Tese (doutorado)—Loughborough University, 1999. / Submitted by Guimaraes Jacqueline (jacqueline.guimaraes@bce.unb.br) on 2009-10-22T14:59:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_SelyMariadeSouzaCosta.pdf: 1263100 bytes, checksum: 030a67910c2dbe90f6ae360eba125829 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luanna Maia(luanna@bce.unb.br) on 2009-10-22T15:21:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_SelyMariadeSouzaCosta.pdf: 1263100 bytes, checksum: 030a67910c2dbe90f6ae360eba125829 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2009-10-22T15:21:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_SelyMariadeSouzaCosta.pdf: 1263100 bytes, checksum: 030a67910c2dbe90f6ae360eba125829 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1999-10 / Made available in DSpace on 2010-09-09T14:33:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 6 Tese_SelyMariadeSouzaCosta.pdf.txt: 662926 bytes, checksum: 03ac46f80ff56f6ab89e0a860de831e2 (MD5) Tese_SelyMariadeSouzaCosta.pdf: 984432 bytes, checksum: 83a6fae82d492d57a1daa0845c6cefc4 (MD5) license.txt: 1872 bytes, checksum: 9f7b0e47c2591724e28208a5d26b99e1 (MD5) license_rdf: 12170 bytes, checksum: 28c18d8d50ea5f68c8c3d89546d38e8d (MD5) license_text: 18994 bytes, checksum: d9d7893cee740d89f0fa03cf8c1b2169 (MD5) license_url: 49 bytes, checksum: fd26723f8d7edacdb29e3f03465c3b03 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1999-10 / The study aims to see whether there are differences in the nature and patterns of computer usage for communicating research between disciplines in the social sciences in Brazil and, if so, whether they can be related to factors which can affect the process of communication. The theory embedded in the research model states that pressures that accompany the introduction of information technologies into a university environment are significant factors in the use of such technologies. These pressures produce differences in the communication process itself. Furthermore, there may also be a relationship between individual factors and the use of IT for communication. The research data were collected via a survey using two instruments. Firstly, mailed questionnaires were sent to 760 academic researchers in sociology and economics in Brazil, working in post-graduate programmes. A response rate of 64.1 percent was achieved. Secondly, 36 interviews were carried out with a sample of the most productive researchers in the two subjects studied. The interview sample included both respondents and non-respondents to the questionnaire. A small sample of 11 British academic researchers was included in the interview survey, in order to allow comparisons and see whether Brazilian academics lag behind IT front-runners. Data collected revealed that there is an impact of computer usage on the scholarly communication process, especially in terms of informal communication. Such an impact can be related to changes in the social interactions that underlie knowledge creation among researchers, and also relates to differences in patterns and processes of computer usage between the chosen disciplines. Formal communication has experienced a gradually growing impact by electronic media on the well-established print environment, with the likely co-existence of the two media for some time to come. The results obtained showed that Brazilian researchers do not lag behind the British ones. Not many differences, but most similarities were found between economists and sociologists in both Brazil and the UK.

M.Phil / Citing is the process by which scholars give recognition to research used by another academic researcher. Citation resources are tools used by academic scholars for keeping track of who did what research and the impact of the research within the discipline. Citation analysis is therefore an attempt to measure the impact and contribution of a study to the body of knowledge and research. Citation tracking and citation analysis is facilitated by making use of information resources which specialize in citations and tools for conducting citation analysis. The citation resource by The Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), Web of Science (WOS), was traditionally the citation tool of choice of academics for more than 40 years. The arrival in 2004 of Scopus, a fee-based citation resource, and Google Scholar (GS), a citation resource available for free and accessible via the Web, presented WOS with competition. The prolific growth of the citation resources created new opportunities for academics in citation tracking and citation analysis. The question of which citation resource to use in the process of tracking citations and conducting citation analysis posed a challenge to librarians and information professionals at academic institutions. It became essential to establish which citation resource was not only most relevant to use for which subject discipline, but which was the most cost-effective with the advent of shrinking library budgets. Therefore the need arose for citation resources to be compared with the aim of establishing whether the newcomers Scopus and GS are substitutes for or complementary to the traditional WOS. The objectives of this study included comparing WOS, Scopus and GS in order to determine whether evaluation criteria existed for citation resources, to define scholarly environmental sciences journals within a South African context, to determine which citation resource presented the most comprehensive citation coverage of the South African scholarly environmental sciences journals, to determine whether GS could be considered a substitute for the fee-based citation resources WOS and Scopus, and to determine how the content of the exported data for the journal sample population compared in terms of content completeness and quality. The research study consisted of a detailed literature review, followed by an empirical component using a comparative research design and the technique of purposive non-probability sampling in order to define the sample population for the study. The South African scholarly environmental sciences journals internationally accredited during the period 2004-2008 were chosen as the sample target population. The study consisted of a pilot study and three measuring instruments that were compiled based on the literature review. The results of the macro-level evaluation established that Scopus surpasses both WOS and GS. On the other hand, the micro-level evaluation concluded that WOS surpasses Scopus and GS. The content verification process conducted determined that Scopus and WOS both surpass GS. These findings were presented at the 12th Annual World Wide Web Applications conference in September 2010. The study was able to establish that GS is not a substitute for WOS and/or Scopus for the South African scholarly environmental sciences journals. In addition, it was concluded that GS can be used as a supplementary citation resource to the fee-based citation resources WOS and Scopus. It was further determined that the citation resource Scopus can be considered a substitute for WOS, which was traditionally the citation resource of choice of academic researchers.

