<p>Ett centralt processteg för sågverk är att sönderdela stockar med olika sågmönster. Vid sönderdelning uppstår ett visst råvaruspill, men genom att använda rätt sågmönster till varje enskild stock kan detta spill minimeras. Som ett steg i att göra detta försorteras därför timmer i ett antal timmerklasser som samlar stockar med liknande egenskaper. Råvarustyrning innebär att välja vilka mönster varje klass ska sågas med, hur stor andel av varje klass som ska sågas med dessa mönster samt att bestämma hur stockar sorteras till klasserna.</p><p>I detta arbete utvecklas ett optimeringsverktyg som angriper problemet att optimera råvarustyrningen med avseende på de framställda produkternas försäljningsvärde. Problemet delas upp i två nivåer där linjärprogrammering kan användas i den ena nivån med syfte att, givet en uppsättning klasser, optimera valen av sågmönster. Linjärprogrammering används eftersom kubikmeterpriset på de sågade trävarorna antas vara konstant med avseende på producerad volym. Den andra problemnivån innebär att optimera timmersorteringen och för detta ändamål implementeras och utvärderas fyra lokalsökningsalgoritmer.</p><p>Genom ett gränssnitt mot användare och databaser kan sågverk ladda in timmerdata, simulerade produktutfall när timmer sågas med olika sågmönster, samt lägsta och högsta tillåtna produktvolymer. Utöver optimering av råvarustyrning kan optimeringsverktyget användas som stöd för att skapa väl underbyggda kundofferter vid nya orderingångar eller väntade förändringar av råvarufördelning.</p><p>Optimeringsverktyget klarar alltid av att hitta det optimala valet av postningar och postningsandelar givet en uppsättning klasser om det existerar minst <em>ett</em> val som uppfyller bivillkoren på framställda produktvolymer. Emellertid visar tester att denna beräkningsrutin gör anspråk på för mycket tid, men sannolikt kan den effektiviseras tillräckligt mycket för att användas skarpt i praktiken. Den bästa lokalsökningsalgoritmen fungerar tillfredsställande i tester, men det krävs mer utvecklingsarbete för att den ska rubriceras som helt klar. Främst i form av att möjliggöra för algoritmen att finna en lösning om sågverkets grundinställda klasser inte kan uppfylla bivillkoren på produktvolymer.Testdatat som används kommer från ett verkligt sågverk, men på grund av brister i detta data kan inga slutsatser dras angående ökad lönsamhet för sågverket genom användning av optimeringsverktyget.</p> / <p>A key process step in sawmills is the sawing of logs into wood, using various sawing patterns. A certain amount of waste always results when sawing, but by using the right sawing pattern for each individual log this waste can be minimized. One way to address this is to presort the incoming logs into a number of sawing classes, where all of these collect logs with similar properties. Raw material control at sawmills involves choosing the patterns to be used on each class, the share of each class to be sawn with the various patterns and also deciding the way logs are assigned to the sawing classes.</p><p>In this work an optimization tool is constructed that addresses the problem of optimizing the raw material control with respect to the sales value of the manufactured products. The problem is divided into two sub-problems where linear programming can be used for one of these sub-problems with purpose to optimize the choices of sawing patterns given a set of classes. Linear programming can be used because the unit price of sawn goods is assumed to be constant with respect to the volume produced. The second sub-problem is to optimize the sorting of logs and in order to do this four different local search algorithms are implemented and evaluated.</p><p>Through an user and database interface the sawmill can access sawlog data, simulated product outcomes and constraints for product volumes. In addition to optimization of the raw material control the optimization tool can help the user to create well-founded quotations whenever new orders arrive or the anticipated raw material distribution changes.</p><p>The optimization tool always manages to find the optimal choice of sawing patterns and shares for a set of sawing classes given the existence of at least one choice that fulfills the constraints for manufactured product volumes. Tests show however, that this computational step requires too much time, but it can probably be streamlined enough to be used in practice.The best local search algorithm serves satisfactory in tests, but needs more development in order to be labeled as finished. Foremost by enabling the algorithm to find a solution even if the sawmill's default sawing classes can not fulfill the product volume constraints. The test data used when evaluating the algorithms come from a real sawmill, but due to shortcomings in the data no conclusions about increased profit for the sawmill can be drawn.</p>

