Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) are small blood sucking insects which are only proven vectors of neglected tropical disease called leishmaniasis. Sand flies of the genus Phlebotomus act as vectors in the Old World and those of genus Lutzomyia are vectors in the New World. However, not all of them are capable of transmitting the disease. It is therefore crutial to conclusively determinate the species and have up-to-date knowledge of their natural occurence. Routine identification based on morphological characters is challenging due to intraspecific variability of these or their possible damage during the capture and preparation. In adition, correct assessment of distinctive cahracters, especially for females, is difficult and requires certain expertise. Thus, approaches of molecular taxonomy have been recently increasingly used for sand flies species determination. This thesis presents usage of DNA sequencing and MALDI-TOF protein profiling for routine determination of sand flies caught in southeastern Europe and adjacent regions, where we have lack of information of present sand flies species. Another part of this thesis focus on closer examination of relations between selected closely related species within species complexes. Key words: Phlebotomus, molacular identification, DNA...

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T20:42:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Josiane Carneiro Souza.pdf: 4154319 bytes, checksum: dcde979ba587a2471aa62c75df7e7827 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-19 / Fundação Araucária de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Paraná / The manufacture of metal parts by molding and molded by the process in the green sand (sand base crowded with clay) is widespread in industries for its low cost and operational flexibility. A major advantage is that the materials can be reused in new molding cycles. However, when the liquid metal comes in contact with the mold, causes disabling clay locally, generating inert materials that focus on the sand and limit long cycles of reuse. Thus, there are surplus sands by adding new primary materials and the consequent need for disposal to maintain the constant flow of materials. This excess is a liability that is usually discarded in landfills. This study sought a solution to this environmental waste, by reuse in the actual molding process using the sodium silicate (Na2SiO3.XH2O)/CO2, as binder. The properties obtained from samples with waste foundry sands (WFS) and with the new green sands were compared to verify the real potential for reuse WFS and the effect of its inert components and additives. For this purpose it was evaluated the mechanisms involved in the interaction with the green sand silicate before and after reaction with CO2 in the range of 0 to 20% (by weight) mixed. Mechanical properties were evaluated before and after gassing with CO2, both with WFS and with its primary components. In this study, for microstructural characterization techniques were used for X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy and MEV/ EDS. The results showed mutually dependent mechanical properties, the morphology of the silica gel coating on the sand grains, and the composition of the mixture used. / A fabricação de peças metálicas por fundição e moldadas pelo processo em areias a verde (areia base aglomerada com argila) é bastante difundida nas indústrias pelo seu baixo custo e flexibilidade operacional. Uma das grandes vantagens é que os materiais utilizados podem ser reutilizados em novos ciclos de moldagem. Porém, quando o metal líquido entra em contato com o molde, provoca a desativação da argila localmente, gerando materiais inertes que se concentram na areia e limitam ciclos longos de reuso. Com isto, surgem excedentes de areias pela adição de materiais primários novos e a consequente necessidade de descarte para manter o fluxo constante de materiais. Este excedente é um passivo que normalmente é descartado em aterros. Este trabalho buscou uma solução ambiental para este resíduo, por meio da reutilização no próprio processo de moldagem, utilizando silicato de sódio (Na2SiO3.XH2O)/CO2, como ligante. As propriedades obtidas de amostras com areias descartadas e com as areias a verde novas foram comparadas entre si para verificar o real potencial de reutilização da ADF e o efeito de seus componentes inertes e aditivos. Para esta finalidade avaliou-se os mecanismos envolvidos na interação da areia a verde com o silicato, antes a após reação com CO2, na faixa entre 0 a 20% (em peso) nas misturas. Propriedades mecânicas foram avaliadas antes e após a gasagem com o CO2, tanto com areia descartada de fundição (ADF) quanto com os seus componentes primários. Neste estudo, para caracterização microestrutural foram utilizadas técnicas de Difração de raios X, Microscopia Ótica e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura/EDS. Os resultados demonstraram dependência mútua entre as propriedades mecânicas; a morfologia do recobrimento da sílica gel sobre os grãos de areia; e a composição da mistura utilizada.

Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-05-29T17:53:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 analise_influencia.pdf: 4201896 bytes, checksum: 5bde8b1b65dd35cc811456f73f745be3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-29T17:53:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 analise_influencia.pdf: 4201896 bytes, checksum: 5bde8b1b65dd35cc811456f73f745be3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-29 / FINEP - Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos / A construção civil é um setor industrial que provoca elevado impacto ambiental, devido ao grande consumo de matéria-prima. Em função da crescente restrição da extração de areias dos rios e a escassez de areias naturais, com conseqüente elevação de seu custo, a utilização de areia proveniente da britagem de rochas na construção civil tem se tornado cada vez mais comum nos grandes centros urbanos. A utilização deste tipo de areia, fazendo-se uso de procedimentos e equipamentos adequados, pode ser uma alternativa viável para substituição da areia proveniente dos depósitos aluvionares de rios na produção de argamassas de revestimento de alvenarias. Este estudo apresenta e discute as características tecnológicas de três tipos de agregados miúdos com diferentes formas de grãos: uma areia de leito de rio (areia aluvionar) e duas areias de britagem de rocha basáltica, produzidas através de diferentes britadores, e avalia o comportamento de argamassas produzidas com estas areias. As diferenças entre os processos de obtenção resultam em diferenças na distribuição granulométrica, forma e textura superficial dos grãos, alterando o comportamento de argamassas fabricadas com estes agregados. As propriedades de uma argamassa de cimento, cal e areia dosada para a areia de rio foram comparadas com argamassas com o mesmo traço, substituindo-se a areia de rio pelos outros agregados miúdos, e o mesmo procedimento foi realizado para diferentes teores de adição de fíler à argamassa. Utilizou-se cimento CP II Z? 32 e cal CH-I, sendo produzidas vinte misturas de argamassas, oito com areia de britagem passante pelo britador VSI, quatro com areia de britagem passante pelo britador de mandíbulas e oito com areia de rio, no traço de volume em cimento, cal e areia, 1:1:6, com índice de consistência fixado em 260mm + 5mm na mesa de consistência. As propriedades determinadas no estado fresco são o índice de consistência, a reologia (squezze flow e penetração de cone), o teor de ar incorporado, a retenção de água e a densidade de massa. Foram determinadas a densidade de massa, a resistência à compressão e à tração na flexão, a absorção de água por capilaridade, o coeficiente de capilaridade, a absorção de água total, o índice de vazios, a massa específica real, a retração linear e o módulo de elasticidade dinâmico no estado endurecido. Para os ensaios em revestimentos foram utilizados substratos com dois diferentes teores de absorção de água, sendo determinada a resistência de aderência do revestimento e o grau de fissuração. Observou-se diferenças expressivas no comportamento das argamassas confeccionadas com os diferentes agregados, como: perda de trabalhabilidade; perda de densidade de massa; redução da resistência à compressão e da resistência à tração na flexão; diminuição do módulo de elasticidade dinâmico; aumento da absorção de água por imersão; aumento do índice de vazios; e aumento da massa específica. Em função das diferenças morfológicas e das diferenças no teor de fíler na mistura. / The construction industry causes high environmental impact due to large consumption of raw materials. Due to the restriction of sand extraction and the reduction of natural sand, with a consequent increase in cost, the use of crushed fine aggregates in construction has become increasingly common in large urban centers. The use of crushed fine aggregates made with appropriate procedures and equipments can be an alternative to replace the sand extracted of rivers for the production of rendering mortars. This paper discusses the technical characteristics of three different aggregates with distinct morphologies: the natural sand (alluvial sand) and two basalt crushed fine aggregates, produced by different crushers, and evaluate the behavior of mortars produced from these sands. Differences in particle size, shape and surface texture of the grains changes the behavior of mortars made with this aggregates. The properties of a reference mortar made with river sand was compared with others, replacing the river sand aggregate by crushed aggregates, and the same procedure was performed for different levels of addition of fillers in the mortar. Brazilian CP II Z-32 cement and CH-I lime were used for production of twenty mortars: eight with VSI crushed aggregates, four with jaw crushed sand mortars and eight with natural sand. The 1: 1: 6 (cement, lime and sand by volume) proportion was adopted, with consistency index of 260mm±5mm on the consistency table. Properties measured in the fresh state were consistency index, workability (by squezze-flow and cone penetration), air content, water retention and density. On the hardened state, density, compressive strength, flexural strength, capillarity water absorption, water absorption, shrinkage and modulus of elasticity were determined. Rendering mortar were applied over two substrates with different water absorption, determining bond strength and cracking. There were observed significant differences in the behavior of mortars made with different aggregates, as loss of workability and of density, reduction of compressive and flexural strength, decreasing of modulus of elasticity, increasing of absorption and density.

