Ten canines were utilized in a repeated design to examine the effects of stress associated with work on activity expenditure, core body temperature, and salivary cortisol. However, only eight canines had valid data results due to the ninth canine having a metabolic syndrome that was not diagnosed. The tenth canine was removed from the study prior to initiation of the search scenario due to aggression. The objective was to observe the impact of stressors associated with work on activity expenditure, core body temperature, and salivary cortisol in human remains detection canines. Nine canines were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 simulated search sites which each had two repetitions 1A) RU (rubble area with two concealed partial cadavers); 1B) RU (open crop field with one concealed partial cadaver); 2A) WA (wooded area with two concealed partial cadavers elevated off the ground); 2B) WA (wooded area with two concealed partial cadavers); 3A) MC (mass casualty area with eight exposed full body cadavers); 3B) MC (mass casualty area with five buried full body cadavers). Canines searched for an average of 90 minutes at each site which was then followed by a 10 minute rotation period where canines randomly rotated to one of the other two sites. Upon completion of the third site, canines repeated the first site location. There was a 69 minute rest period between the second and third rotation. Canines were rotated through search sites such that one canine was actively working (AW), the next canine was waiting to work (WW) and was exposed to visual and auditory stimulation in preparation for work and the third canine in the rotation was not working (NW) and crated in the handler’s vehicle with no visual or auditory stimulation associated with work 100 feet from WW area. Total activity expenditure was not influenced by site (P = 0.89) which may indicate detection canines were efficient in expending energy during this study. This correlated with the walk activity expenditure by site as it did not differ based on site (P = 0.16). The canines expended a similar amount of walk energy at each site and this may demonstrate that canines spent more time searching and in scent of the cadaver(s). Conversely, run activity expenditure was influenced by site (P = 0.03), specifically RU site was greater than MC site. When further comparison of the RU repetitions was analyzed, the second repetition was greater than the first in run activity expenditure (P < 0.0001). Canines at the RU site during the second repetition had an easier ability to run compared to the first repetition because of the nature of the site. Total activity expenditure was influenced by rotation (P = 0.04) but was not influenced by rotation within site (P = 0.17). The first rotation was greater than the fourth rotation which may indicate a psychological stressor such as anticipation of the work and possible acclimation of the site. The fourth rotation was at the same location site as the first rotation and canines did not have the novelty of the site as a psychological stressor during the fourth rotation. Canines that did not have exposure to full body cadavers prior to this study did not have greater total activity expenditure (P = 0.46) at the MC site compared to canines that did have exposure to full body cadavers prior to the study. There was an effect of phase on core body temperature (P = 0.0003). However, 95.3% of canines had their core body temperature peaked in the NW phase directly after the AW phase. Which demonstrates that core body temperature continued to increase post exercise. There was also a plateau in the core body temperature for 18 minutes post exercise which could indicate peripheral vasodilation. Attenuation of core body temperature occurred 37 minutes after cessation of the AW phase. There was an effect of site (P < 0.0001), rotation (P < 0.0001), and rotation within site (P < 0.0001) on core body temperature. This may indicate that there was a boundary layer stimulus that acted as a psychological stressor. In addition, the second and third rotation were greater than the first and fourth rotation which is most likely due to the increase in humidity during the second rotation. Core body temperature was impacted by total activity expenditure (P < 0.0001) which is to be expected with increased exercise, core body temperature increases. Salivary cortisol was influenced by site (P = 0.003), specifically the WA site was greater than the MC and the RU site. The WA site may have had a stronger psychological stressor with the tree lines compared to the MC and the RU sites. Rotation within site did impact salivary cortisol (P < 0.0001). However, rotation alone did not influence salivary cortisol (P = 0.42). Core body temperature did not impact salivary cortisol (P = 0.18). Total activity expenditure did not affect salivary cortisol (P = 0.73). Salivary cortisol and age of canine did display a pattern (P = 0.003). Salivary cortisol and exposure to prior full body cadaver did not displayed a pattern (P = 0.78). Based on these results, some physical stressors such as site, rotation, and exercise impacted activity expenditure, core body temperature, and salivary cortisol. This thesis provides limited data dissemination on three physiological parameters that may be impacted on independent variables that are associated with search scenario work. More research is needed to confirm if these specific stressors observed impact activity expenditure, core body temperature, and salivary cortisol in human remains detection canines.