Ett centralt processteg för sågverk är att sönderdela stockar med olika sågmönster. Vid sönderdelning uppstår ett visst råvaruspill, men genom att använda rätt sågmönster till varje enskild stock kan detta spill minimeras. Som ett steg i att göra detta försorteras därför timmer i ett antal timmerklasser som samlar stockar med liknande egenskaper. Råvarustyrning innebär att välja vilka mönster varje klass ska sågas med, hur stor andel av varje klass som ska sågas med dessa mönster samt att bestämma hur stockar sorteras till klasserna. I detta arbete utvecklas ett optimeringsverktyg som angriper problemet att optimera råvarustyrningen med avseende på de framställda produkternas försäljningsvärde. Problemet delas upp i två nivåer där linjärprogrammering kan användas i den ena nivån med syfte att, givet en uppsättning klasser, optimera valen av sågmönster. Linjärprogrammering används eftersom kubikmeterpriset på de sågade trävarorna antas vara konstant med avseende på producerad volym. Den andra problemnivån innebär att optimera timmersorteringen och för detta ändamål implementeras och utvärderas fyra lokalsökningsalgoritmer. Genom ett gränssnitt mot användare och databaser kan sågverk ladda in timmerdata, simulerade produktutfall när timmer sågas med olika sågmönster, samt lägsta och högsta tillåtna produktvolymer. Utöver optimering av råvarustyrning kan optimeringsverktyget användas som stöd för att skapa väl underbyggda kundofferter vid nya orderingångar eller väntade förändringar av råvarufördelning. Optimeringsverktyget klarar alltid av att hitta det optimala valet av postningar och postningsandelar givet en uppsättning klasser om det existerar minst ett val som uppfyller bivillkoren på framställda produktvolymer. Emellertid visar tester att denna beräkningsrutin gör anspråk på för mycket tid, men sannolikt kan den effektiviseras tillräckligt mycket för att användas skarpt i praktiken. Den bästa lokalsökningsalgoritmen fungerar tillfredsställande i tester, men det krävs mer utvecklingsarbete för att den ska rubriceras som helt klar. Främst i form av att möjliggöra för algoritmen att finna en lösning om sågverkets grundinställda klasser inte kan uppfylla bivillkoren på produktvolymer.Testdatat som används kommer från ett verkligt sågverk, men på grund av brister i detta data kan inga slutsatser dras angående ökad lönsamhet för sågverket genom användning av optimeringsverktyget. / A key process step in sawmills is the sawing of logs into wood, using various sawing patterns. A certain amount of waste always results when sawing, but by using the right sawing pattern for each individual log this waste can be minimized. One way to address this is to presort the incoming logs into a number of sawing classes, where all of these collect logs with similar properties. Raw material control at sawmills involves choosing the patterns to be used on each class, the share of each class to be sawn with the various patterns and also deciding the way logs are assigned to the sawing classes. In this work an optimization tool is constructed that addresses the problem of optimizing the raw material control with respect to the sales value of the manufactured products. The problem is divided into two sub-problems where linear programming can be used for one of these sub-problems with purpose to optimize the choices of sawing patterns given a set of classes. Linear programming can be used because the unit price of sawn goods is assumed to be constant with respect to the volume produced. The second sub-problem is to optimize the sorting of logs and in order to do this four different local search algorithms are implemented and evaluated. Through an user and database interface the sawmill can access sawlog data, simulated product outcomes and constraints for product volumes. In addition to optimization of the raw material control the optimization tool can help the user to create well-founded quotations whenever new orders arrive or the anticipated raw material distribution changes. The optimization tool always manages to find the optimal choice of sawing patterns and shares for a set of sawing classes given the existence of at least one choice that fulfills the constraints for manufactured product volumes. Tests show however, that this computational step requires too much time, but it can probably be streamlined enough to be used in practice.The best local search algorithm serves satisfactory in tests, but needs more development in order to be labeled as finished. Foremost by enabling the algorithm to find a solution even if the sawmill's default sawing classes can not fulfill the product volume constraints. The test data used when evaluating the algorithms come from a real sawmill, but due to shortcomings in the data no conclusions about increased profit for the sawmill can be drawn.