Submitted by Patrícia Valim Labres de Freitas (patricial) on 2016-03-16T15:48:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliane Luchese_.pdf: 2295311 bytes, checksum: 55706fd6328fe1f0f72ca1f58af46674 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-16T15:48:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliane Luchese_.pdf: 2295311 bytes, checksum: 55706fd6328fe1f0f72ca1f58af46674 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-22 / Nenhuma / As decisões tomadas em relação à escolha das dimensões competitivas, da estrutura e da infraestrutura, juntamente com as capacidades organizacionais, são a base para a construção de uma estratégia de produção competitiva, e uma forma de diferenciação das empresas perante seus concorrentes. Neste contexto, este estudo se propõe a identificar quais são as principais dimensões competitivas que orientam a estratégia de produção das grandes empresas da indústria moveleira do polo de Bento Gonçalves- RS sob a percepção dos gerentes de produção das mesmas. Para que seja possível alcançar o objetivo principal, foi definido alguns objetivos específicos tais como como: a) analisar o comportamento estratégico em relação as dimensões de competição das quatro empresas fabricantes de móveis de grande porte de Bento Gonçalves; b) Identificar e analisar as prioridades quanto as dimensões competitivas enfatizadas pelas empresas bem como identificar como cada empresa está estruturada em relação as áreas de decisão estruturais e infra estruturais; c) identificar sinergias e trade-offs entre as principais prioridades atribuídas nas quatro empresas. A abordagem metodológica adotada foi o estudo de caso múltiplos aplicado no principal polo moveleiro do Rio Grande do Sul, o polo da Serra Gaúcha. A escolha deste polo ocorreu devido a sua importância na geração de empregos e por sua representatividade no mercado em que essas organizações estão inseridas. Como resultado, a pesquisa evidenciou similaridade entre três empresas pesquisadas quanto a escolha das dimensões competitivas destacando a importância para as dimensões: entregas quanto a pontualidade, flexibilidade de volume, qualidade, entregas quanto a velocidade, flexibilidade de design e tecnologia de processo. Ademais, a pesquisa pretendeu servir de suporte aos gestores das pequenas e médias empresas e pesquisadores para compreender sobre a estratégia de competição em relação as dimensões competitivas adotadas pelas empresas moveleiras de grande porte. / The decisions regarding the choice of the competitive dimensions of the structure and infrastructure, along with the organizational capabilities are the foundation for building a competitive manufacturing strategy, and a way to differentiate the company to its competitors. In this context, this study aims to identify what are the main competitive dimensions that guide the production strategy of large companies in the furniture industry in Bento Gonçalves- RS, under the same perception of the production managers. To be able to achieve the main goal was set some specific goals such as :a) analyze the strategic behavior regarding the dimensions of competition of the four major furniture manufacturers of Bento Gonçalves; b) Identify and analyze the priorities for the competitive dimensions emphasized by the companies as well as identify how each company is structured in relation to the structural and infrastructural decision areas; c) identify synergies and trade-offs among the top priorities assigned in the four companies. The methodological approach adopted was the multiple case study applied in the main furniture center of Rio Grande do Sul, the center of Serra Gaucha. The choice of this center was due to its importance in the employment generation and its share of the market in which those organizations are located. As a result, the survey showed similarity between the three companies surveyed as the choice of competitive dimensions highlighting the importance for dimensions: punctuality deliveries, volume flexibility, quality, speed delivery, design flexibility and process technology. Furthermore, the research intended to provide support to small and medium companies’ managers and researchers to understand the competition strategy on the competitive dimensions adopted by large furniture companies.

