TLR3- and TLR4-mediated DC activation lead to distinct function of mature DC, in which MAPKs pathway is involved. JNK-associated leucine zipper protein (JLP) associates with JNK/p38 phosphorylation, however the role of JLP in DC is not well understood. We previously found either LPS or poly(I:C) up-regulated JLP expression in BMDC. Therefore we hypothesized JLP plays a differential role in TLR3- and TLR4-mediated BMDC maturation and functions. We demonstrated JLP facilitated LPS- and poly(I:C)-induced CD86 and CD40 up-regulation, LPS-induced CD80 up-regulation and poly(I:C)-induced MHC-II up-regulation. We found JLP down-regulated IL-12 production in LPS-stimulated BMDC, and up-regulated IL-6 production in poly(I:C)-stimulated BMDC. Our data also showed JLP negatively regulated MHC-II antigen presentation in LPS- and poly(I:C)-stimulated BMDC and JLP was involved in promoting LPS-activated BMDC survival, but not in poly(I:C)-activated BMDCs. Therefore our current data suggested a multi-functional role of JLP in the regulation of TLR3- and TLR4-mediated DC maturation.

TLR3- and TLR4-mediated DC activation lead to distinct function of mature DC, in which MAPKs pathway is involved. JNK-associated leucine zipper protein (JLP) associates with JNK/p38 phosphorylation, however the role of JLP in DC is not well understood. We previously found either LPS or poly(I:C) up-regulated JLP expression in BMDC. Therefore we hypothesized JLP plays a differential role in TLR3- and TLR4-mediated BMDC maturation and functions. We demonstrated JLP facilitated LPS- and poly(I:C)-induced CD86 and CD40 up-regulation, LPS-induced CD80 up-regulation and poly(I:C)-induced MHC-II up-regulation. We found JLP down-regulated IL-12 production in LPS-stimulated BMDC, and up-regulated IL-6 production in poly(I:C)-stimulated BMDC. Our data also showed JLP negatively regulated MHC-II antigen presentation in LPS- and poly(I:C)-stimulated BMDC and JLP was involved in promoting LPS-activated BMDC survival, but not in poly(I:C)-activated BMDCs. Therefore our current data suggested a multi-functional role of JLP in the regulation of TLR3- and TLR4-mediated DC maturation.

Scaffold proteins facilitate many aspects of intracellular signaling. These proteins can regulate two or more proteins in the same pathway, or coordinate signaling from multiple pathways. Scaffold proteins are therefore key control points for the flux of signaling and play essential roles in biological systems. There are four possible mechanisms by which scaffold proteins achieve activation and propagate signaling: 1) rigid protein binding between two or more proteins to co-localize binding partners, 2) ligand-induced activation such as may result from a conformational change, 3) disorder-to-order transition where the scaffold protein folds as a result of a protein-protein interaction, and 4) dynamic processes such as phosphorylation. The scaffold protein NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO) functions via ligand-induced activation and serves as the key control point for canonical NF-κB signaling. The work described in this thesis investigates the role of a previously uncharacterized domain within NEMO that is required for function, which we term the Intervening Domain (IVD). Bioinformatic analysis reveals a high level of sequence conservation across species within this domain. Conformational changes following ligand binding are observed for NEMO and these changes require conserved sequences in the IVD. Additionally, a functional IVD is shown to increase the binding affinity of NEMO for IKKβ, enhance the thermal stability of NEMO, and is required to propagate NF-κB signaling in cells. A fluorescence-based assay is also developed to characterize the formation of a complex composed of NEMO, a zinc ion, and IκBα. A separate fluorescence-based assay is developed to measure IKK activity and is used to determine that NEMO alone or in the presence of linear tetraubiquitin does not enhance the rate of IKKβ phosphorylation of an IκBα-derived peptide. Furthermore, a number of organic small molecules and macrocycles are screened against the NEMO-IKKβ interaction. One small molecule was validated as an inhibitor and its biophysical properties and inhibition kinetics are described in this thesis. These analyses represent the first characterization of a highly conserved domain required for the function of the key control point in NF-κB signaling. The IVD domain of NEMO could be targeted for development of an allosteric effector for therapeutic discovery.

Erbin belongs to the LAP (leucine-rich repeat and PDZ domain) family of scaffolding proteins that play important roles in orchestrating cell signaling. Here, we show that Erbin functions as a tumor suppressor in colon cancer. Analysis of Erbin expression in patient specimens reveals that Erbin is downregulated at both mRNA and protein levels in tumor tissues. Functionally, knockdown of Erbin disrupts epithelial cell polarity and increases cell proliferation in 3D culture. In addition, silencing Erbin results in an increase in the amplitude and duration of signaling through Akt and RAS/RAF pathways. Moreover, Erbin-loss induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which coincides with a significant increase in cell migration and invasion. Erbin interacts with KSR1 and displaces it from the RAF/MEK/ERK complex to prevent signaling propagation. Furthermore, genetic deletion of Erbin in Apc knockout mice promotes tumorigenesis and significantly reduces survival. Tumor organoids derived from Erbin/Apc double knockout mice have increased tumor initiation potential along with increased Wnt target gene expression as seen by qPCR. Collectively, the studies within this dissertation identify Erbin as a negative regulator of EMT and tumor progression by directly suppressing Akt and RAS/RAF signaling in vivo.

