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Die neuen Schwerefeld-Satellitenmissionen CHAMP (Challenging Minisatellite Payload), GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) und GOCE (Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer) können wesentlich zur Erforschung und Beobachtung des Systems Erde beitragen. Die Antarktis als ein Schlüsselglied im globalen Klimasystem bietet dabei besondere Herausforderungen. GRACE hat hier das Potential, zeitliche Massenänderungen (unter anderem der Eismasse) zu beobachten. Methoden zur Auswertung der Missionsdaten befinden sich gegenwärtig in einem intensiven Entwicklungsprozess, zu dem die vorliegende Arbeit beitragen soll. Inhaltlicher Schwerpunkt ist die Nutzung von GRACE zur Ermittlung zeitlicher Massenvariationen in der Antarktis. Die Analysen erfolgen in erster Linie aus der Position eines Nutzers von Standard-Missionsprodukten, betreffen aber grundsätzlich den gesamten Auswerteprozess. Nach einer Einführung werden zunächst die Hintergründe der Arbeit ausgeführt (Kapitel 2), speziell die theoretischen Grundlagen zu Massen- und Schwerefeldvariationen, Phänomene geophysikalischer Massenvariationen und die neuen Schwerefeldmissionen mit ihrem Potential zur Beobachtung solcher Massenvariationen. Ein Hauptteil der Arbeit behandelt die Frage, welche Signale und Fehler in den Schwerefeldlösungen der Missionen enthalten sind (Kapitel 3). Zunächst werden dazu gegenwärtige Prozessierungskonzepte zur Erstellung von CHAMP- und GRACE-Schwerefeldlösungen skizziert und die GRACE-Monatslösungen des GeoForschungsZentrums Potsdam als ein Standard-GRACE-Produkt vorgestellt. Es folgen verschiedene Analysen zur Fehlerstruktur der Schwerefeldlösungen, wobei insbesondere die Fehlerstruktur von GRACE-Monatslösungen anhand ihres Zeitverhaltens empirisch untersucht werden. Als eine Ursache empirisch festgestellter, aber durch Fehlermodelle nicht vollständig beschriebener Fehlerstrukturen werden schließlich Alias-Effekte von unmodellierten zeitlichen Variationen auf die geschätzten räumlichen Variationen qualitativ und quantitativ beschrieben und diskutiert. Ein zweiter Hauptteil untersucht geophysikalische Rückschlüsse aus GRACE-Schwerefeldlösungen mit Anwendung auf die Schätzung antarktischer Eismassensignale (Kapitel 4). Methoden zur Schätzung von Massensignalen aus den Schwerefeldlösungen werden systematisch zusammengestellt und teilweise weiterentwickelt. Die praktische Anwendung dieser Methoden zur Schätzung von Eismassenänderungen des Antarktischen Eisschildes und seiner großen Eiseinzugsgebiete wird erklärt. Ein Schwerpunkt liegt auf der Untersuchung der unterschiedlichen Mechanismen, die zu Fehlern der geschätzten Massensignale führen, sowie auf der Abschätzung dieser Fehler. Im Lichte der gewonnenen Einsichten in die methodischen Unsicherheiten der angewandten Analysetechniken erfolgt schließlich die Präsentation und Diskussion der Ergebnisse, einschließlich eines Vergleichs mit bisher veröffentlichten Massenbilanzresultaten. Möglichkeiten zu methodischen Verbesserungen, die in den vorangegangenen Untersuchungen deutlich werden, aber über den Rahmen der Arbeit hinausgehen, werden in einem eigenen Kapitel (Kapitel 5) diskutiert. Dies betrifft sowohl solche Verbesserungen, die bereits auf der Basis der gegenwärtigen GRACE-Monatslösungen möglich sind, als auch Verbesserungen in der Generierung dieser Monatslösungen oder, allgemeiner, in der GRACE-Prozessierung. Die Kombination der GRACE-Daten mit komplementären Beobachtungen und Modellen spielt in den unterschiedlichen Stadien der GRACE-Datenanalyse eine Schlüsselrolle. In Bezug auf die Trennung antarktischer Massensignale werden Kombinationsstrategien nochmals gesondert diskutiert. Schließlich werden die Hauptergebnisse der Arbeit nochmals zusammengefasst und eingeordnet (Kapitel 6). / The new gravity field satellite missions CHAMP (Challenging Minisatellite Payload), GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) and GOCE (Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer) can provide essential contributions to the study and the monitoring of the Earth system. Hereby, Antarctica as a key element of the climate system offers particular challenges. GRACE has the potential to observe temporal variations of masses such as ice masses, in particular. Methods to analyse the mission data are currently in a process of intensive development. The present work aims to contribute to this process. The focus is on the use of GRACE to determine temporal mass variations in Antarctica. The analyses are carried out from the viewpoint