O presente estudo modificou o modelo parabólico da forma em planta de equilíbrio de Medellín et al., 2009, proposto para praias de enseada com desembocaduras, incorporando um parâmetro relacionado à dinâmica costeira, que seria o volume de areia necessário para formar a praia emersa próxima à desembocadura. Foram escolhidas 27 desembocaduras na costa brasileira e obtidos parâmetros da dinâmica costeira e estuarina, através de imagens do Googleearth e dados de ondas e marés astronômicas dos programas SMC-TOOLS e WXTide32, respectivamente. O modelo parabólico foi aplicado e não se ajustou adequadamente, com diferenças com relação à linha de costa de 20-40m até 80m. Logo, foi realizada sua adaptação à costa brasileira, apresentando uma moderada a baixa dispersão dos coeficientes A e B de 77 % e 64%, respectivamente. Sua validação apresentou ajuste bom a satisfatório, com diferenças médias de 5m até máximas de 15m com relação à linha de costa. Posteriormente, foi realizada a modificação do modelo parabólico que minimizou a dispersão dos coeficientes A e B com um ajuste de 98 % e 81%, respectivamente. Sua validação apresentou um ajuste excelente a bom, com diferenças médias de 3-5m até máximas de 10m com relação à linha de costa. / This study modified the equilibrium plan form formulations proposed by Medellín et al., (2009) to embayments beachs with inlets, by incorporating a parameter related to coastal dynamics, that would be the volume of sand required to build the aerial beach close to the inlet. For this study 27 embayments beaches with inlets were chosen on the Brazilian coast and obtained parameters of dynamics coastal and estuarine, through GoogleEarth images and waves and astronomical tide datas series by the SMC-TOOLS and WXTide32 programs, respectively. The Medellín parabolic model was applied and did not fit properly, with differences regarding the shoreline of 20-40m up to maximum of 80m. Therefore, their adaptation to the Brazilian coast was carried out, which showed a moderate to low dispersion of the coefficients A and B of 77% and 64%, respectively. Their validation showed good to satisfactory fit, with mean differences regarding the shoreline of 5m up to maximum of 15m. Subsequently, the modification of the parabolic model was carried out which minimized the dispersion of the coefficients A and B with a fit of 98% and 81%, respectively. Their validation showed an excellent to good fit, with mean differences regarding the shoreline of 3-5m up to maximum of 10m.

A aplicação prática de resíduos industriais, como cinza volante proveniente da queima de carvão, em bases e sub-bases de rodovias, é de grande interesse para engenheiros geotécnicos, uma vez que reduz o consumo de recursos naturais e oferece um destino a esses resíduos. Nesse sentido, esta dissertação de mestrado avalia o desempenho de misturas cinza volante-cal submetidas a condições climáticas extremas. Foram analisadas as propriedades resistência, rigidez e durabilidade de misturas de cinza volante (25%) com areia de Osório, comparando-se ciclos de molhagem-secagem com ciclos de congelamento-degelo. Para isso variou-se: o teor de cal hidratada (3%, 5%, 7%), o grau de compactação (14,0 kN/m³, 15,0 kN/m³, 16,0 kN/m³), a adição de 0,5% de cloreto de sódio (NaCl) como catalisador e a adição de 0,5% de fibras de polipropileno. Foi estudada a influência da temperatura (23°C e 40°C) em um período de 7 dias de cura, chegando-se à conclusão que o aumento de temperatura proporciona elevados ganhos de durabilidade por congelamento e degelo, resistência e rigidez, assim como a adição de sal e fibras de polipropileno Visando ampliar esta pesquisa foi proposta a troca da matriz da mistura (areia de Osório) por fresado (RAP) e a cal hidratada pela cal de carbureto. Para esse novo tipo de mistura, também foi realizado ensaios triaxiais para análise do comportamento tensão-deformação em relação a adição de 0,5% de NaCl, onde percebeu-se um aumento de 3,4° no ângulo de atrito e de 42,8 kPa no intercepto coesivo. As misturas de RAP e cal de carbureto obtiveram melhores resultados de resistência por compressão e durabilidade do que as misturas com areia de Osório e cal dolomítica, para a mesma temperatura de cura. Posteriormente constatou-se que a perda de massa acumulada após os referidos tipos de ciclos é controlada pelo índice porosidade (η)/teor volumétrico de cal (Liv), para ambas as misturas. Além disso, percebeu-se que menores perdas de massa acumulada foram obtidas para os ciclos de molhagem e secagem comparados aos ciclos de congelamento e degelo, tanto para as misturas com areia quanto para as misturas com RAP. / The practical application of industrial residues, such as coal fly ash, on bases and sub-bases of highways, is of