The purpose of this essay is using theories about labeling and social bonds to study whether a measure of rehabilitation for the psychically disabled contributes to a return to a normal status as not-labeled. Partly we examine whether the activities organized by the regulation-ruled authorities during the work of rehabilitation lead to shame or pride, and partly how these activities are organized regarding the processes that lead to the emotions pride or shame among the participants. Method: qualitative semi-structured face-to-face interviews with professional rehabilitation-actors at the Public Employment Office (PEO), the Social Insurance Office (SIO), the Social Service (SOS), the Psychiatry and the Division of Labour Market (AME).Conclusions: the Psychiatry clients are treated with respect, may participate, and communication is characterized by attunement, therefore strong social bonds can be built. On the contrary, among the other examined activities, we found many elements that arouse shame. Since these are more ruled by regulations, the result is engulfment and demands on conformity, because the compromise-possibilities are almost non-existent. Psychically disabled persons are met by prejudice, ignorance, disrespect and a non-solidarity-language. To get help, the individual has to accept a label in form of a diagnosis, and this labeling leads to a negative self-image. Furthermore the psychically disabled persons are falling between two chairs because of a weak cooperation between the rehabilitation-actors. Bimodal alienation and triangulation contributes to the difficulties in cooperation.Result: the social bonds are not strong enough to achieve a rehabilitation-effect. Even if the treatment from each administrator is important, we find the explanation-level primarily in laws, rules and government, because the structure rules the rehabilitation-measures, with shame as a consequence. Since we found elements of shame institutionalized in the way of working at PEO, SIO, SOS and AME, it means that social bonds can never reach a level good enough for achieving pride and normalization from a deviance or labeled identity.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaCPAM_Tese.pdf: 1121548 bytes, checksum: 75f9a451aff8c4991fa41301b935efcc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-07-05 / The heavy metals are used in many industrial processes and when discharged to the environment can cause harmful effects to human, plants and animals. The adsorption technology has been used as an effective methodology to remove metallic ions. The search for new adsorbents motivated the development of this research, accomplished with the purpose of removing Cr (III) from aqueous solutions. Diatomite, chitosan, Filtrol 24TM and active carbon were used as adsorbents. To modify the adsorbent surface was used a bicontinuous microemulsion composed by water (25%), kerosene (25%), saponified coconut oil (10%) and as co-surfactant isoamyl or butyl alcohols (40%). With the objective of developing the best operational conditions the research started with the surfactant synthesis and after that the pseudo-ternary diagrams were plotted. It was decided to use the system composed with isoamyl alcohol as co-surfactant due its smallest solubility in water. The methodology to impregnate the microemulsion on the adsorbents was developed and to prepare each sample was used 10 g of adsorbent and 20 mL of microemulsion. The effect of drying time and temperature was evaluated and the best results were obtained with T = 65 ?C and t = 48 h. After evaluating the efficiency of the tested adsorbents it was decided to use chitosan and diatomite. The influence of the agitation speed, granule size, heavy metal synthetic solution concentration, pH, contact time between adsorbent and metal solution, presence or not of NaCl and others metallic ions in the solution (copper and nickel) were evaluated. The adsorption isotherms were obtained and Freundlich and Langmuir models were tested. The last one correlated better the data. With the purpose to evaluate if using a surfactant solution would supply similar results, the adsorbent surface was modified with this solution. It was verified that the adsorbent impregnated with a microemulsion was more effective than the one with a surfactant solution, showing that the organic phase (kerosene) was important in the heavy metal removal process. It was studied the desorption process and verified that the concentrated minerals acids removed the chromium from the adsorbent surface better than others tested solutions. The treatment showed to be effective, being obtained an increase of approximately 10% in the chitosan s adsorption capacity (132 mg of Cr3+ / g adsorbent), that was already quite efficient, and for diatomite, that was not capable to remove the metal without the microemulsion treatment, it was obtained a capacity of 10 mg of Cr3+ / g adsorbent, checking the applied treatment effectiveness / Os metais pesados s?o utilizados em muitos processos industriais e, quando descartados ao