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / O objeto de estudo foi o estresse no trabalho e os níveis de cortisol salivar. O objetivo geral foi avaliar a associação entre estresse no trabalho e variações de cortisol salivar de trabalhadores de Enfermagem inseridos na assistência hospitalar no Rio de Janeiro. A hipótese do estudo foi que existe associação entre trabalhadores expostos à alta exigência no trabalho e as variações de cortisol salivar. Trata-se de estudo epidemiológico observacional analítico seccional, realizado em hospital estadual localizado no Rio de Janeiro com amostra de 103 trabalhadores. Para avaliação dos aspectos psicossociais do trabalho, utilizou-se o questionário Job Content Questionnaire. O cortisol salivar foi medido através da coleta de 04 amostras de cada participante em um dia do plantão: ao acordar, 30 minutos depois, às 12h e 18 h. A coleta de dados foi realizada entre março e abril de 2012. Utilizou-se o programa SPSS 18.0 para análise dos dados. As dimensões demanda psicológica e controle e a subtração foram utilizadas sob a forma contínua nas análises de correlação com as covariáveis e desfecho. Os níveis de cortisol foram quantificados por meio de cinco índices: o cálculo da área sob a curva em relação ao zero ou base (AUCg), área sob a curva em relação ao aumento (AUCi), o aumento médio (MnInc), a excreção do cortisol no período pós acordar (AUCtrab) e a área sob a curva em relação ao zero ou base do ciclo diurno (AUCCD). Para avaliar a associação entre as covariáveis e exposição e desfecho utilizou-se os testes de Mann Whitney e Kruskall-Wallis. As covariáveis associadas à exposição ou ao desfecho com nível de significância de 20% (p&#8804;0,20) foram testadas no modelo de regressão linear. Realizada análise de correlação utilizando-se o coeficiente de correlação de Spearmans. Como resultado encontrou-se que os trabalhadores de Enfermagem obtiveram médias para demanda psicológica e controle que tendem para o limite superior, bem como para a subtração, caracterizando alta demanda e alto controle, ou seja, trabalho ativo. O valor médio de cortisol observado ao acordar, 30 minutos após, 12h e 18h foi de 5,82 nmol/L) (4,86), 16,60 nmol/L ( 8,31), 7,49 nmol/L ( 6,97) e 3,93 nmol/L ( 3,15), respectivamente. O aumento do cortisol entre o acordar e 30 minutos após foi em média de 64%. Já para os índices de cortisol adotados observa-se o valor médio da MnInc, AUCg, AUCi, AUCtrab e AUCCD foi de 10,78 nmol/L (6,99), 5,61 nmol/L ( 2,92) 2,69 nmol/L ( 1,75), 32,51 nmol/L ( 21,99) e 107,99 nmol/L ( 61,63), respectivamente. Este estudo demonstrou que os níveis de cortisol salivar livre não estão associados à alta exigência no trabalho, mesmo quando ajustadas pelas possíveis variáveis de confusão ou modificadoras de efeito. A hipótese do estudo não foi confirmada. Os dados obtidos neste estudo revelaram aspectos importantes dos riscos psicossociais a que estão expostos os trabalhadores de Enfermagem durante o processo de trabalho, oferecendo subsídios para que sejam implementados programas de orientação e promoção à saúde do trabalhador e fornecem um contributo para entender os caminhos biológicos pelos quais o estresse no trabalho influencia a saúde. / The object of study was work stress and levels of salivary cortisol. The overall objective was to evaluate the association between work stress and salivary cortisol variations among nursing workers inserted in hospital care in Rio de Janeiro. The study hypothesis was that there is an association between workers exposed to high strain at work and changes in salivary cortisol. This is an observational epidemiological analytical sectional study held in state hospital located in Rio de Janeiro with a sample of 103 workers. For evaluation of psychosocial hazards at work, it was used the "Job Content Questionnaire". The salivary cortisol was measured by collecting 04 samples from each participant in a workday: at awakening, 30 minutes after, at 12 and 18 pm. Data collection was conducted between March and April 2012. We used SPSS 18.0 for data analysis. The psychological demand and control dimensions and subtraction were used as continuous variable in correlation analyzes with the outcome and covariates. Cortisol levels were quantified by five indices: calculating the area under the curve relative to zero or base (AUCg), area under the curve with respect to increase (AUCi), the mean increase (MnInc), excretion cortisol after waking period (AUCtrab) and area under the curve relative to zero or base diurnal cycle (AUCCD). To evaluate the association between exposure and outcome and covariates, we used the Mann Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. The covariates associated with exposure or outcome at a significance level of 20% (p &#8804; 0.20) were tested in a linear regression model. Correlation analysis was done using the correlation coefficient of Spearman's. As a result it was found that the nursing staff had averages for psychological demand and control that tend to the upper limit, as well as for subtraction, featuring high demand and high control, that is active work. The mean cortisol observed upon awakening, 30 minutes after, 12 and 18 pm was 5.82 nmol / L) ( 4.86) 16.60 nmol / L ( 8.31) 7.49 nmol / L ( 6.97) and 3.93 nmol / L ( 3.15) respectively. Cortisol increase between waking and 30 minutes after averaged 64%. For the cortisols indices adopted the average to MnInc, AUCg, AUCi, and AUCtrab AUCCD was 10.78 nmol / L ( 6.99) 5.61 nmol / L ( 2.92) 2.69 nmol / L ( 1.75) 32.51 nmol / L ( 21.99) and 107.99 nmol / L ( 61.63) respectively. This study showed that levels of free salivary cortisol are not associated to high strain at work, even when adjusted for potential confounders or effect modifiers. The study hypothesis was not confirmed. The data obtained in this study revealed important aspects of psychosocial hazards that nursing staff are exposed during work process, offering subsidies to be implemented guidance programs and promotion health worker and provide a contribution to understanding the biological pathways by which work stress influences health.

