Located in the subtropical central-eastern Bahamas, San Salvador Island is impacted by both synoptic-scale weather systems as well as local features and the North Atlantic Subtropical High. This study explores rainfall variability via one year of daily rain gauge observations in relation to daily weather patterns identified from 18 UTC surface analyses. Satellite-derived rainfall estimates are then compared to gauge observations to look at days when gauge data was missing. Though non-synoptic classifications comprised 61.1% of the days and synoptic classifications comprised 38.9% of the days, more rainfall was produced by synoptic days. Unlike other studies done on San Salvador, this study uses multiple observations—in situ, surface analyses, and satellite—to further our understanding of San Salvador’s rainfall. This study also establishes methods to explore synoptic and non-synoptic impacts on the island’s rainfall using additional years as more rain gauge data become available.

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A major economic constraint in the Bahamas, and other small carbonates islands world-wide, is the lack of fresh water resources. To combat these socio-economic problems on San Salvador Island I sought to gain a more detailed understanding of the extent, behavior, and controls on the island’s fresh-water lens. DC electrical resistivity tomography and time-series geochemical data are used to study the fresh water lens at the Line Hole well field. Electrical Resistivity profiles are used to image the extent of fresh water resources. Time-series geochemical data provide information on the behavior of the fresh water resources as a function of time. The inversion models of the electrical resistivity profiles illustrate a fresh water lens less than 3 meters thick on average. The mixing zone is diffuse in nature, and substantially thicker than the fresh water lens. The geochemical results corroborate the fresh water lens dimensions predicted by the electrical resistivity model. In addition, mixed semi-diurnal and spring/neap tidal cycles are the primary control on the water level. Statistical analysis of specific conductance and temperature illustrate a positive and negative correlation with water level, respectively. Analysis of precipitation with respect to water level and geochemistry indicate low effective recharge rates during the period of study. The current state of the water resources at the Line Hole well field is strained. Despite moderate levels of freshening since the termination of pumping in December 2006; the system continues to be in a state of disequilibrium. The problem is compounded by abnormal thickening of the mixing zone due to communication of the well field with the ocean, and a limited volume of fresh water. In conclusion, the two techniques used in conjunction provide a non-invasive method of estimating fresh water resources in this type of setting. Conversely, the high RMS and L2 values for the electrical resistivity models and limited time-series data create a high level of uncertainty in the interpretation of results.

Understanding modern carbonate depositional systems gives valuable insights into the interpretation of ancient carbonate systems. Ancient carbonate strand plains have the potential to act as productive hydrocarbon reservoirs because of their relatively high porosity. Unfortunately, they are difficult to identify in the rock record because of the lack of work done on modern analogues. San Salvador Island in the Bahamas hosts a well-exposed and easily accessible Holocene strand plain, ideal as a modern analogue. Sandy Hook, located on the southeast part of the island, consists of approximately 35 ridge-swale features that show signs of four distinct zones of deposition. In this study, 20 sediment samples were collected from one meter in depth, and throughout each zone. The sediment analysis reveals remarkably consistent grain-size distributions across the four zones. Carbon-14 ages were taken from the sediment samples. They revealed ages decreasing from 2617 ± 188 YBP to modern moving seaward through zone 4. The ages reveal depositional rates of 0.08 to 0.29 meters of accretion per year. Four pseudo-3D GPR surveys were acquired in Zones B, C, and D, and a 2D GPR survey was acquired that spanned the three zones. The pseudo-3D surveys revealed consistent reflectors through the width of the survey indicating that the 2D surveys represent more than the single line. The 2D survey reveals semi-parallel seaward-dipping reflectors (representing fair-weather deposits) that are truncated by sigmoidal seaward-dipping reflectors (high-energy storm deposits). Indicating that Sandy Hook was built through both fair-weather deposits and high-energy storm events.

