En las últimas décadas la situación de la industria minera ha tenido grandes revoluciones, debido a la evolución de las tecnologías en el incremento de la productividad, pero también del otro lado, al protagonismo social de las comunidades en su efervescente reclamo a los titulares mineros por asuntos que escapan de su alcance, pero igual los absorben. En esta revolución mencionada la adaptación ha sido clave para que el negocio minero no pare, así como todas sus externalidades positivas. La adaptación es justamente lo que se ve en el contenido de esta investigación, debido a que en el planteamiento del problema se identifica que las empresas contratistas mineras se están viendo forzadas a ser más productivos, por manejar contratos por precios unitarios y la competitividad natural exige mayor calidad en sus procesos. El estudio toma un caso en particular, donde se evidencia que no hay cumplimiento del programa de avances mensual, y cuya causa es la deficiente gestión en los procesos de perforación y voladura desde la baja y/o pobre ingeniería de diseño. En la investigación se hace un análisis mixto (cuantitativo y cualitativo), para demostrar la conexión que existe entre el factor técnico y humano, para posteriormente medir la correlación que existe entre la disciplina operativa y el cumplimiento del programa de avances. La disciplina operativa esta soportada por un plan de gestión de comunicación interna donde el trabajador se convierte en colaborador al poder interactuar con el emisor del mensaje. Al cierre de la investigación se demuestra que un buen diseño con base técnica no es suficiente para garantizar su aplicación en el terreno, sino, existe herramientas como la gestión de comunicación interna para madurar la disciplina operativa de la organización. / In the last decades the situation of the mining industry has had great revolutions, due to the evolution of technologies in the increase of productivity, but also of the other hand, to the social protagonist of the communities in their effervescent claim to the headlines miners for matters that are beyond their reach, but they still absorb them in this revolution mentioned the adaptation has been key so that the mining business does not stop, as well as all its positive externalities. Adaptation is precisely what is seen in the content of this research, because in the statement of the problem it is identified that the mining contractor companies are being forced to be more productive, by managing contracts for unit prices and the natural competitiveness demands higher quality in its processes. The study takes a particular case, where it is evident that there is no compliance with the program of monthly advances, and whose cause is the deficient management in the processes of perforation and blasting from below and/or poor design engineering. In the investigation, an analysis mixed (quantitative and qualitative), to demonstrate the connection that exists between the technical factor and human, to later measure the correlation that exists between the operational discipline and the compliance with the progress program. The operational discipline is supported by a plan of internal communication management where the worker becomes a collaborator to power interact with the sender of the message. At the end of the investigation, it is shown that a good design with a technical basis is not enough to guarantee its application in the field, but there are tools such as the management of internal communication to mature the operational discipline of the organization.

The war industries associated with World War II brought unparalleled employment opportunities for African Americans in California's port cities. Nowhere was this more evident than in San Francisco, a city whose African American population grew by over 650% between 1940 and 1945. With this population increase also came an increase in racial discrimination directed at African Americans, primarily in the employment and housing sectors. The situation would only get worse throughout the 1950s and 1960s as manufacturing jobs moved to the East Bay where race restrictive housing policies kept African Americans from moving with them. In San Francisco, most African Americans were effectively barred from renting or buying homes in all but a few neighborhoods, neighborhoods often characterized by dilapidated structures and over-crowded conditions. Except for the well educated and lucky, employment opportunities for African Americans were open only at or near entry levels for white collar positions or in unskilled and semi-skilled blue collar positions. Despite such challenges, San Francisco's African American population nearly doubled between 1950 and 1960. This community would push hard against the doors of discrimination and find that with concerted effort they would give way. During the 1960s and 1970s, civil rights groups formed coalitions to picket and protest thereby effectively expanding job opportunities and opening the housing market for African American San Franciscans. This dissertation examines the challenges and exigencies of San Francisco's growing African American community from the