Submitted by Bertha Andrade Coelho (budcoelho@gmail.com) on 2018-04-24T15:22:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bertha Andrade Coelho IMPACTO DO MINDFULNESS EM MULHERES SUBMETIDAS A BIÓPSIA DE MAMA.pdf: 1828688 bytes, checksum: 411e3a6c3f67a774ee619b21e9f0f534 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ROSANGELA APARECIDA LOBO null (rosangelalobo@btu.unesp.br) on 2018-04-26T17:07:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 coelho_ba_dr_bot.pdf: 1828688 bytes, checksum: 411e3a6c3f67a774ee619b21e9f0f534 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-26T17:07:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 coelho_ba_dr_bot.pdf: 1828688 bytes, checksum: 411e3a6c3f67a774ee619b21e9f0f534 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-02 / Introdução: Anualmente milhões de mulheres em todo o mundo são rastreadas para câncer de mama, sendo que algumas delas serão submetidas a procedimentos adicionais, entre eles a biópsia mamária. A biópsia de fragmento (core biopsy) guiada por ultrassonografia é um método minimamente invasivo para o diagnóstico de lesões mamárias suspeitas, e possui inúmeras vantagens quando comparada às biópsias cirúrgicas. A core biopsy é um procedimento ambulatorial no qual raramente é necessário o uso de medicações analgésicas após o procedimento. No entanto, qualquer procedimento invasivo, por menor que seja, vem acompanhado de experiências de ansiedade, dor e medo do desconhecido. A Medicina Anti-Estresse entende que os pensamentos, sentimentos, níveis de ansiedade e capacidade de lidar com eventos estressores podem afetar a saúde e a percepção de saúde. Programas de Medicina Anti Estresse reduzem o estresse e auxiliam os praticantes a terem atitudes positivas em seu cotidiano. O objetivo deste estudo controlado e randomizado foi avaliar o impacto das intervenções baseadas em Mindfulness (MBIs) em parâmetros quantitativos e qualitativos de estresse em pacientes submetidas a biópsias de mama guiadas por imagem. Métodos: Após assinarem o consentimento informado, 82 mulheres com indicação de biópsia de mama guiada por imagem foram randomizadas em dois grupos: grupo MBI ou grupo controle de cuidados padrão. Na semana anterior à biópsia, minutos antes na sala de espera e durante o procedimento, o grupo MBI foi exposto a meditações guiadas por áudio e músicas relaxantes e o grupo controle recebeu suporte da equipe de biópsia por meio de diálogo. As participantes preencheram questionários que avaliam depressão, ansiedade e estresse (DASS-21), dados demográficos e histórico médico, além de terem avaliado sua experiência de dor por meio de uma Escala Visual Analógica de Dor (EVA) e tiveram sua pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica, temperatura inicial e final, frequência cardíaca, saturação de oxigênio e cortisol salivar medidos. Resultados: A participação no grupo de intervenção foi associada a níveis reduzidos de estresse, pressão arterial, frequência cardíaca e saturação de oxigênio em comparação com a participação no grupo de cuidados padrão (valores de P < 0,05). Não houve diferença em relação aos níveis salivares de cortisol, temperatura periférica e percepção de dor entre os dois grupos estudados. Conclusão: Os resultados indicam que intervenções extremamente breves em Mindfuness são viáveis e aceitáveis, sugerindo que programas baseados em atenção plena podem ser benéficos para reduzir o desconforto em situações de estresse agudo. / Introduction: Each year worldwide millions of women are screened for breast cancer and some of them will undergo additional investigations, including breast biopsy. Ultrasound guided core needle biopsy is a minimally invasive method for the diagnosis of suspected mammary lesions and has many advantages when compared to surgical biopsies. Core biopsy is an outpatient procedure and analgesic medication is rarely necessary after tissue removal. Nevertheless, any invasive procedure, however small it may be, is accompanied by experiences of anxiety, pain and fear of the unknown. Anti Stress Medicine recognizes that thoughts, feelings, levels of anxiety, and ability to cope with stressful events can affect health and health perception. Anti-Stress Medicine programs reduce stress and help practitioners to have positive attitudes in their daily lives. The purpose of this randomized controlled trial was to evaluate the impact of Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) on quantitative and qualitative stress parameters on patients undergoing imaging-guided breast biopsies. Methods: After giving informed consent, 82 women that needed percutaneous imaging-guided breast biopsy were randomized into two groups: MBI group or standard care control group. One week before the biopsy procedure, minutes prior to the biopsy procedure on the waiting room and during the biopsy procedure, the MBI group was exposed to audio guided meditations and relaxing music and the standard care control group received supportive dialogue from the biopsy team. Participants completed questionnaires measuring depression, anxiety and stress (DASS-21), demographics, and medical history, evaluated their pain experience through a Visual Analogue Scale for Pain (VAS) and had their systolic and diastolic blood pressure, initial and final temperate, heart rate, oxygen saturation and cortisol salivary measured. Results: Participation in the mindfulness intervention group was associated with reduced levels of perceived stress, blood pressure, heart rate and oxygen saturation compared to participation in the standard care group (P values < 0.05). No difference was observed regarding salivary cortisol levels, peripheral temperature and pain perception between the two studied groups. Conclusion: Results indicate that an extremely brief mindfulness intervention is a feasible and acceptable intervention, suggesting that Mindfulness-based programs may be beneficial to reduce discomfort in acutely stressful settings.