great interest to geotechnical engineers, since it reduces the consumption of natural resources and gives a destination to these residues. In this sense, this master's thesis evaluates the performance of coal fly ash-lime mixtures under extreme climatic conditions. Was analysed the impact of the hydrated lime content (3%, 5%, 7%), the degree of compaction (14.0 kN/m³, 15.0 kN/m³, 16.0 kN/m³), the addition of 0.5% sodium chloride (NaCl) as a catalyst and the addition of 0.5% polypropylene fibers, on strength, stiffness and durability (comparing freezing-thawing to wetting-drying cycles), in fly ash mixtures (25%) with Osório sand. The influence of temperature (23 °C and 40 °C) in a period of 7 days of cure was also studied, this increase in temperature has been shown to provide high durability (for freezeing-thawing cycles), strength and stiffness gains, as well as addition of salt and polypropylene fibers. In order to extend this research, it was propose the exchange of the matrix’s mixture (Osório sand) by reclaimed asphalt paving (RAP) and lime hydrated by carbide lime For this new type of mixture, triaxial tests are also performed to analyze the stress-strain behavior in relation to the addition of 0.5% NaCl, where a 3.4° increase in the friction angle was observed, and 42.8 kPa in the cohesive intercept. The mixtures of RAP and carbide lime obtained better strength and durability results than mixtures with Osório sand and dolomitic lime, for the same cure temperature. Subsequently, It was verified that the accumulated loss of after these kinds of cycles is controlled by the index of porosity (η) / volumetric content of lime (Liv), for both mixtures. Besides that, lower losses of accumulated mass was observed for the wetting and drying cycles, compared to the freezing and thawing cycles.

Procurando diminuir as incertezas a respeito do comportamento de estacas em perfis arenosos, desenvolveu-se um campo experimental localizado em Araquari-SC, conduzido pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, no qual foram executados (a) ensaios de campo para definir as condições geotécnicas do solo, (b) estacas escavadas e hélice continua e (c) provas de carga estática nos elementos estruturais. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar as variáveis que intervêm no mecanismo de transferência de carga ao solo. Mediante ensaios de laboratório, caracterizou-se o solo presente no campo experimental, definiram-se os parâmetros de resistência, mineralogia, forma, distribuição e tamanho das partículas, para serem usadas na retro análise do coeficiente de pressão de solo (ks) das provas de carga. Para esta finalidade foram analisados os resultados medidos em estacas escavadas executadas com bentonita e polímero. A retro análise foi realizada através do método beta (β), abordagem que permite a obtenção da capacidade lateral das estacas construídas em perfis arenosos, baseado nas tensões verticais, no coeficiente de pressão de solo e no ângulo de atrito da interface solo-estaca. Devido à interação entre as partículas do solo e concreto da estaca, estas são mobilizadas a elevados níveis de deformações, o ângulo de atrito da interface é considerado próximo ao ângulo de atrito no estado crítico da areia. O solo presente no campo experimental corresponde a areia fina com lentes de silte. Assim, os parâmetros de resistência definidos foram o ângulo de atrito no estado crítico e de pico com valores de 33,0° e 33,4° respetivamente. O ângulo no estado crítico foi utilizado na retro análise das provas de carga e como resultado foi obtido o ks, para posteriormente ser comparado ao coeficiente de empuxo no repouso (k0). Os resultados mostraram que com a profundidade o valor ks aproxima-se ao valor de k0, apresentado uma relação de ks/k0 próxima a unidade. Conclui-se que, o mecanismo de transferência de carga entre o solo e a estaca pode ser avaliado em função das tensões iniciais do depósito, expressas a partir de k0 estimado com base nos ensaios de laboratório. / In order to reduce the uncertainties regarding the behavior of piles in sandy profiles, an experimental field was developed by the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul in Araquari-SC, where were executed (a) field tests to define soil geotechnical conditions, (b) bored and continuous flight auger piles and (c) static load tests on the structural elements. The aim of this research was to study the variables that intervene in the soil load transfer mechanism. The soil at the experimental field was characterized by laboratory tests, and parameters of resistance, mineralogy, particle shape, distribution and size were obtained for use in the back analysis of the soil pressure coefficient (ks) of the load tests. For this purpose, were