The thesis deals with openness in the scientific practice and discusses in detail the concept of open science. Apart from theoretical part dedicated to description of science, traditional model of scholarly communication, and initial ideas of openness, thesis summarizes the approaches of particular open science schools of thought and introduces specific tools, initiatives and methods enabling the idea of openness to become reality. Practical part of thesis focuses on description of current state of open science in the Czech Republic and by using the Future wheel prognostic method offers visualization of the future development in science and society, further specifies possible consequences of implementing the concept of open science into practice and defines opportunities and risks of the second scientific revolution.

This thesis provides an in-depth study of the possibilities of applying bibliometric methods to the research field of literary studies. The four articles that constitute the backbone of this thesis focus on different aspects of references and citations in literary studies: from the use of references in the text to citation patterns among 34 literature journals. The analysis covers both an Anglo-Saxon context as well as research in Swedish literary studies, and the materials used include Web of Science data, references in the Swedish literature journal TFL (Tidskrift för Litteraturvetenskap) and applications to the Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet). A study is also made of the influence of one single publication—Walter Benjamin’s Illuminations—and its impact in literary studies and in wider academia. The results from the four articles are elaborated upon using a theoretical framework that focuses on differences in the social and intellectual organization of research fields. According to these theories literary studies can be described as a fragmented, heterogenic, interdisciplinary and ‘rural’ field with a diverse audience. The fragmented and rural organization of the field is reflected in low citation frequencies as well as in the difficulties in discerning research specialities in co-citation mappings, while the analysis of the intellectual base (highly cited authors) is an example of the heterogenic and interdisciplinary character of the field, as it includes authors from many fields across the humanities and the social sciences. The thesis emphasizes that bibliometric studies of research fields in the humanities need to incorporate non-English and non-journal publications in order to produce valid and fair results. Moreover, bibliometric methods must be modified in accordance with the organization of research in a particular field, and differences in referencing practices and citation patterns ought to be considered. Consequently, it is advised that bibliometric measures for evaluating research in these fields should, if used at all, be applied with great caution. / <p>© Björn Hammarfelt 2012</p>

This dissertation contributes to the research-based understanding of the scholarly journal as an artefact by studying the document structures of open access e-journals published by editors or small, independent publishers. The study focuses on the properties of the documents, taking its point of departure in a sociotechnical document perspective. This perspective is ope rationalised through a number of aspects from document architecture and information architecture: logical structures, layout structures, content structures, fi le structures, organisation systems, navigation, and labelling. The data collection took the form of a survey of 265 journal web sites, randomly selected, and qualitative readings of four journal web sites. The results of the study are presented based on choice of format and modes of representation; visual design; markup; metadata and paratexts; and document organisation and navigation. Two approaches were used to analyse the study fi ndings. To begin with, the remediation strategies of the scholarly journals were discussed; how does this document type, which has a long tradition in the print medium, take possession of the web medium? The ties to the print journal are still strong, and a majority of the journals treat the web medium mainly as a way to distribute journal articles to be printed and read as hard-copies. Many journals do, however, take advantage of such features as hypertext and full-text searching, and some use the fl exibility of the web medium to provide their users with alternative views. A small number of e-journals also refashion the print journal by including modes of representation not possible in print, such as audio or video, to illustrate and support the arguments made in their articles. Furthermore, interactive features are used to increase communication between different groups, but this type of communicative situation has not yet become an integral part of the scholarly journal. An electronic document is often viewed as more fl exible, but also less constant, than documents on paper. This sometimes means that the e-only journal is seen as a less dependable source for scholarly publishing than print. A second analytical approach showed how the architectures are used to indicate aspects that can enhance a journal’s chances of being regard ed as a credible source: a cognitive authority. Four strategies have been identifi ed as used by the journals: they employ architectural features to draw on the cognitive authority of people or organisations associated with the journal, on the cognitive authority of other documents, and on the professional use of the conventions of print journals and web sites respectively. By considering how document properties are used to indicate cognitive authority potential, a better understanding of how texts function as cognitive authorities is achieved. / <p>Akademisk avhandling som med tillstånd av samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten</p><p>vid Göteborgs universitet för vinnande av doktorsexamen framläggs till</p><p>offentlig granskning kl. 13.15 måndagen den 28 april i hörsalen Sappören,</p><p>Göteborgs universitet, Sprängkullsgatan 25.</p>