of a standard product user. Nonetheless, they concern the entire process of GRACE data analysis. After an introduction, the background of the work is explained, in particular the theoretical fundamentals of mass and gravity field variations, the phenomena of geophysical mass variations and the new gravity field missions with their potential to observe these variations (chapter 2). One main part of the work (chapter 3) treats the question which signals and errors are contained in the missions' gravity field solutions (chapter 3). Current CHAMP and GRACE processing approaches are outlined. The GRACE monthly solutions by GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam are introduced. Subsequently, different analyses about error structures of gravity field mission solutions are presented. In particular, an empirical analysis of time-variations of the GRACE monthly solutions reveals error structures which are not completely described by error models. As one cause of this discrepancy, alias effects of unmodelled temporal variations on the spatial patterns of the solutions are discussed qualitatively and quantitatively. Another main part of the work (chapter 4) investigates geophysical inferences from the GRACE monthly solutions, with Antarctica taken as a case study. Methods to estimate mass signals are systematised and partly enhanced. The practical applications of these methods for the estimation of Antarctic ice mass changes is explained. The different error mechanisms are investigated in detail, and corresponding errors are assessed. The results about Antarctic ice mass changes are then presented, compared to previous results and discussed in the light of the remaining methodological uncertainties. The studies reveal directions for methodological improvements, and so, related ideas are discussed in a separate chapter (chapter 5). They concern both the analysis of current GRACE monthly solutions and the generation of these solutions, or, more generally, the GRACE processing. The combination of GRACE data with complementary observations and models plays a key role in the different levels of GRACE data analysis. Combination strategies are, hence, once more discussed with regard to Antarctic mass signals. Finally, the main results of the work are summarised and discussed in a broader context.

Die neuen Schwerefeld-Satellitenmissionen CHAMP (Challenging Minisatellite Payload), GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) und GOCE (Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer) können wesentlich zur Erforschung und Beobachtung des Systems Erde beitragen. Die Antarktis als ein Schlüsselglied im globalen Klimasystem bietet dabei besondere Herausforderungen. GRACE hat hier das Potential, zeitliche Massenänderungen (unter anderem der Eismasse) zu beobachten. Methoden zur Auswertung der Missionsdaten befinden sich gegenwärtig in einem intensiven Entwicklungsprozess, zu dem die vorliegende Arbeit beitragen soll. Inhaltlicher Schwerpunkt ist die Nutzung von GRACE zur Ermittlung zeitlicher Massenvariationen in der Antarktis. Die Analysen erfolgen in erster Linie aus der Position eines Nutzers von Standard-Missionsprodukten, betreffen aber grundsätzlich den gesamten Auswerteprozess. Nach einer Einführung werden zunächst die Hintergründe der Arbeit ausgeführt (Kapitel 2), speziell die theoretischen Grundlagen zu Massen- und Schwerefeldvariationen, Phänomene geophysikalischer Massenvariationen und die neuen Schwerefeldmissionen mit ihrem Potential zur Beobachtung solcher Massenvariationen. Ein Hauptteil der Arbeit behandelt die Frage, welche Signale und Fehler in den Schwerefeldlösungen der Missionen enthalten sind (Kapitel 3). Zunächst werden dazu gegenwärtige Prozessierungskonzepte zur Erstellung von CHAMP- und GRACE-Schwerefeldlösungen skizziert und die GRACE-Monatslösungen des GeoForschungsZentrums Potsdam als ein Standard-GRACE-Produkt vorgestellt. Es folgen verschiedene Analysen zur Fehlerstruktur der Schwerefeldlösungen, wobei insbesondere die Fehlerstruktur von GRACE-Monatslösungen anhand ihres Zeitverhaltens empirisch untersucht werden. Als eine Ursache empirisch festgestellter, aber durch Fehlermodelle nicht vollständig beschriebener Fehlerstrukturen werden schließlich Alias-Effekte von unmodellierten zeitlichen Variationen auf die geschätzten räumlichen Variationen qualitativ und quantitativ beschrieben und diskutiert. Ein zweiter Hauptteil untersucht geophysikalische Rückschlüsse aus GRACE-Schwerefeldlösungen mit Anwendung auf die Schätzung antarktischer Eismassensignale (Kapitel 4). Methoden zur Schätzung von