end of World War II through 1975. It describes and explains obstacles and triumphs faced and achieved in areas such as housing, employment, education and civil rights. No scholarship presently available presents as detailed an examination of San Francisco's post-Industrial African American population as does this work. It is not however, meant as a comparative study among Bay Area cities but rather narrowly focused study examining San Francisco's African American population to the exclusion of other Bay Area cities with sizable African American populations such as Oakland, Berkeley or Richmond. This dissertation also adds to the body of scholarship about the intersection of race and geography as it relates to the post-Industrial African American experience. / African American Studies

This thesis attempts to grasp the creation of an image of a city, taking the case of waterfront cities where the presence of water becomes a sense of place. A phenomenological method was employed for investigating actual waterfront cities: Boston, Chicago, and San Francisco. Although a single method has yet to be established for studying a sense of place, phenomenology was adopted because it deals with the relationship between an environment and the experience of that environment. This thesis found some common qualities between these cities in their forms. These qualities seem to have a certain relationship to the creation of the images of these waterfront cities. This study also brought up the question of how to evaluate personal experiences phenomenologically. They are related to the basis of this thesis. This shows us the difficulty of practicing the phenomenology and the profundity of studying an image of a city. At the same time, it is a step for further study. / Master of Landscape Architecture

Many researchers argue the increasing reliance on sit/lie ordinances to regulate homeless people's use of public space is one in a suite of neoliberal policies that shape the geographies of public space in cities to serve the needs of global capital. However, these policies are developed at the local, not global, level as specific actors make claims in the public sphere that communicatively shape policy formation. Through comparative case study, this research asks, how do different actors, situated in specific local and global contexts, influence the adoption of sit/lie ordinances? I examine two cases of policymaking in Portland and San Francisco. I use discourse analytic strategies and thematic coding of newspapers, archival documents, and key informant interviews to look at policy-making processes as they occur in their political, social, and economic contexts. I focus especially on the role of language in policy-making, policy-making arenas, and actions of grassroots actors, drawing from three interdisciplinary literatures to develop an explanatory theory of policy-making. I find the four interrelated explanatory factors in policy-making were: the actors (neoliberal and right-to-the-city); the tactics they use; the policy talk they use; and the policy arenas. First, political processes provide windows of opportunity and determine arenas for political activities. The different policy arenas (citizen election, committee, council led, litigation, etc.) influence the audience that the actors care about, and thus the policy talk. Additionally, elected officials have a determining effect on which arenas they use, which in turns structures the opportunities for policy talk. Second, the arena influences the depth to which resisters can discuss the issues with the wider public and decision-makers. This may explain why the right-to-the-city frame may not have been used as much as the academic literature might suggest. Resisters find it much harder to use this framing with the general public or elected officials because it takes too much time to explain to those unfamiliar. Instead, they rely more on concepts that may be more familiar like the dependent poor and unequal impact of the law on minority groups. Third, I find local actors have different positions in the global economy, however on the local level their different avenues and strategies of involvement are due to local conditions rather than global ones. The location in the global political economy seems to be less important than local political decision making contexts and the actions of individuals who are locally powerful due to their economic status and political connections. This suggests room for resisters to use local politics to resist these ordinances, without having to take on the entire global economy. Finally, actors use different narratives to influence decision makers and each other, responding and shifting to competing frames over time. The change over time is important, as it shows how policy debates change based on influences from different actors. My findings suggest the framing of the original necessity for the policy can influence the policy trajectory, but actors can and do respond and successfully shift policy talks over time. The dissertation concludes with additional implications for grassroots practice based on these theoretical findings.