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / O objeto de estudo foi o estresse no trabalho e os níveis de cortisol salivar. O objetivo geral foi avaliar a associação entre estresse no trabalho e variações de cortisol salivar de trabalhadores de Enfermagem inseridos na assistência hospitalar no Rio de Janeiro. A hipótese do estudo foi que existe associação entre trabalhadores expostos à alta exigência no trabalho e as variações de cortisol salivar. Trata-se de estudo epidemiológico observacional analítico seccional, realizado em hospital estadual localizado no Rio de Janeiro com amostra de 103 trabalhadores. Para avaliação dos aspectos psicossociais do trabalho, utilizou-se o questionário Job Content Questionnaire. O cortisol salivar foi medido através da coleta de 04 amostras de cada participante em um dia do plantão: ao acordar, 30 minutos depois, às 12h e 18 h. A coleta de dados foi realizada entre março e abril de 2012. Utilizou-se o programa SPSS 18.0 para análise dos dados. As dimensões demanda psicológica e controle e a subtração foram utilizadas sob a forma contínua nas análises de correlação com as covariáveis e desfecho. Os níveis de cortisol foram quantificados por meio de cinco índices: o cálculo da área sob a curva em relação ao zero ou base (AUCg), área sob a curva em relação ao aumento (AUCi), o aumento médio (MnInc), a excreção do cortisol no período pós acordar (AUCtrab) e a área sob a curva em relação ao zero ou base do ciclo diurno (AUCCD). Para avaliar a associação entre as covariáveis e exposição e desfecho utilizou-se os testes de Mann Whitney e Kruskall-Wallis. As covariáveis associadas à exposição ou ao desfecho com nível de significância de 20% (p&#8804;0,20) foram testadas no modelo de regressão linear. Realizada análise de correlação utilizando-se o coeficiente de correlação de Spearmans. Como resultado encontrou-se que os trabalhadores de Enfermagem obtiveram médias para demanda psicológica e controle que tendem para o limite superior, bem como para a subtração, caracterizando alta demanda e alto controle, ou seja, trabalho ativo. O valor médio de cortisol observado ao acordar, 30 minutos após, 12h e 18h foi de 5,82 nmol/L) (4,86), 16,60 nmol/L ( 8,31), 7,49 nmol/L ( 6,97) e 3,93 nmol/L ( 3,15), respectivamente. O aumento do cortisol entre o acordar e 30 minutos após foi em média de 64%. Já para os índices de cortisol adotados observa-se o valor médio da MnInc, AUCg, AUCi, AUCtrab e AUCCD foi de 10,78 nmol/L (6,99), 5,61 nmol/L ( 2,92) 2,69 nmol/L ( 1,75), 32,51 nmol/L ( 21,99) e 107,99 nmol/L ( 61,63), respectivamente. Este estudo demonstrou que os níveis de cortisol salivar livre não estão associados à alta exigência no trabalho, mesmo quando ajustadas pelas possíveis variáveis de confusão ou modificadoras de efeito. A hipótese do estudo não foi confirmada. Os dados obtidos neste estudo revelaram aspectos importantes dos riscos psicossociais a que estão expostos os trabalhadores de Enfermagem durante o processo de trabalho, oferecendo subsídios para que sejam implementados programas de orientação e promoção à saúde do trabalhador e fornecem um contributo para entender os caminhos biológicos pelos quais o estresse no trabalho influencia a saúde. / The object of study was work stress and levels of salivary cortisol. The overall objective was to evaluate the association between work stress and salivary cortisol variations among nursing workers inserted in hospital care in Rio de Janeiro. The study hypothesis was that there is an association between workers exposed to high strain at work and changes in salivary cortisol. This is an observational epidemiological analytical sectional study held in state hospital located in Rio de Janeiro with a sample of 103 workers. For evaluation of psychosocial hazards at work, it was used the "Job Content Questionnaire". The salivary cortisol was measured by collecting 04 samples from each participant in a workday: at awakening, 30 minutes after, at 12 and 18 pm. Data collection was conducted between March and April 2012. We used SPSS 18.0 for data analysis. The psychological demand and control dimensions and subtraction were used as continuous variable in correlation analyzes with the outcome and covariates. Cortisol levels were quantified by five indices: calculating the area under the curve relative to zero or base (AUCg), area under the curve with respect to increase (AUCi), the mean increase (MnInc), excretion cortisol after waking period (AUCtrab) and area under the curve relative to zero or base diurnal cycle (AUCCD). To evaluate the association between exposure and outcome and covariates, we used the Mann Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. The covariates associated with exposure or outcome at a significance level of 20% (p &#8804; 0.20) were tested in a linear regression model. Correlation analysis was done using the correlation coefficient of Spearman's. As a result it was found that the nursing staff had averages for psychological demand and control that tend to the upper limit, as well as for subtraction, featuring high demand and high control, that is active work. The mean cortisol observed upon awakening, 30 minutes after, 12 and 18 pm was 5.82 nmol / L) ( 4.86) 16.60 nmol / L ( 8.31) 7.49 nmol / L ( 6.97) and 3.93 nmol / L ( 3.15) respectively. Cortisol increase between waking and 30 minutes after averaged 64%. For the cortisols indices adopted the average to MnInc, AUCg, AUCi, and AUCtrab AUCCD was 10.78 nmol / L ( 6.99) 5.61 nmol / L ( 2.92) 2.69 nmol / L ( 1.75) 32.51 nmol / L ( 21.99) and 107.99 nmol / L ( 61.63) respectively. This study showed that levels of free salivary cortisol are not associated to high strain at work, even when adjusted for potential confounders or effect modifiers. The study hypothesis was not confirmed. The data obtained in this study revealed important aspects of psychosocial hazards that nursing staff are exposed during work process, offering subsidies to be implemented guidance programs and promotion health worker and provide a contribution to understanding the biological pathways by which work stress influences health.