Massensignalen aus den Schwerefeldlösungen werden systematisch zusammengestellt und teilweise weiterentwickelt. Die praktische Anwendung dieser Methoden zur Schätzung von Eismassenänderungen des Antarktischen Eisschildes und seiner großen Eiseinzugsgebiete wird erklärt. Ein Schwerpunkt liegt auf der Untersuchung der unterschiedlichen Mechanismen, die zu Fehlern der geschätzten Massensignale führen, sowie auf der Abschätzung dieser Fehler. Im Lichte der gewonnenen Einsichten in die methodischen Unsicherheiten der angewandten Analysetechniken erfolgt schließlich die Präsentation und Diskussion der Ergebnisse, einschließlich eines Vergleichs mit bisher veröffentlichten Massenbilanzresultaten. Möglichkeiten zu methodischen Verbesserungen, die in den vorangegangenen Untersuchungen deutlich werden, aber über den Rahmen der Arbeit hinausgehen, werden in einem eigenen Kapitel (Kapitel 5) diskutiert. Dies betrifft sowohl solche Verbesserungen, die bereits auf der Basis der gegenwärtigen GRACE-Monatslösungen möglich sind, als auch Verbesserungen in der Generierung dieser Monatslösungen oder, allgemeiner, in der GRACE-Prozessierung. Die Kombination der GRACE-Daten mit komplementären Beobachtungen und Modellen spielt in den unterschiedlichen Stadien der GRACE-Datenanalyse eine Schlüsselrolle. In Bezug auf die Trennung antarktischer Massensignale werden Kombinationsstrategien nochmals gesondert diskutiert. Schließlich werden die Hauptergebnisse der Arbeit nochmals zusammengefasst und eingeordnet (Kapitel 6). / The new gravity field satellite missions CHAMP (Challenging Minisatellite Payload), GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) and GOCE (Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer) can provide essential contributions to the study and the monitoring of the Earth system. Hereby, Antarctica as a key element of the climate system offers particular challenges. GRACE has the potential to observe temporal variations of masses such as ice masses, in particular. Methods to analyse the mission data are currently in a process of intensive development. The present work aims to contribute to this process. The focus is on the use of GRACE to determine temporal mass variations in Antarctica. The analyses are carried out from the viewpoint of a standard product user. Nonetheless, they concern the entire process of GRACE data analysis. After an introduction, the background of the work is explained, in particular the theoretical fundamentals of mass and gravity field variations, the phenomena of geophysical mass variations and the new gravity field missions with their potential to observe these variations (chapter 2). One main part of the work (chapter 3) treats the question which signals and errors are contained in the missions' gravity field solutions (chapter 3). Current CHAMP and GRACE processing approaches are outlined. The GRACE monthly solutions by GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam are introduced. Subsequently, different analyses about error structures of gravity field mission solutions are presented. In particular, an empirical analysis of time-variations of the GRACE monthly solutions reveals error structures which are not completely described by error models. As one cause of this discrepancy, alias effects of unmodelled temporal variations on the spatial patterns of the solutions are discussed qualitatively and quantitatively. Another main part of the work (chapter 4) investigates geophysical inferences from the GRACE monthly solutions, with Antarctica taken as a case study. Methods to estimate mass signals are systematised and partly enhanced. The practical applications of these methods for the estimation of Antarctic ice mass changes is explained. The different error mechanisms are investigated in detail, and corresponding errors are assessed. The results about Antarctic ice mass changes are then presented, compared to previous results and discussed in the light of the remaining methodological uncertainties. The studies reveal directions for methodological improvements, and so, related ideas are discussed in a separate chapter (chapter 5). They concern both the analysis of current GRACE monthly solutions and the generation of these solutions, or, more generally, the GRACE processing. The combination of GRACE data with complementary observations and models plays a key role in the different levels of GRACE data analysis. Combination strategies are, hence, once more discussed with regard to Antarctic mass signals. Finally, the main results of the work are summarised and discussed in a broader context.

