Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats är att undersöka internationaliseringsstrategier för svenska startups inom den expansiva rymdindustrin, specifikt internationalisering genom branschspecifika företagsinkubatorer, med fokus på den Europeiska Rymdorganisationens Företagsinkubator, ESA BIC. Forskningsmetodiken innefattar genomförandet av semistrukturerade intervjuer med deltagare som representerar ledningen för fyra svenska entreprenörsledda företag inom rymdindustrin, där de får möjlighet att utveckla sina tankar kring företagets internationaliseringsstrategi. Uppsatsens slutsats belyser företagsinkubatorers viktiga roll i att stödja startups internationaliseringsprocess, särskilt när det gäller tillgång till nätverk, finansiering och affärsplanering. Den påvisar även hur entreprenörens egna erfarenhet, existerande nätverk, och förutsättningar påverkar behovet av en inkubator.  Den belyser också utmaningar och strategiska hinder som startups möter i den konkurrenskraftiga rymdindustrin, både inom och utanför inkubatorer. Rymdindustrin är underutforskad inom detta område och därmed ger avhandlingen värdefulla insikter om företagsinkubatorers roll i internationaliseringsprocessen för startups inom rymdindustrin, och framhäver fördelar och utmaningar som är förknippade med detta.

During the last decades, the space sector has gone through many changes; more private actors have joined, the dependence on space assets has increased, and the threat of cyberwarfare and private cyber attacks is growing. With this recent development, one wonders how we can ensure cyber security in such a specific industry. This is a multifaceted matter since there is a need to have technical solutions and to ensure that stakeholders take their responsibility, both of which will be considered in this thesis. Thirteen qualitative interviews with Swedish space stakeholders were conducted to understand the current industry landscape and which aspects should be prioritised for the future. We found that all Swedish actors must begin to cooperate, both state and businesses should contribute to a change in priority and technical experts should have more influence. The results were also applied and evaluated with the Multistakeholder Model. We examined distributed ledger technology and which adjustments were needed to make it applicable to satellites to include a technical aspect. We found that an update of the underlying structure and the choice of Proof of Stake as a consensus method could make distributed ledgers less demanding of computational power and storage.

Our society is more dependent on global problem-solving than ever before. Megaprojects are one way of solving this challenge. Even though some of them are supposed to give answers to the direst problems of our time, our knowledge about them is paradoxically poor that leads to economic losses. The areas that especially demand attention are the project architecture, relationships, and innovative governance solutions that promote collaboration. The purpose of the thesis is to explore how megaprojects are governed in regard to collaboration through the case of a science-focused intergovernmental megaproject. The report builds an understanding of megaprojects, governance, and collaboration. Then it attempts to identify how governance affects collaboration over the paradox of control and flexibility within the case of the International Space Station (ISS) as one of the most recognized examples of megaprojects. It has been found that contractual and relational governance should be both present within megaproject governance. Because historically contractual arrangements are dominating governance, additional focus is required on the relational counterpart. The five main parts of the ISS governance, legal framework, organizational structure, goals, roles, and funding system, are mainly related to contractual governance, facilitating control. However, they also feature mechanisms that promote flexibility, thus providing a platform for collaborative practices to be formed. The top tier of the legal framework provides stability but the lower tiers offer opportunities to implement changes in the program. The goals of the ISS serve as a strong motivator that puts the common goals in front of the individual agendas of the partner countries. Furthermore, concerning funding, the in-kind contributions system provides a different set of incentives through bartering, compared to the traditionally used financing, and supports the collaborative environment by building closer relationships with industry partners. The example of the ISS revealed valuable lessons to better understand intergovernmental megaprojects and solve the challenges of the future affecting us. / Vårt samhälle är mer beroende av problemlösning på en globalnivå där specifikt Megaprojekt är en form för att lösa denna utmaning. Även om vissa av dem ska ge svar på de allvarligaste problemen i vår tid, är vår kunskap om dem paradoxalt dålig vilket leder till ekonomiska förluster. De områden som särskilt kräver uppmärksamhet är projektarkitekturen, relationer och innovativa styrningslösningar som främjar samarbete. Syftet med denna masteruppsats är att undersöka hur megaprojekt styrs gällande samarbetet mellan vetenskapligt fokuserat mellanstatliga projekt. Uppsatsen skapar en ökad förståelse av megaprojekt, styrning och samarbete. Därefter identifieras hur styrning påverkar samarbetet över motsägelserna mellan kontroll och flexibilitet inom den International Space Station (ISS). ISS är ett av de mest erkända exemplen på megaprojekt. Man har funnit att både avtals- och relationell styrning bör vara närvarande inom megaprojektstyrning. Eftersom historiskt avtalsmässiga arrangemang är dominansstyrning krävs mer fokus på den relationella motsvarigheten. Den fem huvuddelarna av ISS styrning, rättsligt ramverk, organisationsstruktur, mål, roller och finansieringssystem är huvudsakligen relaterade till avtalsstyrning vilket underlättar kontroll. Delarna visas även ha mekanismer som främjar flexibilitet vilket skapar en plattform för kommande samarbetsmetoder. Den högsta nivån i den rättsliga ramen ger stabilitet medan de lägre nivåerna främjar möjligheter att genomföra förändringar i programmet. Målen med ISS fungerar som en stark motivator som sätter de gemensamma målen framför partnerländernas individuella dagordningar. Gällande finansiering tillhandahåller systemet med naturbidrag genom byteshandel en annan uppsättning incitament jämfört med den traditionellt använda finansieringen och stöder vidare samarbetsmiljön genom att bygga närmare relationer med industripartners. Exemplet på ISS avslöjade värdefulla lärdomar för att bättre förstå mellanstatliga megaprojekt och lösa framtidens utmaningar som påverkar oss.

This study is an empirical case study of the Swedish space- and automation company Unibap AB about how to build trust in the space industry. The space industry is distinctive in the way that space missions are at high stakes because of the high costs and the fact that the technology can not be modified after launch. Reliability and trust are therefore crucial factors of doing business in the space industry. Also, AI-based satellite solutions can bring huge benefits but 60% of the resistance from companies to running AI is linked to lack of trust. The concept of trust has been discussed before in the industrial marketing literature and differentiates between social sources and offer-related sources of trust. However, there appears to be an empirical as well as a theoretical gap when it comes to building trust in the space industry. Because the topic is unexplored, an exploratory methodology is used when interviewing 12 actors in the space- and high-tech industry worldwide. Since one important aspect of offer-related trust seems to be usability, this study also includes a usability evaluation of Unibap's space computer solution SpaceCloud which enables on-board AI applications. Key antecedents of trust in the space industry were found to be transparency, competence, reliability of technology, and exact delivery times. It appears that social- and offer-related trust significantly influence partnerships between companies and that offer-related trust is the most important type of trust to win contracts of tax-funded agencies. Strengths and improvements of the usability of SpaceCloud are also identified, and it is concluded that SpaceCloud has the potential to offer a new way of building satellite applications in the future.