In this final thesis, an existing method for analysis of chlorophenols (CP) in bottom sediments has been updated and adjusted for analysis of chlorophenols in soil. The covalent bonds between the chlorophenols and the soil matrix were broken through basic hydrolysis and the chlorophenols were then separated from the water phase through addition of sulphuric acid followed by ether extraction. The chromatography was improved through extractive acetylation of the chlorophenols. The updated method was then applied on soil samples from a contaminated area (a former sawmill in Hyttsjö, Östergötland, Sweden). The analyse was preformed by GC/MS with respect to 2-MonoCP, 4-MonoCP, 2,4-DiCP, 2,6-DiCP, 2,4,6-TriCP, 2,3,4,6-TetraCP and pentachlorophenol (PCP). Contamination of chlorophenols in nature can be explained by the former use of wood preservative chemicals based on chlorophenols. In the 1960s and the 1970s these chemicals were used in Sweden, but due to their toxicity they were banned by the Swedish government in 1978. In Hyttsjö a pentachlorophenol-based product named Santobrite was used for several years. The concentration of PCP in the soil samples from Hyttsjö varied from 0.2-&gt;1.8 ng/mg dry substance. 2,3,4,6- Tetrachlorophenol was also detected in some of the soil samples.

<p>In this final thesis, an existing method for analysis of chlorophenols (CP) in bottom sediments has been updated and adjusted for analysis of chlorophenols in soil. The covalent bonds between the chlorophenols and the soil matrix were broken through basic hydrolysis and the chlorophenols were then separated from the water phase through addition of sulphuric acid followed by ether extraction. The chromatography was improved through extractive acetylation of the chlorophenols.</p><p>The updated method was then applied on soil samples from a contaminated area (a former sawmill in Hyttsjö, Östergötland, Sweden).</p><p>The analyse was preformed by GC/MS with respect to 2-MonoCP, 4-MonoCP, 2,4-DiCP, 2,6-DiCP, 2,4,6-TriCP, 2,3,4,6-TetraCP and pentachlorophenol (PCP).</p><p>Contamination of chlorophenols in nature can be explained by the former use of wood preservative chemicals based on chlorophenols. In the 1960s and the 1970s these chemicals were used in Sweden, but due to their toxicity they were banned by the Swedish government in 1978.</p><p>In Hyttsjö a pentachlorophenol-based product named Santobrite was used for several years. The concentration of PCP in the soil samples from Hyttsjö varied from 0.2->1.8 ng/mg dry substance. 2,3,4,6- Tetrachlorophenol was also detected in some of the soil samples.</p>

Submitted by WALDEMAR GEHRING JUNIOR null (waldemargehring@uol.com.br) on 2016-09-26T01:27:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GEHRING JUNIOR_W_TESE_2016_monitoramentodeflexãoserras_VF.pdf: 23074924 bytes, checksum: aa08a0280e83325282cc29f40b158fee (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-09-27T16:10:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 gehringjunior_w_dr_guara.pdf: 23074924 bytes, checksum: aa08a0280e83325282cc29f40b158fee (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-27T16:10:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gehringjunior_w_dr_guara.pdf: 23074924 bytes, checksum: aa08a0280e83325282cc29f40b158fee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-06 / Dans le sciage continu de bois effectué avec une scie à ruban, la conception de l'outil de coupe, l'usure et les dommages dus à l'utilisation de cet outil dans le processus de production modifient le comportement de la lame sur un cycle d'utilisation, la rendant plus ou moins instable jusqu'à perdre sa stabilité, ce qui va générer des produits sciés de mauvaise qualité. Considérer cette tendance tout au long de la vie de la scie ou de son application dans une période donnée dans des conditions réelles de coupe permet d'évaluer et projeter la scie ainsi que sa durabilité. Pour cela, la conception d'un dispositif robuste, résistant aux vibrations, aux environnements agressifs, à la saleté, tout en ayant une bonne capacité de stockage de l'information est primordiale. Le but de cette étude est de proposer un dispositif d'enregistrement de données pour surveiller l'instabilité et vibration de l'outil de coupe dans le processus de sciage du bois par scie à ruban en continu. A partir de ce scénario, les éléments du projet d'outil de coupe ont été étudiés avec pour bases l'usinage du bois, le projet de l'outil de coupe, sa géométrie et ses conséquences comme la vibration, la stabilité et l'usure. Un prototype à l'échelle de laboratoire a validé le système du préprojet et la construction de l'acquisition de données. Nous avons choisi