analyzed the results measured on bored piles executed with bentonite and polymer. The back analysis was made using the beta method (β), which allows to estimate the lateral capacity of the piles constructed in sandy profiles, based on vertical stresses, soil pressure coefficient and friction angle of the soil-pile interface. Due to the interaction between the soil particles and the pile concrete, the first are mobilized at high deformation levels, the friction angle of the interface is considered close to the friction angle in the sand critical state. The soil present in the experimental field corresponds to fine sand with silt lenses. Thus, the resistance parameters defined were the critical state and peak friction angle with values of 33.0 ° and 33.4 ° respectively. The critical state angle was used in the back analysis of the load tests, and as a result the ks was obtained, to be subsequently compared to the at rest lateral earth pressure coefficient (k0). The results showed that, with depth, the value ks approaches the value of k0, with a relation of ks / k0 close to unity. It is concluded that the load transfer mechanism between the soil and the pile can be evaluated as a function of the initial stresses of the deposit, expressed from an estimated k0 based on the laboratory tests.

Cette thèse de doctorat porte sur la réponse des fondations caisson dans du sable pour les éoliennes en mer soumises à des chargements monotones et cycliques combinés. Le processus de défaillance et l’enveloppe de rupture (diagramme de capacité portante) d’une fondation en caisson dans du sable soumise à des chargements monotones combinés sont premièrement étudiés à l’aide du modèle constitutif de Mohr-Coulomb. La méthode Lagrangian-Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Combinée (CLSPH) est adoptée pour prendre en compte les grandes déformations et les limites de l'approche sont mises en évidence. Une loi constitutive basée sur la notion de l’état critique pour le sable récemment mis au point (SIMSAND) est ensuite introduite et utilisée avec la méthode CLSPH. Des tests d’effondrement du sol dans un canal rectangulaire et d’une colonne granulaire en prenant en compte différentes géométries sont simulés afin de valider l’approche en termes de morphologie de dépôt final, des profils d’écoulement et de zones non perturbées. La méthode CLSPH et le modèle SIMSAND sont ensuite utilisés pour étudier le diagramme de capacité portante des fondations caisson dans du sable. Différents paramètres ayant une incidence sur la forme et la taille de l'enveloppe de rupture sont pris en compte, tels que la densité et la rigidité du sol, la résistance au frottement, la rupture des grains, la géométrie et les dimensions de la fondation. Une formule analytique est introduite pour décrire la surface de rupture 3D capable à reproduire les résultats numériques. Sur la base de la formule analytique proposée, un macro-élément pour des fondations caisson dans du sable soumises à des chargements monotones et cycliques est finalement développé dans le cadre de l'hypoplasticité. L’outil numérique proposé est validé avec des résultats expérimentaux. / This PhD thesis deals with the response of caisson foundations in sand for offshore wind turbines submitted to combined monotonic and cyclic loadings. First, the failure process and failure envelope (or bearing capacity diagram) of a caisson foundation in sand under combined monotonic loadings is investigated using the conventional Mohr-Coulomb constitutive model. A Combined Lagrangian-Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics(CLSPH) method is adopted to consider large deformations and the limitations of the approach are highlighted. A recently developed critical state model for sand (SIMSAND) is then introduced and combined with the CLSPH method. Rectangular channel soil collapse tests and granular column collapse tests considering different aspect ratios are simulated to validate the approach in terms of final deposit morphologies, flow profiles and undisturbed areas.The CLSPH method and the SIMSAND model are then used to investigate the bearing capacity diagram of the caisson foundation in sand. Different parameters affecting the shape and size of the failure envelope are considered, as soil density and stiffness, friction strength, grain breakage, geometry and aspect ratio of the foundation. An analytical formula is introduced to describe the 3D failure surface reproducing the numerical results. Based on the proposed analytical formula, a macro-element for the caisson foundation in sand submitted to monotonic and cyclic loadings is finally developed within the framework of hypoplasticity. Validation is provided through comparison with experimental results.