No description available.

ABD-Derived Affinity Proteins (ADAPTs) is a novel class of small engineered scaffold proteins based on albumin-binding domain (ABD) of streptococcal protein G. High affinity ADAPT  binders against various therapeutic targets can be selected.  In this thesis, we report a development of ADAPT-based radionuclide imaging agents providing high sensitivity and specificity of molecular imaging of HER2 expression in disseminated cancers. We investigated the feasibility of the use of ADAPTs as imaging agents and influence of molecular design and radiolabeling chemistry on in vivo targeting and biodistribution properties of the tracers. In Paper I we demonstrated the feasibility of the use of anti-HER2 ADAPT6 molecule as a high contrast imaging agent; In Paper II we evaluated the influence of composition of histidine-containing tag on in vivo biodistribution of ADAPT-based tracers labeled with 99mTc using 99mTc(CO)3 binding to histidine-containing tags and 111In using DOTA chelator at N-terminus; In Paper III we evaluated the influence of different aspects of N-terminus leading sequence on targeting including effect of sequence size on clearance rate and effect of the composition of the sequence on biodistribution profile; In Paper IV, we evaluated the influence of residualizing properties and positioning of the label on biodistribution and targeting; and In Paper V, we compared tumor-targeting properties of the ADAPT6 labeled at C-terminus with 99mTc using N3S chelator and 111In using DOTA chelator. In conclusion, ADAPTs constitute a very promising class of targeting probes for molecular imaging providing high contrast. Molecular design of the ADAPT proteins and chelators/linkers for labeling has an appreciable effect on their imaging properties.

The ERK signalling cascade comprised of protein kinases Raf, MEK and ERK is an evolutionarily conserved member of MAPK family that is activated in response to wide range of extracellular stimuli. The ERK pathway controls fundamental cellular functions including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis or cell motility. To control such a diverse cellular responses by a single pathway cells have evolved regulatory mechanisms that channel the extracellular signals towards the specific biological response. Crucial to this control are non- enzymatic proteins termed scaffolds that associate with and enhance functional interaction of the components of MAPK pathways and can regulate amplitude, timing, specificity and location of signals. Scaffold protein RACK1 associates with several components of cell migration machinery including integrins, FAK, Src and the ERK pathway core protein kinases. RACK1 regulates distinct steps of cell migration such as establishment of cell polarity and focal adhesion turnover, however, the molecular mechanism by which RACK1 regulates these processes remains largely unknown. The main aim of this study was to investigate the functional role of RACK1 in cell motility, in particular to identify new effector proteins utilized by the ERK pathway and RACK1 in the regulation of...

No description available.

Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated for a wide range of human diseases. One of the major biosynthetic processes in human mitochondria is the biogenesis of Iron-Sulfur (Fe-S) clusters which primarily involves in electron transfer reactions during oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Defects in Fe-S cluster biogenesis process leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and that eventually results in various human mitochondrial disorders. One of the major mitochondrial disorders associated with Fe-S cluster biogenesis impairment is exercise intolerance disorder ISCU myopathy, which is a result of loss of function of Fe-S cluster scaffold protein ISCU. Our biochemical results using yeast model system and HeLa cells lines suggests that ISCU Myopathy results in defective Fe-S cluster biogenesis in mitochondrial compartment. As a result, electron transport chain (ETC) complexes demonstrate significant reduction in their redox properties, leading to loss of cellular respiration. Furthermore, in ISCU Myopathy, mitochondria display enhancement in iron levels and reactive oxygen species, thereby causing oxidative stress leading to impairment in the mitochondrial functions. On the other hand, in mammalian mitochondria, the initial step of Fe-S cluster assembly process is assisted by NFS1-ISD11 complex, which delivers sulfur to the scaffold protein ISCU during Fe-S cluster synthesis. In humans, loss of ISD11 function leads to development of respiratory distress disorder, Combined Oxidative Phosphorylation Deficiency 19 (COXPD19). Our study maps the important ISD11 amino acid residues critical for in vivo Fe-S cluster biogenesis. Importantly, mutation of these critical ISD11 residues to alanine leads to its compromised interaction with NFS1, which results in reduced stability and enhanced aggregation of NFS1 in the mitochondria. Moreover, our findings highlight that, COXPD19 associated R68L ISD11 mutant displays reduced affinity to form a stable sub-complex with NFS1, thereby fails to prevent NFS1 aggregation, resulting impairment of Fe-S cluster biogenesis. The prime affected machinery is the ETC complex which demonstrates compromised redox properties, causing diminished mitochondrial respiration in COXPD19 patients. In summary, our findings provide compelling evidence that respiration defect due to impaired biogenesis of Fe-S clusters in ISCU myopathy patients, leads to manifestation of complex clinical symptoms. Additionally, our study highlights the role of ISD11 protein in Fe-S cluster biogenesis and maps the surface residues of ISD11 protein that are involved in interaction with sulfur donor protein NFS1. Moreover, we have demonstrated the molecular basis of disease progression of COXPD19 as a result of R68L ISD11 mutation.