Conventional methods for health assessment of wild-caught and stranded seals were used to describe the disease status of harbor seals in California. Clinical chemistry, infectious disease prevalence, immune function, and contaminant data were collected to evaluate harbor seal health with data collected from three groups of seals. Wild-caught seals of all ages were sampled at two locations: San Francisco Bay (a heavily urbanized estuary) and Tomales Bay (a less developed control site). Stranded seals entered rehabilitation from a more extensive portion of the California coast which included the locations where seals were caught. Hematology reference intervals were generated to provide a baseline for health assessment among the seals. Individual variability in blood variables among seals was affected by age, sex, location, and girth. Disease surveillance focused on pathogens known to cause lesions in harbor seals, zoonoses, and those with terrestrial sources. Specific pathogens of interest were E coli, Clostridium perfringens, Vibrio spp, Campylobacter spp, Salmonella, Giardia, Cryptosporidium, avian influenza virus, Brucella, Leptospira spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Sarcocystis neurona, and Neospora caninum, Leptospira spp, and phocine and canine distemper virus. There was evidence of exposure to all pathogens except for phocine distemper virus. Simple measures of immune response were used to evaluate the immune function of harbor seal pups in rehabilitation that had evidence of previous bacterial infection. The swelling response to a subcutaneous injection of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was positively associated with growth rate, possibly illustrating the energetic trade-offs between growth and immunity. Blubber contaminant concentrations (PCBs, DDTs, PBDEs, CHLDs, and HCHs) in harbor seal pups were grouped by extent of suckling and strand location. The ratio of PCB:DDT was increased in San Francisco Bay and decreased in Monterey Bay compared with other locations along the coast. Pups that weaned in the wild, lost weight and then stranded had the highest contaminant levels, equivalent to the concentrations detected in stranded adult harbor seals. Dispersal and survival were monitored by satellite telemetry in harbor seal pups released from rehabilitation and recently weaned wild-caught pups to assess the effect of condition, health, and contaminant levels on survival probability. Increased contaminant levels and decreased thyroxine (T4) were associated with decreased survival probability. Increased mass, particularly among the rehabilitated pups, was associated with increased survival probability. This study demonstrates that health and survival of harbor seals pups along the central California coast are impacted by human activities such as contaminant disposal, pathogen pollution and boat traffic, although the variability in individual health measures requires carefully designed studies to detect these effects.

A esquistossomose à uma doenÃa parasitÃria, provocada por vermes trematÃdeos do gÃnero Schistosoma. à uma endemia mundial, ocorrendo em 74 paÃses e territÃrios, principalmente na AmÃrica do Sul, Caribe, Ãfrica e Leste do MediterrÃneo, onde atinge as regiÃes do Delta do Nilo, alÃm de paÃses como Egito e SudÃo. Entre as parasitoses humanas mais disseminadas no mundo, a esquistossomose ocupa o segundo lugar (perdendo apenas para a malÃria), constituindo, no Brasil, um de seus mais graves problemas de saÃde pÃblica. A transmissÃo do Schistosoma mansoni depende do inter-relacionamento entre o ecossistema, as pessoas e suas condiÃÃes sociais. Grandes projetos de engenharia que causam alteraÃÃes no meio ambiente costumam criar condiÃÃes satisfatÃrias para o aparecimento de fatores de risco de introduÃÃo e disseminaÃÃo de doenÃas nas comunidades afetadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi construir uma linha de base dos municÃpios atingidos por dois grandes projetos de infra-estrutura hÃdrica: A integraÃÃo de Bacias do Rio SÃo Francisco nos limites do estado do Cearà e o EixÃo das Ãguas do CearÃ, e as implicaÃÃes sobre a transmissÃo de Esquistossomose MansÃnica. Os municÃpios pertencentes a Ãrea de InfluÃncia Direta dos projetos envolvidos foram: Alto Santo, Baixio, Barro, Brejo Santo, Cascavel, Caucaia, Chorozinho, Horizonte, IcÃ, Itaitinga, Jaguaribara, Jaguaribe, Jati, Lavras da Mangabeira, MaracanaÃ, Mauriti, MissÃo Velha, Morada Nova, Ocara, Pacajus, Pacatuba, Pena Forte, Russas, SÃo GonÃalo do Amarante e Umari. Foram utilizados indicadores sÃcio-demogrÃficos, sÃcio-econÃmicos, educacionais, ambientais e de saÃde. A anÃlise dos dados sÃcio-demogrÃficos e sÃcio-econÃmicos revelou que os municÃpios prÃximos a RegiÃo Metropolitana de Fortaleza apresentaram os melhores indicadores. O hospedeiro intermediÃrio B. straminea encontra-se disseminado em todos os 25 municÃpios dos quais 6 apresentaram casos de esquistossomose mansÃnica no perÃodo de 2001 a 2006. Somente 8 municÃpios sÃo trabalhados pelo Programa Estadual de Controle da Esquistossomose com prevalÃncia variando de 0,1 a 0,8 % com o municÃpio de Maracanaà apresentando a maior prevalÃncia (0,8%). Cinco municÃpios da AID apresentaram Ãbito por esquistossomose no perÃodo de 2001 a 2009, destes 3 nÃo sÃo trabalhados pelo PCE. A produÃÃo de espaÃos potenciais para a transmissÃo da esquistossomose na AID decorrentes da implementaÃÃo do referidos projetos de transposiÃÃo de bacias necessita ser mensurado. / Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by trematode worms of the genus Schistosoma. It is a worldwide endemic disease, occurring in 74 countries