Orientador: José Carlos Casagrande / Banca: Luiz Mauro Barbosa / Banca: Márcio Roberto Soares / Resumo: Este trabalho abrangeu o Litoral do Estado de São Paulo, desde Ubatuba - litoral norte à Cananéia - litoral sul. Teve por objetivo correlacionar diferentes fisionomias da floresta de restinga com os parâmetros físicos, químicos e salinidade do solo e análises químicas de alumínio, macro e micronutrientes de espécies arbóreas. A amostragem do solo foi feita até 0,6m de profundidade, em camadas de 20cm e na profundidade até 0,2m a cada 5cm para as fitofisionomias alta e baixa. Para cada camada foram analisados ph, M.O., P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Al, H+Al, Na, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, m, SB, CTC e V, além da condutividade elétrica (CE), Relações de Adsorção de Sódio (RAS), Porcentagem de Sódio Trocável (PST), pH dos extratos de saturação e análises granulométricas. Foram coletadas oito folhas de cinco indivíduos por espécie para cada área de Pera glabrata, Andira fraxinifolia, Ilex theezans e Psidium cattleyanum, para análises químicas foliares (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn e Al). Os teores de areia, silte e argila não diferiram entre as áreas estudadas, sendo que a argila obteve teores iguais ou inferiores a 4% e a areia superiores a 90%. Independentemente dos processos geológicos, os solos de restinga são semelhantes entre si quanto à sua fertilidade. Os solos apresentaram elevada acidez, com o pH variando de 3,5 a 4,0. Na floresta alta, a matéria orgânica do solo obteve teores maiores, chegando a 4,5% nos primeiros 5cm, sendo que nos 10 cm superficiais concentraram-se 67% da MOS. As camadas superficiais foram mais representativas para ambas as fitofisionomias. A CTC na superfície do solo também foi mais elevada, tendo a camada de 0-5cm um valor de 89,3 mmolc dm-3 para a fitofisionomia alta. A saturação por bases (V%) variou de 10 a 20%, sendo baixa para todas as profundidades e fitofisionomias. Portanto, os solos de restinga são distróficos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This work was carried out in the São Paulo State coast, since northern coast of Ubatuba until the south coast of Cananéia. The aim of this research was to correlate different physiognomies of the sand coastal plain vegetation - restinga forest - with the soil characteristics (texture, nutritional contents and salinity) and foliage analysis of native tree species. The soil samples were collected from low and high restinga forest physiognomies until 0,6m depth in each 20cm layers and until 0,2m depth in each 5cm layers. For each layer it was analyzed the organic matter, pH, P, Na, K, Ca, Mg, S, H + Al, Al, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, aluminum contents, base saturation, cation exchange capacity, electrical conductivity, sodium adsorption ratio, exchangeable sodium percentage and pH of the saturation extracts. For the foliage analyses (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn e Al), the species elected were Pera glabrata, Andira fraxinifolia, Ilex theezans and Psidium cattleyanum. It was collected eight leaves from five trees of the each specie, in each site. The levels of sand, clay and silt did not differ between the sites and the physiognomies. The clay obtained values low or equal 4% and the sand obtained rates above 90%. Independently of the geologic process, the soil fertility of the restinga forest is similar for all sites and physiognomies. The soil showed elevated acidity with the pH varying between 3,5 and 4,0. In the high physiognomy the organic matter presented major values than in the low physiognomy, with 4,5% in the superficial horizon (0-5cm), and in the first 10cm concentrated 67% of MOS. The superficial horizons were more representative than others depths in both physiognomies. The cation exchange capacity in the soil surface was higher than in other depths. The horizon 0-5cm of the high physiognomy obtained 89,3 mmolc dm- 3. In all depths and physiognomies, the base saturation... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below) / Mestre

Air borne or liquid-laden solid particle transport is a common phenomenon in various industrial applications. Solid particles, transported at severe operating conditions such as high flow velocity, can cause concerns for structural integrity through wear originated from particle impacts with structure. To apply Acoustic Emission (AE) in particle impact monitoring, previous researchers focused primarily on dry particle impacts on dry target plate and/or wet particle impacts on wet or dry target plate. For dry particle impacts on dry target plate, AE events energy, calculated from the recorded free falling or air borne particle impact AE signals, were correlated with particle size, concentration, height, target material and thickness. For a given system, once calibrated for a specific particle type and operating condition, this technique might be sufficient to serve the purpose. However, if more than one particle type present in the system, particularly with