meio ambiente, podem ocasionar efeitos prejudiciais aos seres vivos. O processo de adsor??o vem sendo utilizado como metodologia eficaz para a remo??o de ?ons met?licos. A busca por novos adsorventes motivou o desenvolvimento deste trabalho, realizado com o objetivo de remover Cr (III) de solu??es aquosas. Utilizou-se como adsorventes: diatomita, quitosana, Filtrol 24TM e carv?o ativo. Empregou-se como agente modificador dos adsorventes uma microemuls?o bicont?nua composta de ?gua (25 %), querosene (25 %), ?leo de coco saponificado (10 %) e cotensoativo (?lcool isoam?lico ou but?lico, 40 %). Com o objetivo de obter as melhores condi??es operacionais partiu-se da obten??o do tensoativo e obteve-se os diagramas pseudotern?rios. Resolveu-se empregar o sistema contendo o ?lcool isoam?lico devido sua menor solubilidade em ?gua. Desenvolveu-se a t?cnica de impregna??o da microemuls?o sobre os adsorventes e, para o preparo de cada amostra, empregou-se 10 g de adsorvente e 20 mL de microemuls?o. Avaliou-se o efeito do tempo de secagem e da temperatura, obtendo-se os melhores resultados com T = 65 ?C e t = 48 h. Ap?s avaliar a efici?ncia dos adsorventes testados resolveu-se utilizar a quitosana e a diatomita e avaliou-se a influ?ncia da velocidade de agita??o, granulometria, concentra??o, pH, presen?a de outros c?tions met?licos (cobre e n?quel) e NaCl na solu??o e o tempo de contato do adsorvente com a solu??o de metal. Obteve-se as isotermas de adsor??o e testou-se os modelos de Freundlich e Langmuir, que correlacionou melhor os dados. Com o prop?sito de verificar se o emprego de uma solu??o de tensoativo forneceria resultados semelhantes, tratou-se o adsorvente com esta solu??o e verificou-se que o adsorvente impregnado com a microemuls?o foi mais efetivo, comprovando que a fase org?nica (querosene) era importante para o processo. Estudou-se o processo de dessor??o e verificou-se que os ?cidos minerais concentrados eluiam melhor o cromo. O tratamento mostrou-se eficaz obtendo-se um aumento na capacidade de adsor??o de cromo de aproximadamente 10 % para a quitosana (132 mg de Cr3+/ g adsorvente), que j? era bastante eficiente, e, para a diatomita, que n?o era capaz de remover o metal, obteve-se uma capacidade de 10 mg de Cr3+/g adsorvente, comprovando a efic?cia do tratamento aplicado

Abstrakt Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka på vilket sätt socialarbetare inom socialtjänsten arbetar för att bygga och bibehålla förtroende hos klienterna. Studien är baserad på intervjuer med fyra socialsekreterare från fyra olika verksamheter inom socialtjänsten i södra Skåne, Sverige. Resultatet är presenterat utifrån de olika teman som framkommit under intervjuerna och har analyserats utifrån Scheff’s teori om sociala band och den socio-emotionella världen. Studiens resultat har visat att socialsekreterarna bygger och bibehåller förtroende samtidigt som de bygger och bibehåller trygga sociala band med sina klienter genom trovärdighet, klientinflytande och relationsskapande. Trovärdighet nås genom att kommunicera kunskap, korrekt och tydlig information och transparens i ärendet. Klientinflytande nås genom klientens deltagande i processen, socialarbetarens flexibilitet när det gäller att inkludera klienten, och socialarbetarens förmåga till kontroll och myndighetsutövning när det är nödvändigt. Relationsskapande innebär att förmedla välmening, att kunnaavdramatisera myndighetskontakten, att lyssna in klientens åsikter och känslor, att finnas där både fysiskt, mentalt och som moraliskt stöd och att kunna bekräfta klientens framsteg och upplevelser. Utifrån Scheff’s perspektiv kan detta sätt att arbeta med förtroende även ses som respektfull kommunikation, en djupare förståelse för varandra genom attunement och rolltagning, liksom en strävan efter att vända klientens otrygga sociala band och känslor av skam, ilska eller misstro till ett tryggt socialt band och samhörighet. / Abstract The aim of this study was to examine in what way social service workers in social services operate in order to build and maintain the trust of their clients. The study was drawn upon interviews with four social service workers from four separate agencies within the social services of Southern Scania, Sweden. The results were presented by different themes from the interviews and were analysed through Scheff’s theory of social bonds and the social-emotional world. The results of the study revealed that social service workers were building and maintaining trust while also building and maintaining secure social bonds with their clients, through credibility, user influence and building of relationships. Reliability was attained through communication of knowledge, correct and clear information and transparency of the case. User influence was attained by the clients’ participation in the case, the social service workers’ flexibility regarding inviting the clients to participate, and the ability of the social service workers to take charge and exercise their authority when needed. The building of relationships meant expressing good intentions, being able to defuse the clients’ worries about authorities, attuning to the views and feelings of the client, being there both physically, mentally, and morally, and being able to validate the progress and experiences of the client. From the perspective of Scheff, this way of working with trust could also be interpreted as respectful communication, a deeper understanding of each other from attunement and role-taking, and an aim at turning the client’s alienated social bond and emotions of shame, anger or distrust into a secure social bond and feelings of pride and solidarity.