d'utiliser le microcontrôleur Arduino qui fournit des logiciels libres de programmation permettant au système d'être fabriqué à faible coût. Dans une deuxième étape, ce mécanisme de contrôle a été appliqué à un environnement industriel de l'industrie de première transformation du bois où il peut être utilisé comme support pour l'évaluation du processus de coupe. Le dispositif s'est avéré être robuste et opérationnel dans des conditions réelles de production dans une scierie industrielle de grande envergure. Cet présent article décrit le capteur utilisé, le microcontrôleur, sa programmation et confirme qu 'avec ce dispositif de surveillance il est possible d'enregistrer les tendances de la déviation de l'outil de coupe dans le sciage du bois par scie à ruban et mesurer indirectement la qualité des pièces sciées et de la capacité du process sciage. / No serramento contínuo da madeira por serra de fita, o projeto da ferramenta de corte, o desgaste e as avarias do uso destas ferramentas no processo de produção fazem com que o comportamento da lâmina ao longo de um ciclo de uso seja mais ou menos instável, podendo perder estabilidade e impactando em produtos mal serrados. Conhecer essa tendência ao longo de toda a vida útil da serra ou mesmo a sua aplicação em dado período em condições reais de corte permite avaliar o projeto da serra e sua durabilidade. Para isso, o projeto de um dispositivo robusto, resistente a vibração e a ambientes severos e sujos, além de boa capacidade de armazenamento de informações é de grande valia. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi propor um dispositivo de registro de dados para monitorar a instabilidade/vibração da ferramenta de corte no processo de serramento da madeira por serra de fita. Com vistas a essas premissas foram estudados os elementos para o projeto da ferramenta de corte e as referências sobre os fundamentos da usinagem da madeira, o projeto da ferramenta de corte, sua geometria e causas para as decorrências como a vibração, estabilidade e desgaste. Foi construído um protótipo em escala laboratorial, onde foi validado o pré-projeto e o sistema de aquisição de dados. Optou-se pelo uso do microcontrolador Arduino que disponibiliza software livre para sua programação permitindo que o sistema possa ser reproduzido a baixo custo. Em um segundo estágio este mecanismo de controle foi expandido para um ambiente industrial madeireiro onde pôde ser utilizado como apoio para a avaliação do processo de corte. O dispositivo mostrou-se robusto e operacional em condições reais de produção em um serraria de grande porte. O presente trabalho relata o sensor usado, o microcontrolador, sua programação e afirma que por meio do monitoramento da deflexão da serra de fita é possível registrar as tendências da deflexão da ferramenta de corte em operações de serramento da madeira por serra de fita e indiretamente medir a qualidade da madeira serrada e a capabilidade do processo. / In continuous sawing wood by a large Bandsaw the cutting tool design, use and tools faults in the production process causes blade behavior over a duty cycle. The process looses stability and impacts in badly sawn products. Knowing this trend throughout the life of the blade or its application in a given period on real conditions of cut allows evaluating the project and the durability of the saw. For this, the design of a robust device, resistant to vibration, harsh and dirty environments and good information storage capacity is a big deal. The aim of this study was to propose a data recording device to monitor the instability / vibration of the cutting tool in Bandsawing process of the wood. With a view to these assumptions were studied elements for cutting tool design and references about the fundaments of wood machining, cutting tool design, geometry and the causes that origin vibration, instability and tools wear. A prototype in laboratory scale which has validated the pre-design and data acquisition system was built. We chose to use the Arduino microcontroller that provides free software to its programming allowing the system to be reproduced at low cost too. In a second stage this control mechanism has been expanded to a timber industrial environment where it might be used as support for the evaluation of the cutting process. The device proved to be robust and operational in real production conditions in a large sawmill. This paper reports the used sensor, microcontroller, its programming and states that by monitoring the bandsaw deflection is possible to record the trends of the cutting tool instability in sawing operations of wood by bandsaw and indirectly measure quality lumber and capability of the process.