similar size, density and impact velocity, calculated AE event energy is not unique for a specific particle type. For wet particle impacts on dry or wet target plate (either submerged or in a flow loop), AE event energy was related to the particle size, concentration, target material, impact velocity and angle between the nozzle and the target plate. In these studies, the experimental arrangements and the operating conditions considered either did not allow any bubble formation in the system or even if there is any at least an order of magnitude lower in amplitude than the sand particle impact and so easily identifiable. In reality, bubble formation can be comparable with particle impacts in terms of AE amplitude in process industries, for example, sand production during oil and gas transportation from reservoir. Current practice is to calibrate an installed AE monitoring system against a range of sand free flow conditions. In real time monitoring, for a specific calibrated flow, the flow generated AE amplitude/energy is deducted from the recorded AE amplitude/energy and the difference is attributed to the sand particle impacts. However, if the flow condition changes, which often does in the process industry, the calibration is not valid anymore and AE events from bubble can be misinterpreted as sand particle impacts and vice versa. In this research, sand particles and glass beads with similar size, density and impact velocity have been studied dropping from 200 mm on a small cylindrical stepped mild steel coupon as a target plate. For signal recording purposes, two identical broadband AE sensors are installed, one at the centre and one 30 mm off centred, on the opposite of the impacting surface. Signal analysis have been carried out by evaluating 7 standard AE parameters (amplitude, energy, rise time, duration, power spectral density(PSD), peak frequency at PSD and spectral centroid) in the time and frequency domain and time-frequency domain analysis have been performed applying Gabor Wavelet Transform. The signal interpretation becomes difficult due to reflections, dispersions and mode conversions caused by close proximity of the boundaries. So, a new signal analysis parameter - frequency band energy ratio - has been proposed. This technique is able to distinguish between population of two very similar groups (in terms of size and mass and energy) of sand particles and glass beads, impacting on mild steel based on the coefficient of variation (Cv) of the frequency band AE energy ratios. To facilitate individual particle impact identification, further analysis has been performed using Support Vector Machine (SVM) based classification algorithm using 7 standard AE parameters, evaluated in both the time and frequency domain. Available data set has been segmented into two parts of training set (80%) and test set (20%). The developed model has been applied on the test data for model performance evaluation purpose. The overall success rate of individually identifying each category (PLB, Glass bead and Sand particle impacts) at S1 has been found as 86% and at S2 as 92%. To study wet particle impacts on wet target surface, in presence of bubbles, the target plate has been sealed to a cylindrical perspex tube. Single and multiple sand particles have been introduced in the system using a constant speed blower to impact the target surface under water loading. Two sensor locations, used in the previous sets of experiments, have been monitored. From frequency domain analysis it has been observed that characteristic frequency for particle impacts are centred at 300-350 kHz and for bubble formations are centred at 135 – 150 kHz. Based upon this, two frequency bands 100 – 200 kHz (E1) and 300 – 400 kHz (E3) and the frequency band energy ratio (E3E1,) have been identified as optimal for identification particle impacts for the given system. E3E1, > 1 has been associated with particle impacts and E3E1, < 1 has been associated with bubble formations. Applying these frequency band energy ratios and setting an amplitude threshold, an automatic event identification technique has been developed for identification of sand particle impacts in presence of bubbles. The method developed can be used to optimize the identification of sand particle impacts. The optimal setting of an amplitude threshold is sensitive to number of particles and noise levels. A high threshold of say 10% will clearly identify sand particle impacts but for multiparticle tests is likely to not detect about 20% of lower (impact) energy particles. A threshold lower than 3% is likely to result in detection of AE events with poor frequency content and wrong classification of the weakest events. Optimal setting of the parameters used in the framework such as thresholds, frequency bands and ratios of AE energy is likely to make identification of sand particle impacts in the laboratory environment within 10% possible. For this technique, once the optimal frequency bands and ratios have been identified, then an added advantage is that calibration of the signal levels is not required.