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2018-07-11T18:21:10Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Regiane Aparecida dos Santos Soares Barreto - 2012.pdf: 1979060 bytes, checksum: f226ca1585716026976eeb862007c9d6 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-07-12T11:16:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Regiane Aparecida dos Santos Soares Barreto - 2012.pdf: 1979060 bytes, checksum: f226ca1585716026976eeb862007c9d6 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-12T11:16:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Regiane Aparecida dos Santos Soares Barreto - 2012.pdf: 1979060 bytes, checksum: f226ca1585716026976eeb862007c9d6 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-17 / The present study analyzed the associations between cortisol and salivary nitric oxide (NO) levels as indicators of stress response and its association with the level of perceived stress of male teachers of the State Public Basic Education Network. There are numerous possibilities of studying stress levels, one of these possibilities is through saliva. Studies show that saliva has an immense potential in pointing out disease indicators and, therefore, enabling treatment. Thus, stress situations can be identified by analyzing the salivary components of people under certain conditions, be it work, physical activity or even emotional situations. Among the salivary substances used as biological stress markers we can mention Cortisol and NO that exert influence in several physiological processes of the human organism. The research is characterized as a longitudinal descriptive observational study. Male teachers were selected, totaling 20 participants. The choice of the volunteers was characterized by a non-probabilistic convenience sample, after previous survey of the profile, filling in an identification form, following inclusion and exclusion criteria. The study contemplated the use of the following instruments: Stress Perception Scale and saliva collection. Participants responded to the Cohen and Williamson (1988) validated in Brazil by Reis, Hino and Ricardo-Añes (2010), which he called BPSS-10. The scale was always applied before each day of saliva collection, totalizing 3 scale submissions during the year. The collection of saliva was carried out in a period of one academic year, being made in three specific moments (March, July, December). At each moment three collections of each volunteer were performed on a given day: in the morning, in the fasting; In the lunch interval and at the end of the day, totaled 180 samples. The flasks were kept under refrigeration at -20oC for further saliva analysis. Salimetrics® kit was used to quantify the salivary salivary cortisol by means of an immunoenzymatic assay (EIA), using the kit: High Sensitivity Salivary Cortisol EIA kit (Salimetrics, State College, USA). ), Followed by the protocol determined by the manufacturer. The nitric oxide dosage was performed by indirect measurement of the nitrite formation analyzed by the Griess colorimetric method. The Molecular Probes® Kit (Invitrogen, USA) was used, which contains all reagents required for dosing, including nitrite standards. The data were analyzed by means of descriptive and inferential statistics, considering statistical significance when p <0.05, using the program GrapahPad Prism version 5.00 for Windows and the Microsoft Office Excel program, version 2010. Statistical analysis involved a test of Shapiro-Wilk normality, paired t-test, one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's post hoc test. The research participants are male teachers with a few years of experience 8.53 ± 7.9 and a mean age of 32 ± 8.22 years. They work with a high workload (46.7 ± 12.6) in at least two schools and half work under a temporary contract. The volunteers surveyed presented a moderate stress level of 16.46 ± 5.36 at the beginning of the school year, 17.53 ± 6.56 at the end of the year, with a marked fall in the holiday period (10.76 ± 5, 64). These data confirm that factors such as the number of schools that work, hours worked, labor situation, among others, can influence the level of teacher stress. The levels of cortisol and salivary NO were presented in crude form and by means of Area Under the Curve (AUC). The mean concentration of salivary cortisol in each period of the day shows that subjects follow a circadian rhythm with high values in the morning, decreasing 5 hours later in all periods of the school year. Regarding the cortisol values obtained through the AUCg the data show that the teachers present a mean cortisol concentration of 1,145μg / dl ± 0,450 at the beginning and 1,031μg / dl ± 0.374 at the end of the school year, decreasing during the vacation period (0.916μg / dl ± 0.341). The data presented do not show a significant relationship (p = 0.7906) between the levels of perceived stress and salivary cortisol during the school year. The results suggest that the teachers, during the vacation period, might not perceive the physiological reactions of stress, so these reactions were not identified by the BPSS-10 used. The NO values presented in AUCg at the three collection moments during