O Brasil está entre os países que mais possuem riquezas minerais no mundo, tendo inclusive o ouro um papel importante em sua história nos séculos XVII e XVIII. Desde então, novas descobertas ocorreram e estudos geológicos e geofísicos foram realizados por universidades, empresas privadas e públicas. Destes estudos, dominam aqueles de escala local, com o objetivo de identificar novos depósitos minerais em detrimento dos estudos regionais, com objetivo de estudar a gênese e evolução da província. De modo a contribuir com os estudos regionais, o presente trabalho analisou a aplicabilidade dos modelos que utilizam dados de gravimetria por satélite e determinou qual modelo apresenta melhores resultados para estudo nas seguintes províncias minerais brasileiras: Alta Floresta, Carajás, Quadrilátero Ferrífero e Tapajós. Os modelos estudados foram: EGM96 (grau/ordem 360), EGM2008 (grau/ordem 2190/2159), EGM2008upto360 (grau/ordem 360), EIGEN-CG03C (grau/ordem 360) e go_cons_gcf_2_tim_r4 (grau/ordem 240), todos acessíveis de forma gratuita pelo portal ICGEM (International Centre for Global Earth Models). O efeito isostático de cargas litosféricas e sua contribuição para a anomalia Bouguer foram modelados com base na equação de deflexão da litosfera. De modo a removê- lo, a modelagem foi realizada para toda a América do Sul e seu efeito foi subtraído da anomalia Bouguer de cada província mineral estudada, resultando na grandeza denominada residual da anomalia Bouguer. Tanto os mapas de anomalia Bouguer como os mapas de residual da anomalia Bouguer foram comparados entre si e com dados terrestres, quando disponíveis na literatura, a fim de averiguar eventuais artefatos de processamento dos modelos que poderiam ser interpretados erroneamente. Perfis representativos também foram comparados, de modo a observar a amplitude relativa das anomalias de forma quantitativa. Os resultados obtidos mostram que há uma boa correlação em escala regional entre dados de satélite e terrestres nas províncias Alta Floresta e Quadrilátero Ferrífero para todos os modelos estudados, fato que corrobora a aplicabilidade destes dados para a metodologia utilizada. O modelo que se mostrou mais adequado tanto em nível de detalhamento quanto em identificação de anomalias de menor comprimento de onda foi o EGM2008 principalmente para a província do Quadrilátero Ferrífero. Para o restante das províncias houve diferenças pouco significativas entre os modelos EGM2008 e EGM2008upto360, indicando que para estas regiões as anomalias associadas a grau e ordem superiores a 360 pouco influenciam nos mapas de residual e de anomalia Bouguer em escala regional. O modelo que menos se adequa ao estudo nas áreas estudadas é o go_cons_gcf_2_tim_r4, provavelmente porque, além de possuir os menores grau e ordem dentre os modelos estudados, é o único que utiliza apenas dados de satélite em sua elaboração. A partir dos dados de anomalia Bouguer e, principalmente, de residual da anomalia Bouguer é possível observar correlação sistemática entre altos anômalos e a localização das minas para as províncias de Quadrilátero Ferrífero e Alta Floresta. Essa correlação vista a partir de dados de acesso gratuito permite definir regiões de interesse exploratório em escala local, melhorando a eficiência e eficácia dos recursos já escassos na exploração mineral brasileira. / Brazil is one of the countries that possess most mineral riches in the world: gold, for example, has played an important role in its history in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Since then, new discoveries have occurred and geological and geophysical studies have been carried out by universities, private and public companies. These studies are mainly of local scale, focusing on identifying new mineral deposits instead of regional studies, which focus on the genesis and evolution of the province. In order to contribute to the regional studies, the present work analyzed the applicability of the models that use satellite gravimetry data and determined which model presents the best results in the following Brazilian mineral provinces: Alta Floresta, Carajás, Quadrilátero Ferrífero and Tapajós. The models studied were EGM96 (degree / order 360), EGM2008 (degree / order 2190/2159), EGM2008upto360 (degree / order 360), EIGEN-CG03C (degree / order 360) and go_cons_gcf_2_tim_r4 (degree / order 240), each of them accessible