and territories, mainly in South America, the Caribbean, Africa and Eastern Mediterranean, where it reaches the regions of the Nile Delta, along with countries like Egypt and Sudan Among the most widespread parasitic infections in human world, schistosomiasis ranks second (second only to malaria), constituting, in Brazil, one of its most serious public health problems. The transmission of Schistosoma mansoni depends on the inter-relationship between the ecosystem, people and their social conditions. Large engineering projects that cause environmental changes often create good conditions for the emergence of risk factors for introduction and spread of diseases in the affected communities. The objective of this study was to build a baseline of the municipalities affected by two major projects of water infrastructure: The integration of the SÃo Francisco River Basin within the limits of the state of Ceara and EixÃo Waters of CearÃ, and the implications on the transmission Schistosomiasis mansoni. The municipalities in the Area of Direct Influence of the projects involved were: Alto Santo, Baixio, Barro, Brejo Santo, Cascavel, Caucaia, Chorozinho, Horizonte, IcÃ, Itaitinga, Jaguaribara, Jaguaribe, Jati, Lavras da Mangabeira, MaracanaÃ, Mauriti, MissÃo Velha, Morada Nova, Ocara, Pacajus, Pacatuba, Pena Forte, Russas, SÃo GonÃalo do Amarante e Umari. Indicators were used socio-demographic, socioeconomic, educational, and environmental health. The socio-demographic and socioeconomic analysis revealed that the municipalities close to the Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza were the best indicators. The intermediate host Biomphalaria straminea is widespread in all 25 municipalities of which 6 were cases of schistosomiasis in the period 2001 to 2006.Only eight counties are handled by the State Program for the Control of Schistosomiasis with prevalence ranging from 0.1 to 0.8% with the town of Maracanaà presenting the highest prevalence (0.8%). Five municipalities ADI (area of direct influence) had died of schistosomiasis in the period 2001 to 2009, these three are not operated by the State Program for the Control of Schistosomiasis. The production potential spaces for the transmission of schistosomiasis in the ADI following the implementation of these projects watershed transposition needs to be measured.

The thesis examines how resource-poor smallholder farmers in Mexico are integrated into a Global Value Chain. Most Global Value Chains depend on production located in developing countries. In agriculture, Global Value Chain tend to concentrate production in large enterprises and exclude smallholder farmers. The logic of Global Value Chains is to reduce the cost of production by allocating low value activities, such as production of commodities to developing countries to take advantage of cheap labour cost. High value activities such as branding, marketing and product development remain in high income countries. The thesis consists of the in-depth case study of San Francisco Produce/Peninsula Organics (SFP/PO) Global Value Chain. It is located throughout Southern Baja Peninsula in Mexico and San Francisco California, U.S.A. It sells organic certified produce to the American market, particularly California and east coast. SFP/PO was founded by a social entrepreneur and has been functioning for over 30 years. This Global Value Chain has an explicit social purpose. It focuses on integrating smallholder farmers into agricultural production. This value chain requires farmers to adopt organic production. The methods consisted of semi-structured interviews. In total, 50 interviews were conducted in Mexico to farmers that belong to the value chain in 9 co-operatives and 3 single farmers. The interviews focused on how farmers learned organic production to meet quality requirements of global buyers. The analysis uses three perspectives to explain the integration of smallholder farmers into SFP/PO and the development of organic production capabilities. First Global Value Chains are used to describe the network, connections and production activities smallholder farmers and global buyer carry out. The study sheds light on how the value chain achieves its social aims by using global markets and providing external inputs to improve farmers' livelihoods. Second, using Technological Capabilities the study explains the skills farmers need to develop to participate in the value chain. Third, a Communities of Practice perspective is used to explain how social learning is involved in developing production capabilities. The research explains how farmers collectively define competence and how they display three different levels of participation in the value chain, periphery, medium and full participation. And fourth, using the theory of Knowing in Action, the research explores co-learning between novice and expert farmers and the interactions among farmers that results in co-innovation to develop new technical solutions and crop varieties. The thesis presents a case of a value chain which is motivated by social purpose to improve livelihoods of smallholder farmers. The study demonstrates that there is a change of ethos, where global value chain integrates farmers into agricultural production. These data highlight the importance of social structures which allow farmer-to-farmer connections which enhance novice farmer skills enabling interactions where there is respect, and negotiation of knowledge. These interactions take indigenous farmers' knowledge into account in ways that can be acknowledged and harnessed in the form of practices and techniques to produce globally marketable products.