Virkestorkning är ett mycket energikrävande men nödvändigt förädlingssteg för träindustrin. Eftersom energi- och tidsåtgången framförallt är beroende av mängden fukt som ska drivas ur virket så är kännedom om virkets initiala och slutliga fuktinnehåll avgörande för en optimerad process. Industriellt, idag, görs ofta en grov uppskattning av virkets initiala fuktmängd. Denna fuktmängd ligger sedan till grund för torkningens genomförande och dess resultat. I föreliggande arbete undersöks huruvida invägning av virkespaketen före torkning kan användas för att bestämma virkets fuktinnehåll och hur detta kan bidra till att optimera torkprocessen. 17 fullständiga torkningsförsök genomfördes på ett konventionellt sågverk i norra Sverige. I försöken vägdes virkespaketen och torkningsscheman anpassades därefter.Genom mätningar av virkets fuktkvot och jämförelse med tidigare torkning där konventionella torkningsscheman använts så kunde det konstateras att paketvägningen bidrar till en förbättrad och optimerad torkningsprocess. / Drying is a very energy-intensive but important process in the wood industry. Since the amount of energy used is, more or less, proportional to the amount of water released, the measurement of the initial and final wood moisture content is crucial to optimize the process. Today, a rough estimate of the initial wood moisture content is used as dryer operation input data. The process could be improved by a more accurate determination of the initial moisture level. The present work examines if weighing the wood can be used as a method to determine the wood moisture level and how this can optimize the drying process. 17 drying trials were conducted at a sawmill in northern Sweden. The wood was weighed and new drying schedules were constructed and adjusted accordingly. The result show that weighing the wood results in more accurate drying schedules and overall an optimized drying process.

Wood has in several ways become a sought after material, much thanks to the materials advantages from a sustainability point of view. There are several indicators that this will continue and that the competition of the raw material will increase. The efficient utilization of raw materials is considered central, both from a societal perspective but also for the individual company, which can increase their profitability with a well considered wood. The complexity of the raw material puts great demand on knowledge and logistics to achieve an efficient utilization. This study is a case study that investigates the requirements of the wood for the production of pine parquet at the parquet producer Berg &amp; Berg. To clarify the consumers need, a literature study about the customer preferences about floor has been carried out. To be able to develop a descriptive model on which timber best meets the requirements, from production as well as the customers’ needs, a literature study about pines wood property has been done. This examines how the wood properties vary within logs, between individual trees and between stands. In addition, a description is made of how the raw material is handled by the forest and sawmill industry with the help of literature studies. The wood properties that are important for the customer when buying flooring is the visual appearance in which an even distribution of knots is the most desirable. Dry knots create problems with rework in the production. The most suitable wood is obtained from stands with a lower site index. It’s the middle part of the trunk that meets the requirements for an even knot structure with a larger green-knot zone with a lower proportion of juvenile wood. A one-sided focus on increased volume and lower production costs in forestry and sawmill industry, as well as information barriers between different players in the production chain, makes it more difficult to efficiently utilize the raw material where a more customer oriented range is received. With good knowledge about wood properties, a simple tree model can be derived. For a producer, the tree model can simplify the communication with wood suppliers to obtain a more customer oriented wood.

The Cuban power sector with its heavy dependency on foreign oil is in much need of investment and development. In the past decade, the Cuban government launched an ‘energy revolution,’ the Revolución energética, which aims at generating electricity from renewable sources. As part of this effort, the country looks toward tapping into its biofuels which mainly consist of bagasse from the sugar industry and wood residues from the forest industry. Against this background, the thesis is a case study of how to use the wood residues from two Cuban sawmills in order to generate electricity. The focus is on electricity generation as the mills have no current need for heat. The mills belonging to the state owned company EFI La Palma located in western Cuba are small, with a yearly production of 8400 m3 and 12 500 m3 sawn timber. The wood residues; sawdust, slabs, wood chips and bark, are currently simply dumped in two large deposits near the mills and represent a wasted resource which pollutes the local environment. Three electricity generating alternatives are initially investigated in the literature review: a steam cycle, gasification connected to an internal combustion engine and a Stirling engine using heat from biomass combustion. The gasification alternative is deemed most suitable and the thesis evaluates how two downdraft wood gasifiers would perform if connected to the two currently unused diesel generators of 276 kW and 504 kW which are in place in each of the mills. The specific gasifier models examined are the Indian company Ankur’s WBG 250 and WBG 400 and the fuel preparation necessary to use these gasifiers is investigated. The electricity consumption of the mills is compared with the potential electricity generation. It is found that the smaller mill could produce a yearly amount of 1,5 MWh of electricity  for the grid and the larger mill could export 3,2 MWh.  