by ICGEM (International Center for Global Earth Models) portal. The isostatic effect of the lithospheric loads and their contribution to the Bouguer anomaly were modeled based on the lithosphere deflection equation. In order to remove it, the modeling was carried out for the entire South America territory and its effect was subtracted from the Bouguer anomaly of each studied mineral province, resulting in the residual Bouguer anomaly. Both Bouguer and the residual Bouguer anomalies were compared to each other and to terrestrial data when available in the literature to ascertain possible processing artifacts that could be misinterpreted. Representative profiles were also compared in order to observe the relative amplitude of the anomalies quantitatively. The results show that, for example, there is a good regional correlation between satellite and terrestrial data in the Alta Floresta and Quadrilátero Ferrífero provinces for all the models studied, which corroborates the applicability of these data to the methodology used. The most appropriated model regarding the level of detail and the identification of shorter wavelength anomalies was the EGM2008 specially for the Quadrilátero Ferrífero province. For the remaining provinces there were slight differences between the EGM2008 and EGM2008upto360 models, indicating that for these regions anomalies associated with degree and order higher than 360 have little influence to the Bouguer and residual Bouguer anomalies on a regional scale. The model least suitable for the studied areas is go_cons_gcf_2_tim_r4, probably because, in addition to having the lowest degree and order among the studied models, it is the only one that uses only satellite data in its elaboration. From the Bouguer anomaly and specially from residual Bouguer anomaly it is possible to observe systematic correlation between anomalous highs and the location of the mines for the provinces of Quadrilátero Ferrífero and Alta Floresta. This correlation, based on free access data, allows the definition of regions of exploratory interest at a local scale, improving the efficiency and effectiveness of resources already scarce in Brazilian mineral exploration.

O Brasil está entre os países que mais possuem riquezas minerais no mundo, tendo inclusive o ouro um papel importante em sua história nos séculos XVII e XVIII. Desde então, novas descobertas ocorreram e estudos geológicos e geofísicos foram realizados por universidades, empresas privadas e públicas. Destes estudos, dominam aqueles de escala local, com o objetivo de identificar novos depósitos minerais em detrimento dos estudos regionais, com objetivo de estudar a gênese e evolução da província. De modo a contribuir com os estudos regionais, o presente trabalho analisou a aplicabilidade dos modelos que utilizam dados de gravimetria por satélite e determinou qual modelo apresenta melhores resultados para estudo nas seguintes províncias minerais brasileiras: Alta Floresta, Carajás, Quadrilátero Ferrífero e Tapajós. Os modelos estudados foram: EGM96 (grau/ordem 360), EGM2008 (grau/ordem 2190/2159), EGM2008upto360 (grau/ordem 360), EIGEN-CG03C (grau/ordem 360) e go_cons_gcf_2_tim_r4 (grau/ordem 240), todos acessíveis de forma gratuita pelo portal ICGEM (International Centre for Global Earth Models). O efeito isostático de cargas litosféricas e sua contribuição para a anomalia Bouguer foram modelados com base na equação de deflexão da litosfera. De modo a removê- lo, a modelagem foi realizada para toda a América do Sul e seu efeito foi subtraído da anomalia Bouguer de cada província mineral estudada, resultando na grandeza denominada residual da anomalia Bouguer. Tanto os mapas de anomalia Bouguer como os mapas de residual da anomalia Bouguer foram comparados entre si e com dados terrestres, quando disponíveis na literatura, a fim de averiguar eventuais artefatos de processamento dos modelos que poderiam ser interpretados erroneamente. Perfis representativos também foram comparados, de modo a observar a amplitude relativa das anomalias de forma quantitativa. Os resultados obtidos mostram que há uma boa correlação em escala regional entre dados de satélite e terrestres nas províncias Alta Floresta e Quadrilátero Ferrífero para todos os modelos estudados, fato que corrobora a aplicabilidade destes dados para a metodologia utilizada. O modelo que se mostrou mais adequado