In a setting of increased movement, communication, and flows across space, commodity chain networks bring valued cultural commodities to transnational communities. This research examines the networks bringing foreign cuisine ingredients to Peruvian transnational communities in San Francisco, California. It seeks to answer three inter-related questions: 1) What are the origins and transportation networks bringing Peruvian food items to San Francisco; 2) Who controls and benefits from the movement of this food and resulting capital; and 3) How do networks vary for different classes of end consumers? Chefs of ten Peruvian restaurants and ten Peruvian migrants in the San Francisco area are interviewed to determine primary imported Peruvian food items and their cultural value. Interviews with representatives of major importing companies as well as searches of import/export databases are used to trace network flows. Flow maps follow the food items from the point of origin to the point of consumption and visually demonstrate the flow of resulting capital. Additionally, network maps are divided into three categories determined by end consumer: expensive restaurant, moderate restaurant, and home cooking. Maps are analyzed for differences between these categories. Finally, a narrative analysis discusses the role of migrants' cultural eating habits in San Francisco and its connection to transnational commodity networks. The research offers commentary on the role of food as a cultural marker for Peruvian transnationals and on the relations of power within the commodity network. This research unites economy and culture at the local and global scales while showing how “things” are imbued with cultural meaning during the processes of production to consumption on a transnational network.

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Historia mención Historia de Chile / Esta investigación busca estudiar el Hospital San Francisco de Borja de la ciudad de Santiago de Chile entre 1830 y 1870. Este fue el único hospital especializado de mujeres en aquel tiempo y fue inaugurado bajo esa especialidad en 1782. Como tal, un hospital, en general, presenta la característica antes señalada: ser un espacio apto para la moralización y la medicalización. Este último término, propio de los estudios contemporáneos de historia de la medicina, hace referencia a que el ejercicio de la ciencia médica sobre el individuo o individua enferma implica dimensiones sociales y culturales que exceden lo propiamente técnico: “Podemos preguntarnos si la relación de médico a enfermo consiguió ser alguna vez una relación simple de carácter instrumental, susceptible de ser descripta en forma tal que la causa y el efecto, el gesto terapéutico y su resultado, estén ligados directamente lo uno de lo otro, sobre un mismo plano y en el mismo nivel, sin ningún intermediario ajeno a ese espacio de entendimiento (…) la referencia a ese intermediario cuyo papel es quizás explicar, a través de la historia, el hecho de que la pareja médico-enfermo sólo rara vez ha sido una pareja armoniosa en la que cada uno de los participantes se declarase plenamente satisfecho con la conducta del otro”.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Catholic Theological Union at Chicago, 2002. / Vita. Includes abstract. Appendix: A ritual of group grieving -- Kairos: a ritual honoring common ground -- Rite for completion of reconciliation of groups -- Rite of reconciliation: a day of atonement -- Reconciliation rite for impasse -- Rituals of transition: a week of farewell for parish closure -- Rite of leavetaking of a church -- Rites for inauguration of a newly consolidated parish -- Rites of reception and memorial of the closed parish with a blessing of the foundation stone ... Includes bibliographical references (leaves 323-337).