the school year did not reveal a significant difference, according to analysis of variance (p = 0.7910). The positive correlation (p = 0.0324) observed between nitric oxide and cortisol levels in the present study reveals that NO may be a biological marker used as a parameter for assessing stress levels. Future studies are needed to confirm the relationship analyzed between NO and salivary cortisol. Therefore, it is important to review methodological aspects, such as the small number of participants. / O presente estudo analisou as associações entre os níveis de cortisol e de óxido nítrico (NO) salivar como indicadores de resposta ao estresse e sua associação com o nível de estresse percebido de professores do sexo masculino da Rede Pública Estadual de Educação Básica. Há inúmeras possibilidades de estudar os níveis de estresse, uma dessas possibilidades é através da saliva. Estudos revelam que a saliva tem um imenso potencial em apontar indicadores de doenças e, portanto, possibilitar tratamento. Assim, situações de estresse podem ser identificadas com análise dos componentes salivares de pessoas submetidas a determinadas condições, seja de trabalho, atividade física ou até mesmo situações emocionais. Dentre as substâncias salivares utilizadas como marcadores biológicos de estresse podemos citar o Cortisol e o NO que exercem influência em vários processos fisiológicos do organismo humano. A pesquisa é caracterizada como estudo observacional descritivo longitudinal. Foram selecionados professores do sexo masculino totalizando 20 participantes. A escolha dos voluntários caracterizou-se por amostra de conveniência não probabilística realizada após levantamento prévio do perfil, com preenchimento de formulário de identificação, seguindo critérios de inclusão e exclusão. O estudo contemplou a utilização dos seguintes instrumentos: Escala de Percepção de Estresse e coleta de saliva. Os participantes responderam à Escala de Percepção de Estresse-10 (PSS-10) de Cohen e Williamson (1988), validado no Brasil por Reis, Hino e Ricardo-Añes (2010) ao qual denominou BPSS-10. A escala foi aplicada sempre antes de cada dia de coleta de saliva, totalizando 3 submissões de escala durante o ano. A coleta de saliva foi realizada no período de um ano letivo, sendo feita em três momentos específico (março, julho, dezembro). Em cada momento foram realizadas três coletas de cada voluntário em um determinado dia: pela manhã, em jejum; no intervalo do almoço e no final do dia, totalizamdo 180 amostras. Os frascos foram mantidos em refrigeração a -20oC, para posterior análise da saliva. Para a dosagem do cortisol salivar utilizou-se o kit da Salimetrics®, que permite a sua quantificação na saliva, por meio de ensaio imunoenzimático (EIA), por meio do kit: High Sensitivity Salivary Cortisol EIA kit (Salimetrics, State College, USA), seguindo-se o protocolo determinado pelo fabricante. A dosagem do óxido nítrico foi realizada por medida indireta da formação de nitrito analisada pelo método colorimétrico de Griess. Empregou-se o kit da Molecular Probes® (Invitrogen, USA), o qual contém todos os reagentes necessários para a dosagem, inclusive os padrões de nitrito. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva e inferencial, considerando significância estatística quando p<0.05, empregando-se o programa GrapahPad Prism versão 5,00 for Windows e o –programa Microsoft Office Excel, versão 2010. Na análise estatística envolveu teste de normalidade Shapiro-Wilk, teste t pareado, análise de variância (ANOVA) one way e teste “post hoc” de Bonferroni. Os participantes da pesquisa são professores do sexo masculino que possuem poucos anos de experiência 8,53±7,9 e uma média de idade de 32±8,22 anos. Atuam com uma elevada carga horária (46,7±12,6), em pelo menos duas escolas e a metade trabalha em regime de contrato temporário. Os voluntários pesquisados apresentam um nível moderado de estresse de 16,46±5,36 no início do ano letivo, 17,53±6,56 no final do ano, com uma queda acentuada no período de férias (10,76±5,64). Esses dados confirmam que fatores como o número de escolas que atuam, carga horária trabalhada, situação trabalhista, dentre outros, podem influenciar o nível de estresse percebido pelos docentes. Os níveis de cortisol e de NO salivar foram apresentados em forma bruta e por meio de Área Sob a Curva (AUC - Area Under Curve). A concentração média de cortisol salivar em cada período do dia mostra que os sujeitos seguem um ritmo circadiano com valores elevados no período matutino, decaindo 5 horas depois em todos os períodos do ano letivo. Em relação aos valores de cortisol obtidos por meio da AUCg os dados mostram que os professores apresentam uma concentração média de cortisol de 1,145μg/dl±0,450 no início e 1,031μg/dl ±0,374 no final do ano letivo, decaindo no período de férias (0,916μg/dl ±0,341). Os dados apresentados não mostram uma relação significativa (p=0,7906) entre os níveis de estresse percebido e cortisol salivar ao longo do ano letivo. Esse resultado sugere que os professores, durante o período de férias, podem não perceber as reações fisiológicas do estresse, pelo que essas reações não foram identificadas pelo BPSS-10 utilizado. Os valores de NO apresentados em AUCg nos três momentos de coleta durante o ano letivo, não mostrou diferença significativa, conforme análise de variância (p=0.7910). A correlação positiva (p = 0,0324) observada entre os níveis de óxido nítrico e cortisol no presente estudo revelam que o NO pode ser um marcador biológico utilizado como parâmetro para avaliar os níveis de estresse. Futuros estudos são necessários para confirmar a relação analisada entre o NO e o cortisol salivar. Para tanto, é importante rever aspectos metodológicos, como o pequeno número de participantes.