The scholarly tradition in urban policy analysis holds that a variety of economic, social and political background factors influence the nature and amount of output by the policymaking system. Here a number of these factors such as elections and parties, structure of the national economy and age and sex composition of the population are examined to determine their effect on public housing and local government revenue policy in two Central American urban centers. San Jose, Costa Rica and San Salvador, El Salvador were chosen for the study because they are in the same size range, both are capital (and primate) cities and both have been growing rapidly in recent years. Moreover, the cities exist in radically different sociopolitical milieux. With such characteristics as size and primacy held constant, it was felt that variations in policy output could be linked to and at least partially explained by the political, social and economic differences. For a variety of systemic and historical reasons, urban public housing is provided in both countries by autonomous agencies of the national governments. Their operational policies and programs are compared. Two major activities in the field of municipal revenue are traced through the policymaking process from their genesis: a successful effort to install parking meters in San Jose, and an unsuccessful attempt at overall tax reform in San Salvador. In neither policy area, public housing nor municipal revenue, was the original hypothesis sustained. No important differences in policy output between San Jose and San Salvador could be identified. Consequently, there were no variations to be explained by the diversity in social, economic and political background factors. Nonetheless, these factors are considered in detail, along with the nature of the policymaking process in the two cities. Finally, some suggestions are offered as to why San Jose and San Salvador exhibit these similarities in policy product in spite of their many social, political and economic dissimilarities.

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Desde hace dieciséis años, la Vivienda ha sido reconocida por la Organización Panamericana de la Salud como espacio primigenio para el desarrollo comunal, familiar e individual. Por esta razón, en el Perú, al igual que en otros países, los programas de Saneamiento Básico y Vivienda Saludable tienen cada vez mayor alcance. En este contexto, el distrito de San Salvador fue el escenario donde se aplicó por primera vez la estrategia del Proyecto de Saneamiento Básico Ambiental para la Sierra Sur (SANBASUR) que tuvo como objetivo proveer de agua y desagüe a la población, y, más adelante, promover modificaciones en el modelo de vivienda para reducir los riesgos de enfermedad en niños y adultos. La Tesis es una aproximación etnográfica a la vivencia de una de las comunidades del distrito de San Salvador, Parpacalle. Siendo su principal objetivo conocer los impactos sociales y culturales que la intervención de comunidad, Vivienda y Familia Saludables ha tenido sobre este espacio en tres dimensiones: comunal, familiar e individual. Cabe resaltar que esta etnografía no pretende ser una evaluación del resultado de la intervención, por el contrario, busca conocer cómo es que la iniciativa incide en la vida cotidiana y el imaginario de las personas implicadas en su aplicación. Consta de cinco capítulos, los dos primeros presentan el componente teórico metodológico que acompañó el desarrollo de la investigación. Los siguientes capítulos presentan los hallazgos según los tres objetivos específicos de la etnografía. El tercer capítulo, muestra la trayectoria de la intervención, se evidencia que la implementación de la iniciativa se establece como una arena política, en la que interactúan dos grupos de agentes: promotores y receptores. El cuarto capítulo se enfoca al análisis de las estrategias de adaptación que la población tiene respecto a la intervención, desde tres dimensiones. El capítulo final, busca aproximarse a los efectos que la intervención tiene sobre la localidad y la experiencia de vida de la población. Se concluye que, si bien hay cambios básicos, indispensables y efectivos en la comunidad, la sostenibilidad de ellos depende de la existencia permanente de un aparato de desarrollo local que se encargue de vigilar a los implicados. Contrariamente a lo propuesto en un inicio, se deja de apostar por la autonomía de los implicados. / Tesis

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The protection against dismissal in the evolution of the Constitutional Court jurisprudenceThis paper is based on the analysis of the job security schemes embodied in the Constitutions of 1979 and 1993, so as to point out the evolution of the protection granted by the constitutional system against unlawful dismissal and the legal application thereof to the models of restitutory protection (reinstatement) or compensatory protection (indemnification). Then, an analysis is made with respect to the options covered in this field by the international treaties executed by Peru and the evolution of different constitutional case law. Thus, judgments in which restitutory protection was initially oriented to outlaw the dismissal that violates fundamental rights are examined, in comparison to recent rulings in which such protection is granted against unlawful dismissal, resulting in a labor stability model different from the one set forth by the 1993 Constitution. / El presente trabajo parte por analizar los esquemas de estabilidad laboral recogidos en las Constituciones de 1979 y 1993, con el fin de advertir la evolución de la protección otorgada por el ordenamiento constitucional frente al despido ilícito y su plasmación legal en modelos de tutela restitutoria (reposición) o resarcitoria (indemnización). Seguidamente, se evalúan las opciones que sobre esta materia recogen los tratados internacionales suscritos por el Perú para luego tratar la evolución de la jurisprudencia constitucional. Así, se examinan pronunciamientos en que la tutela restitutoria estuvo inicialmente orientada a proscribir el despido que agravie derechos fundamentales, para luego analizar fallos recientes en los que se concede dicha tutela frente al despido injustificado, configurándose, por esta vía, un modelo de estabilidad laboral distinto al establecido por la Constitución de 1993.