As the engines must be run in dual mode, the net present value of the gasification system is dependent on the level of replacement diesel which according to Ankur will be between 50 and 75 %. In the smaller mill the investment in the gasifier system is profitable at replacement levels greater than 65,4 % and in the larger mill, the investment becomes profitable at replacement levels above  63,8 %. Moreover, the profitability of the investment is highly dependent on the Cuban electricity price which currently is strongly subsidized. The reduction in CO2 emissions are also dependent on the replacement level and  at 75 % replacement level they are found to be 665 tons in the smaller mill and 1272 tons in the larger mill. / Actualmente, el sector energético cubano depende fuertemente de petróleo importado y se encuentra en necesitad de inversiones para su desarrollo y modernización.  Durante la década pasada, el gobierno cubano inició la ‘Revolución energética’ que tiene como objetivo incluir en la generación de electricidad fuentes renovables. Una parte de este programa es la utilización de los biocombustibles del país, que consisten principalmente del bagazo de la industria azucarera y de los residuos de madera provenientes de la industria forestal.  En este contexto, la tesis presenta un estudio de caso de cómo utilizar los residuos de madera de dos aserraderos cubanos para generar electricidad. Hoy en día, los aserraderos no necesitan calefacción y por  lo tanto el enfoque es la generación de electricidad. Los aserraderos pertenecen a  EFI La Palma, una empresa estatal, y están ubicados en Pinar del Rio, la provincia más occidental de Cuba. Producen  8400 m3 y 12 500 m3 de madera aserrada por año. Actualmente los residuos de madera; aserrín, cortezas y astillas, son dejados en depósitos localizados cerca de cada aserradero.  Esos residuos no solo representan un desperdicio de recursos, además, son una fuente de contaminación local. Inicialmente, tres alternativas de generación de electricidad son investigadas en la revisión de la literatura: el ciclo de vapor, la gasificación conectada a un motor de combustión interna y finalmente la combustión de biomasa conectada con un motor de Stirling. La alternativa de gasificación fue considerada la más adecuada. La tesis evalúa cuanto el rendimiento de dos gasificadores de madera con fluje descendente conectados a dos generadores de diesel de 276 kW y de 504 kW que  actualmente existen en los dos aserraderos. Los modelos de motor examinados son: WBG 250 y WBG 400 de la empresa india Ankur. La preparación de la biomasa también es investigada con el fin de usarla con los motores mencionados. El consumo de electricidad se comparó con la generación de electricidad potencial de los aserraderos.  Los resultados muestran que el aserradero más pequeño podría generar 1,5 MWh de electricidad por año para vender a la red mientras en el aserradero más grande, 3,2 MWh de electricidad por año. Como los motores deben funcionar en modo dual, el valor neto presente del sistema de gasificación depende del nivel de sustitución de diesel que según Ankur sería entre 50 y 75%. En el aserradero más pequeño, la inversión en el sistema de gasificador es rentable a niveles de reemplazo de más de 65,4% y en el aserradero más grande, la inversión se vuelve rentable a niveles de reemplazo por encima de 63,8%. Además, la rentabilidad de la inversión depende fuertemente del precio de electricidad cubano, un precio que actualmente es considerablemente subsidiado. La reducción de las emisiones de CO2 depende igualmente del nivel de sustitución, a un nivel de 75% los dos aserraderos tienen una disminución de emisiones de 665 toneladas y de 1272 toneladas, respectivamente.

The thesis deals with the transformation of the former sawmill located in the center of the village of Bílá in Beskydy. The proposal addresses the gradual integration of the complex into the ski resort development structure.

The purpose of this study was to show how saw classes affect the quality of the lumber and how the company can develop their quality management based the results of the study. The study shows that Kantning is the most profitable class to drive, but it requires several investments. A cutting system is one of the investments required to be able to develop the quality management. That investment will result in that higher quality can be sorted from the current lower qualities by being able to cut defective parts. The result also shows that an implementation of an intermediate quality is not worth it unless an investment in a cutting system takes place. An implementation of an intermediate quality requires investments such as a scanner system.