern.

Schriftenreihe des Sächsischen Landesamtes für Umwelt, Landwirtschaft und Geologie

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Energy efficiency of IT infrastructures has been a well-discussed research topic for several decades. The resulting approaches include hardware optimizations, resource management in operating systems, network protocols, and many more. The approach the authors present in this chapter is a self-optimization technique for IT infrastructures, which takes hard- and software components as well as users of software applications into account. It is able to ensure minimal energy consumption for a user request along with a set of non-functional requirements (e.g., the refresh rate of a data extraction tool). To optimize the ratio between utility of end users and the cost in terms of energy consumption, the system needs inherent variability leading to differentiated energy profiles and mechanisms to reconfigure the system at runtime. The authors present their approach called Energy Auto-Tuning (EAT) comprised of these mechanisms and an architecture which automatically tunes the energy efficiency of IT systems.

Energy efficiency is gaining more and more importance, since well-known ecological reasons lead to rising energy costs. In consequence, energy consumption is now also an important economical criterion. Energy consumption of single hardware resources has been thoroughly optimized for years. Now software becomes the major target of energy optimization. In this paper we introduce an approach called energy auto tuning(EAT), which optimizes energy efficiency of software systems running on multiple resources. The optimization of more than one resource leads to higher energy savings, because communication costs can be taken into account. E.g., if two components run on the same resource, the communication costs are likely to be less, compared to be running on different resources. The best results can be achieved in heterogeneous environments as different resource characteristics enlarge the synergy effects gainable by our optimization technique. EAT software systems derive all possible distributions of themselves on a given set of hardware resources and reconfigure themselves to achieve the lowest energy consumption possible at any time. In this paper we describe our software architecture to implement EAT.

The handbook presented in this paper summarises the results of the research initiative “International Water Research Alliance Saxony” (IWAS). The subproject “IWAS Vietnam” (Phase I, October 2008 – December 2010) focuses on the model region “South-East Asia” with emphasis on Vietnam. The project started as a joint research initiative between German and Vietnamese organisations and included contributions from academic, private and public sector in both countries. The handbook was compiled by the Technische Universität Dresden (project coordination), the Institute for Technical and Scientific Hydrology and Dresden Drainage and Sewerage Company, with substantial contributions from Vietnamese partners. / Sổ tay hướng dẫn trong bài viết này tóm lược các kết quả của sáng kiến nghiên cứu từ “Liên minh Nghiên cứu ngành nước quốc tế bang Saxony” (IWAS). Dự án nhánh “IWAS Việt Nam” (giai đoạn 1, 10/2008 - 12/2010) tập trung vào khu vực Đông Nam Á với trọng tâm là Việt Nam. Dự án khởi động như một sáng kiến liên kết nghiên cứu giữa các tổ chức của CHLB Đức và Việt Nam với sự đóng góp từ các đơn vị tư nhân, nhà nước và trường đại học của cả hai quốc gia. Quyển sổ tay này được biên soạn bởi Đại học Kỹ thuật Dresden (cơ quan điều phối dự án), Viện Công nghệ và Khoa học Thủy văn, và Công ty Thoát nước Dresden, cùng với sự đóng góp quan trọng của các đối tác Việt Nam.