學術傳播是各學門領域研究人員傳遞學術資訊與研究成果的過程，藉由此過程的不斷循環、創新，人類知識也隨之逐步往前推進。傳統以正式學術出版為主的學術傳播體系，近年來由於期刊價格高漲與市場壟斷等問題，引發所謂學術傳播危機，因應而生的開放取用運動，則憑藉著電腦與網路科技發展，期待為學術傳播帶來新的發展面向，而其中電子預印本開放取用亦成為學術資訊傳播交流的重要選項之一。 電子預印本典藏庫收集學術論文作者主動上傳的電子預印本，以提供檢索與全文取用，形成電子環境下一種自由、開放的學術傳播模式。透過電子預印本典藏庫的運作，研究人員得以快速、廣泛地傳遞最新的資訊與研究結果。國外研究顯示電子預印本在網路時代學術傳播轉型中扮演著新的角色與功能，並因不同學門學術傳播的差異性，而有發展與利用程度的不同。物理學門則為其中的先驅與翹楚，因此本研究乃以物理學門為例，一方面從開放取用角度探討電子預印本在學術傳播轉變中的角色與功能，另一方面則藉由調查國內物理學門研究人員對電子預印本的認知與利用情形，以作為學術傳播相關研究、其他學門電子預印本或開放取用相關議題研究之參考。 研究結果顯示我國物理研究人員利用電子預印本典藏庫的歷史甚久、利用情形甚為普遍，發表、引用電子預印本的人數與篇數呈逐年穩定成長的情況，而在不同主題領域間亦有利用程度上的差異。電子預印本典藏庫增進學術傳播的速度與範圍，是一項革命性的發展，對我國物理研究人員的學術資訊傳播而言，具有相當程度的重要性。多數受訪者認為使用電子預印本典藏庫確實影響其使用正式出版期刊的情形，並有高達九成的受訪者同意使用電子預印本典藏庫確實改善其學術傳播方式。而電子預印本典藏庫對學術傳播的影響，不在於與傳統正式出版期刊的取代或消長，而在於促進學術資訊流通的速度與廣度、有助於弭平學術資訊落差以及平等、開放取用概念的充份落實。 / Scholarly communication is a process for researchers in different subject areas to spread research information and results. With continuous circulation of the information and innovation of the process, human knowledge then keeps progress. Recently, scholarly communication has been in serious crisis due to the highly increasing price of the periodical and the problem of market monopolization. Open Access is then developed and expected to bring constructive development for scholarly communication by taking advantage of computer and network technology. E-print archive also gives an important option for circulation and communication of academic information. E-print archive provides the function of search and full-text access and forms a free and open mode of scholarly communication under electronic environment. Researchers can transmit newest research results rapidly and broadly. Several research results show that e-print archive plays a new role in evolution of scholarly communication. In addition, there is difference in development of e-print archives between different subject areas. The first and most popular e-print archive is constructed and used by physicists, and therefore physics is chose as an example in this research. The role and function of e-print, the recognition and utilization to e-print archives for physicists in Taiwan are investigated. Research result shows that physicists in Taiwan have used e-print archive for a long time and in widespread. The number of e-print published and cited is steadily increasing year by year. However, there is difference in the utilization amount between different subject areas. E-print archive improves the speed and the scope of the scholarly communication and is a revolutionary development. Most interviewees agree that e-print archive really impacts the using rate of formal published journals. In addition, more than 90% interviewees agree that the e-print archive really improve the way of communication.

The following thesis concerns the conceptualization of openness within the open access movement. Open accesscan be understood as a phenomenon or a movement that aims at changing the current system of scholarly communication.Consequentially, the movements goals arose in relation to the escalating serials crisis in scholarly communicationand the increasing power of commercial publishers. The purpose of the thesis is to study three centralopen access declarations with the aim of uncovering the different conceptualizations of openness found withinthese texts. Leaning on the theoretical position known as actor-network theory, the declarations role within a surroundingnetwork is explored by focusing on how openness as a concept has been produced and reproduced bycentral actors. Two overarching questions frames the study: How is openness conceptualized within the declarations?And how can openness, as a concept, be understood as an effect generated by a larger network?The first part of the study focuses on the first question. In order to provide an answer I have conducted athematically structured text analysis of the declarations. The results of this part show that openness, in relation toopen access, is part of a discourse where research is considered a public good. I claim that this indicates thatopenness is related to the larger questions of information freedom and the enclosure of intellectual commons.The purpose of openness is described within the declarations as contributing to mechanisms of decentralized controlover information, which in itself generates a greater efficiency and lower costs in regards to scholarly communication.The second part of the study is concerned with the larger, overarching network and in what way the conceptualizationof openness can be seen as a network generated effect. To answer this question I deploy the theoreticaltools provided by ANT. Focus lies on how the declarations relate to each other and on how central actors havecontributed to the conceptualizations. The results show that openness and open access has shifting meanings thathave been modified in various ways. They also show that actors through a collective negotiation process defineand shape the meaning of openness by circulating ideas on electronic dissemination and distributed processes