A ansiedade ao atendimento odontológico, apesar do aprimoramento das técnicas e dos materiais, ainda é freqüente em pacientes de urgência. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relacionar ansiedade ao tratamento odontológico à concentração de cortisol salivar de pacientes em atendimento de urgência odontológica, com e sem queixa de dor. Foram entrevistados 73 pacientes entre 18 a 76 anos (média 38,22 anos) que compareceram ao Setor de Urgência Odontológica da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo (SUO-FOUSP), e coletadas amostras de saliva para mensuração do cortisol salivar antes do atendimento. A ansiedade foi medida através da Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) e a intensidade da dor através da escala visual analógica (VAS). Foram classificados como ansiosos 30 participantes e 41 relataram dor. Os ansiosos relataram maior vivência de eventos traumatizantes (p<0,05), relacionados aos procedimentos mais invasivos. Não houve relação entre ansiedade e concentração de cortisol salivar. Entre os gêneros, só houve diferença no grupo dos não ansiosos (p<0,05). Pacientes não ansiosas independente da dor apresentavam menor concentração de cortisol que seus pares. Pacientes com dor eram mais jovens e apresentavam maior concentração de cortisol salivar (p<0,05). A concentração de cortisol aumentou com a intensidade da dor medida pela VAS. Houve diferença nos níveis de cortisol entre ansiosos com e sem dor (p<0,05), entre não ansiosos com dor e ansiosos sem dor (p<0,05) e entre os não ansiosos com e sem dor (p<0,05). Apesar da ansiedade ao tratamento odontológico ter efeito sobre os níveis de cortisol salivar, a dor desencadeia maior liberação do hormônio. / Dental anxiety is still prevalent in patients undergoing urgency attendance, despite technical and materials improvements. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between dental anxiety and salivary cortisol concentrations in urgency patients in Setor de Urgência Odontológica da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo (SUO-FOUSP).The mean age of participants was 38,22 years (range 18 to 76). 73 patients completed a questionnaire including the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) and provided a saliva sample prior to attendance. Pain intensity was assessed by a visual analogue scale (VAS). Among the participants 30 were dentally anxious and 41 had a pain complaint. There were no differences in gender and age between anxious and non anxious patients. Anxious patients reported more aversive experiences (p<0,05), mainly related to surgical and anesthetic procedures. There was no relationship between dental anxiety and salivary cortisol concentration. There was a difference between gender only in non anxious group (p<0,05). Non anxious female patients had lower concentration than their counterparts. Patients with pain complaint were younger and showed higher salivary cortisol concentrations (p<0,05). Salivary cortisol concentration increased with pain intensity measured by VAS, but there was no difference between the extremes (VAS until 10mm e VAS up to de 91mm). There was a statistical difference in salivary cortisol levels between anxious patients with and without pain (p<0,05), between non anxious patients with pain and anxious patients without pain (p<0,05) and between non anxious patients with and without pain (p<0,05). Although dental anxiety induces stress, pain was a stronger stimulus for increases in salivary cortisol concentration.

