Television is a mirror of society and in which we hope to see our lives and existence reflected. When the images shown marginalises your reflection through the use of stereotypes and common tropes it is hard to believe this does not affect the world around you and your perception about yourself. Television is vastly researched and this case study will add to it by analysing how lesbian and bisexual relationships are stereotyped through the use of tropes on Western television shows. Semiotics is used to decipher the underlying meanings of stereotypes and tropes; as stereotypes and tropes marginalise groups of people. By using visual analysis to watch episodes, the scenes analysed through qualitative content analysis proved that same-sex relationships are stereotyped through tropes and rarely challenge previous research. Social interaction based on representation theory solidify the perceptions through television images causing further harm to lesbians and bisexuals.

The aim of this thesis is to introduce the topic of domestic violence in same-sex relationships with a focus on victims' help-seeking. First, it defines domestic violence, describes its cycle, forms and consequences for the victim. Second, it expands on this topic in the context of same-sex relationships, its prevalence, correlates, theories and myths. Third, it deals with the phenomenon of help-seeking of domestic violence victims and the specifics of this process regarding victims of same-sex domestic violence. Eventually, it briefly describes the situation in the Czech Republic and introduces selected examples of good practice. The empirical part of this thesis presents a qualitative research project in the form of interviews aiming to explore factors affecting the help-seeking process of victims of same- sex domestic violence in the Czech Republic. The data were analysed using the method of thematic analysis. Several factors emerged from the analysis, some of which are common in domestic violence victims in general and others are characteristic for victims in same-sex relationships. These are specific barriers in the help-seeking process related to victims' non- heterosexual orientation and to the fact that they experienced domestic violence in a same-sex relationship. Keywords domestic...

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Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva och diskutera forskningen avseende partnervåld i samkönade relationer mellan män samt att undersöka faktorer som påverkade våldet, och analysera våldsutsatta mäns upplevelser av hjälpsökande. Metod: För att besvara syftet genomfördes en litteraturöversikt utifrån scoping-review metodik. Femton artiklar inkluderades och analyserades med innehållsanalys. Resultat: Resultatet visade att forskningsfältet avseende våldsutsatta homo -och bisexuella män var framskridande. Fem teman identifierades; emotionellt våld, hjälpsökande, samhällsnormer och centrala begrepp, våldets processer, risk -och skyddsfaktorer. Emotionellt våld var vanligast, samhällsnormer såsom heteronormativitet och homofobi skapade stigma. Internaliserad homofobi och inlärda könsnormer skapade ytterligare hinder för män att ”komma ut” som homosexuella och som våldsoffer. Droger förekom, liksom andra riskfaktorer, såsom ålder och hiv-status. Slutsats: Genom tillämpande av ett systemteoretiskt perspektiv och nivåindelning, kunde växelverkan mellan olika faktorer belysas på ett sätt som klargjorde behovet av och betydelsen i tillämpandet av ett helhetsperspektiv i arbetet med våldsutsatta homo -och bisexuella män. / Purpose: The aim was to describe and discuss research about partner violence in same-sex relationships between men, together with exploring factors that influenced violence, and analyze the experiences of help-seeking. Method: a literature review was conducted based on scoping-review methodology. Fifteen articles were included and analyzed with content analysis. Results: Research on gay and bisexual men exposed to violence was progressing. Five themes were identified: emotional violence, help-seeking, societal norms and key concepts, processes of violence, risk -and protection factors. Emotional violence was most common, societal heteronormativity and homophobia created stigma. Internalized homophobia and gender norms created barriers for openness as gay and victim. Drugs, age, and HIV was mentioned as risk factors. Conclusion: Through a system theoretical perspective and level arrangement, interaction between factors could be highlighted in a way that clarified the need for and importance in the application of a holistic perspective in the violence preventive work.

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