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka i vilken utsträckning lärarna upplever att kvaliteten på lärar- och elevrelationen påverkar elevernas akademiska prestationer samt hur mycket tid lärarna lägger på att bygga relationer, detta ur ett lärarperspektiv. Målet är även att problematisera den entydigt positiva bilden av den goda lärar- och elevrelationens påverkan på eleverna. Resultaten visar att lärarna upplever att relationen är av stor vikt för elevens akademiska prestationer. Det framkommer även att det finns en stor grupp elever som inte får möjlighet till att etablera band till lärarna. Lärar- och elevrelationen kan då ses som neutral. Studien föreslår även att det finns en annan sida av relationen – en manipulativ sida. Det innebär att en positiv relation kan användas för att manipulera eleverna och ändra deras beteenden. / The aim of this study is to investigate the extent to which teachers feel that the quality of the teacher-student relationship affects students' academic performance and how much time teachers spend building relationships, from a teacher perspective. The goal is also to problematize the unambiguously positive image of the good teacher-student relationship's impact on the students. The results show that the teachers feel that the relationship is of great importance for the student's academic performance. It also emerges that there is a large group of students who are not given the opportunity to establish ties with the teachers. In those cases the teacher-student relationship can be seen as neutral. The study also suggests that there is another side to the relationship - a manipulative side. This means that a positive relationship can be used to manipulate students and change their behaviors.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur förändringar inom kriminalvården påverkar kriminalvårdares arbetsvillkor och förutsättningarna för det emotionella arbetet.  Därför har vi lagt fokus på kriminalvårdens arbete som präglats av de förändringar som skett, både på arbetstid och privat. Därför har vi gjort en tydlig avgränsning gällande just kriminalvårdare, för att det är de som utför emotionellt arbete.  Vi har använt oss av en kvalitativ studie där vi har intervjuat åtta kriminalvårdare. För att hitta de respondenterna har vi kombinerat ett bekvämlighetsurval med ett målstyrt urval. Vi har använt oss av ett emotionssociologiskt perspektiv där vi utgår ifrån Arlie Hochschilds teori om emotionellt arbete. Vi har också använt oss av Lean production, just in time för att förstå förändringarna i organisationen samt Thomas J. Scheffs teori om sociala band och känslorna skam och stolthet som påverkar det sociala samspelet.  Arbetet som kriminalvårdare är en emotionellt krävande uppgift. Förändringarna inom organisationen har lett till en mer pressad arbetsmiljö som har påverkat arbetsvillkoren. Kriminalvårdare uppmärksammar de långa och intensiva arbetsdagarna som leder till trötthet och utmattning. Det har även märkt av en högre arbetsbelastning på sig själva och deras kollegor som har resulterat till flera sjukskrivningar och uppsägningar. / The purpose of this studie is to investigate how changes in prison affect the prison guards' conditions and the conditions for the emotional labor. Therefore have we focused on the prison guards' work, which is characterized by changes that have taken place that affects both working hours and privately. Therefore have we made clear demarcation regarding just prison guards, because it is them who performs emotional labor. We have used a qualitative study where we have interviewed eight prison guards. To find the respondents, we have combined a convenience selection with a goal-oriented selection. We have used an emotional sociological perspective where we start from Arlie Hochschild's theory of emotional labor. We have also used Lean production, just in time to understand the changes in the organization and Thomas J. Scheff's theory of social ties and feelings of shame and pride that affects social interactions. Working in a prison as a prison guard is a difficult emotional request. The changes within the organization have led to a more pressured work environment that has affected working conditions. Prison guards pay attention to the long and intense working days that lead to fatigue and exhaustion. It has also been noticed by a higher workload on themselves and their colleagues which has led to more sick leave and dismissals.