O presente projeto levantou uma discussão a respeito das condições psicológicas, fisiológicas e éticas pelas quais passam os cães de trabalho da Polícia Militar, com foco em investigar se a rotina de trabalho leva a condições de estresse e a influência desses fatores no desempenho reprodutivo e na qualidade de vida dos animais. O estudo foi realizado no Canil da Polícia Militar de Campinas, com a participação de oito cães machos de quatro diferentes raças (2 Pastor Alemão, 2 Belga Malinois, 2 Dobermann e 2 Rotwailler), sendo divididos em dois períodos: Período trabalho - animais que estavam em treinamento e trabalho e Período controle - animais que estavam no dia de descanso. Foram colhidas amostras de saliva para a dosagem de cortisol no método de eletroquimioluminescência, fez-se a observação comportamental através da elaboração e analise de um etograma de trabalho e houve a coleta e análise de sêmen. Os resultados mostraram concentrações médias de cortisol salivar no Período Controle de 0,361 à 0,438&micro;g/dl e no Período trabalho 0,312 à 0,592 &micro;g/dl, sendo os maiores valores encontrados após o retorno do trabalho. Nas avaliações de comportamento observamos que na maior parte do período, os animais apresentaram-se em repouso e poucos comportamentos estereotipados foram destacados e as raças Pastor Alemão, Belga Malinois e Dobermann apresentaram parâmetros seminais desejáveis. A raça Rotwailler apresentou cortisol elevado, comportamentos estereotipados e maior taxa de anormalidades espermáticas, portanto acreditamos que não seja a raça mais indicada para os trabalhos desenvolvidos pelas polícias Nosso estudo indica que os cães de trabalho avaliados adaptados ao ambiente desde filhote, apresentam boa capacidade de adaptação ao ambiente de confinamento rotina de trabalho e treinamento, uma vez que não sofrem distresse. / This project raised a discussion about the psychological and ethical conditions under which pass the military working dogs, on investigating whether routine work leads to stress conditions and the influence of these factors on reproductive performance and quality of animals life. The study was conducted at military police Kennel in Campinas, using 8 male dogs of 4 different races (2 German Shepherd, 2 Belgian Malinois, 2 Dobermann and 2 Rotwailler), divided into two periods: Period work - animals that were in training and work and control period - animals that were in day off. Saliva samples were collected for cortisol measurement in eletroquimioluminecence method, behavioral observation through the preparation and analysis of a ethogram and collection and analysis semen. Our results showed average concentrations of salivary cortisol in the control period of 0.361 to 0.438 and 0.312 to 0.592 working period, with the highest values found after returning from work. In behavioral assessments we observed that in most of the period, the animals showed up at rest and few stereotyped behaviors were highlighted and. The breeds German Shepherd, Belgian Malinois and Dobermann showed desirable semen parameters, which did not occur in Rotwailler. The Rotwailler breed had high cortisol, stereotyped behaviors and higher rate of sperm abnormalities, so we believe that it is not the most suitable breed for the military working dog. Our study indicates that the assessed working dogs adapted to the environment as a puppy, show good ability to adaptation to environmental containment routine work and training, since it does not suffer distress.

Teams are being used more in organizations to do important work. However, both positive and negative effects come with the increased use of teams. One problem is the "bad apple" effect where a highly disagreeable team mate, for example, damages team performance. This research aims to study how this person damages team performance and what can be done to minimize the negative impact. I propose that a disagreeable teammate negatively impacts team affective states which in turn give rise to defensive behaviors among teammates. These defensive behaviors impact team processes which in turn impact the team's performance. In addition, I propose that team interdependence moderates the impact of disagreeableness on teammate affective reactions such that teammates in less interdependent contexts will react less negatively to the "bad apple." I designed a 2x2 lab experiment with a confederate, or trained research participant, to test these hypotheses. I manipulated disagreeableness through the behaviors of the confederate and I manipulated interdependence through the information, goals, and rewards of the teams. Results support all the hypothesized relationships. Of note, I found that interdependence interacted with disagreeableness to predict team affective reactions as measured by salivary cortisol - a well established biomarker for affective reactions. I also found support for a mediating model using team core affect or affective culture mediating the impact of disagreeableness on team process. Finally, I found support for a mediated moderation model demonstrating that the moderation of interdependence and disagreeableness on team process was mediated by team cortisol. However, the impact on process was in the opposite direction than expected. Namely, that more interdependent teams had higher processes despite elevated cortisol levels indicating a negative affective, or stress reaction. This counterintuitive finding has implications for future research attempting to discover useful methods of minimizing the impact of a disagreeable teammate on the team.

Abstract available through the Developmental Psychobiology.

Stress is an ongoing and increasing problem at a societal and individual level. This systematic review aims to evaluate which effects breathwork has on stress in a healthy population. A literature search was done on Scopus, and Web of Science for peer-reviewed, published, and original research. In the search process, it was decided to include psychological and physiological assessments due to the narrow topic. Threestudies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. The outcome measurements included were heart-rate variability (HRV) which measures the activity in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and salivary cortisol to measure cortisol as a biomarker of psychological stress, as well as the questionnaires PSS, PANAS, and STAI. There are many different breathwork techniques, in this review the focus is oncontrolled, slow deep breathing techniques e.g. diaphragmatic breathing, resonance breathing, and cyclic sighing. All three studies showed significant improvement in stress in the breathing groups. These findings suggest that breathwork can be valuable in reducing stress in healthy individuals. Furthermore, more research is needed before conclusions on the general population can be drawn.