tanto em nível de detalhamento quanto em identificação de anomalias de menor comprimento de onda foi o EGM2008 principalmente para a província do Quadrilátero Ferrífero. Para o restante das províncias houve diferenças pouco significativas entre os modelos EGM2008 e EGM2008upto360, indicando que para estas regiões as anomalias associadas a grau e ordem superiores a 360 pouco influenciam nos mapas de residual e de anomalia Bouguer em escala regional. O modelo que menos se adequa ao estudo nas áreas estudadas é o go_cons_gcf_2_tim_r4, provavelmente porque, além de possuir os menores grau e ordem dentre os modelos estudados, é o único que utiliza apenas dados de satélite em sua elaboração. A partir dos dados de anomalia Bouguer e, principalmente, de residual da anomalia Bouguer é possível observar correlação sistemática entre altos anômalos e a localização das minas para as províncias de Quadrilátero Ferrífero e Alta Floresta. Essa correlação vista a partir de dados de acesso gratuito permite definir regiões de interesse exploratório em escala local, melhorando a eficiência e eficácia dos recursos já escassos na exploração mineral brasileira. / Brazil is one of the countries that possess most mineral riches in the world: gold, for example, has played an important role in its history in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Since then, new discoveries have occurred and geological and geophysical studies have been carried out by universities, private and public companies. These studies are mainly of local scale, focusing on identifying new mineral deposits instead of regional studies, which focus on the genesis and evolution of the province. In order to contribute to the regional studies, the present work analyzed the applicability of the models that use satellite gravimetry data and determined which model presents the best results in the following Brazilian mineral provinces: Alta Floresta, Carajás, Quadrilátero Ferrífero and Tapajós. The models studied were EGM96 (degree / order 360), EGM2008 (degree / order 2190/2159), EGM2008upto360 (degree / order 360), EIGEN-CG03C (degree / order 360) and go_cons_gcf_2_tim_r4 (degree / order 240), each of them accessible by ICGEM (International Center for Global Earth Models) portal. The isostatic effect of the lithospheric loads and their contribution to the Bouguer anomaly were modeled based on the lithosphere deflection equation. In order to remove it, the modeling was carried out for the entire South America territory and its effect was subtracted from the Bouguer anomaly of each studied mineral province, resulting in the residual Bouguer anomaly. Both Bouguer and the residual Bouguer anomalies were compared to each other and to terrestrial data when available in the literature to ascertain possible processing artifacts that could be misinterpreted. Representative profiles were also compared in order to observe the relative amplitude of the anomalies quantitatively. The results show that, for example, there is a good regional correlation between satellite and terrestrial data in the Alta Floresta and Quadrilátero Ferrífero provinces for all the models studied, which corroborates the applicability of these data to the methodology used. The most appropriated model regarding the level of detail and the identification of shorter wavelength anomalies was the EGM2008 specially for the Quadrilátero Ferrífero province. For the remaining provinces there were slight differences between the EGM2008 and EGM2008upto360 models, indicating that for these regions anomalies associated with degree and order higher than 360 have little influence to the Bouguer and residual Bouguer anomalies on a regional scale. The model least suitable for the studied areas is go_cons_gcf_2_tim_r4, probably because, in addition to having the lowest degree and order among the studied models, it is the only one that uses only satellite data in its elaboration. From the Bouguer anomaly and specially from residual Bouguer anomaly it is possible to observe systematic correlation between anomalous highs and the location of the mines for the provinces of Quadrilátero Ferrífero and Alta Floresta. This correlation, based on free access data, allows the definition of regions of exploratory interest at a local scale, improving the efficiency and effectiveness of resources already scarce in Brazilian mineral exploration.