This exploratory research focused on a problem stated years ago by Vannevar Bush: "The problem is how creative men think, and what can be done to help them think." The study explored the scholarly work process and the use of computer tools to augment thinking. Based on a review of several related literatures, a framework of 7 major categories and 28 subcategories of scholarly thinking was proposed. The literature was used to predict problems scholars have in organizing their information, potential solutions, and specific computer tool features to augment scholarly thinking. Info Select, a personal information manager with most of these features (text and outline processing, sophisticated searching and organizing), was chosen as a potential tool for thinking. The study looked at how six scholars (faculty and doctoral students in social science fields at three universities) organized information using Info Select as a personal documentation system for scholarly work. These multiple case studies involved four in-depth, focused interviews, written evaluations, direct observation, and analysis of computer logs and files collected over a 3- to 6-month period. A content analysis of interviews and journals supported the proposed AfFORD-W taxonomy: Scholarly work activities consisted of Adding, Filing, Finding, Organizing, Reminding, and Displaying information to produce a Written product. Very few activities fell outside this framework, and activities were distributed evenly across all categories. Problems, needs, and likes mentioned by scholars, however, clustered mainly in the filing, finding, and organizing categories. All problems were related to human memory. Both predictions and research findings imply a need for tools that support information storage and retrieval in personal documentation systems, for references and notes, with fast and easy input of source material. A computer tool for thinking should support categorizing and organizing, reorganizing and transporting information. It should provide a simple search engine and support rapid scanning. The research implies the need for tools that provide better affordances for scholarly thinking activities.

The scale of the scholarly community complicates searches within scholarly databases, necessitating keywords to index the topics of any given work. As a result, an author’s choice in keywords affects the visibility of each publication; making the sum of these choices a key representation of the author’s academic profile. As such the underlying network of investigators are often viewed through the lens of their keyword networks. Current keyword networks connect publications only if they use the exact same keyword, meaning uncontrolled keyword choice prevents connections despite semantic similarity. Computational understanding of semantic similarity has already been achieved through the process of word embedding, which transforms words to numerical vectors with context-correlated values. The resulting vectors preserve semantic relations and can be analyzed mathematically. Here we develop a model that uses embedded keywords to construct a network which circumvents the limitations caused by uncontrolled vocabulary. The model pipeline begins with a set of faculty, the publications and keywords of which are retrieved by SCOPUS API. These keywords are processed and then embedded. This work develops a novel method of network construction that leverages the interdisciplinarity of each publication, resulting in a unique network construction for any given set of publications. Postconstruction the network is visualized and analyzed with topological data analysis (TDA). TDA is used to calculate the connectivity and the holes within the network, referred to as the zero and first homology. These homologies inform how each author connects and where publication data is sparse. This platform has successfully modelled collaborations within the biomedical department at Purdue University and provides insight into potential future collaborations.

Although citation counts are widely used to support research evaluation, they can only reflect academic impacts, whereas research can also be useful outside academia. There is therefore a need for alternative indicators and empirical studies to evaluate them. Whilst many previous studies have investigated alternative indicators for journal articles and books, this thesis explores the importance and suitability of four web indicators for conference papers. These are readership counts from the online reference manager Mendeley and citation counts from Google Patents, Wikipedia and Google Books. To help evaluate these indicators for conference papers, correlations with Scopus citations were evaluated for each alternative indicator and compared with corresponding correlations between alternative indicators and citation counts for journal articles. Four subject areas that value conferences were chosen for the analysis: Computer Science Applications; Computer Software Engineering; Building & Construction Engineering; and Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering. There were moderate correlations between Mendeley readership counts and Scopus citation counts for both journal articles and conference papers in Computer Science Applications and Computer Software. For conference papers in Building & Construction Engineering and Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering, the correlations between Mendeley readers and citation counts are much lower than for journal articles. Thus, in fields where conferences are important, Mendeley readership counts are reasonable impact indicators for conference papers although they are better impact indicators for journal articles. Google Patent citations had low positive correlations with citation counts for both conference papers and journal articles in Software Engineering and Computer Science Applications. There were negative correlations for both conference papers and journal articles in Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering. However, conference papers in Building and Construction Engineering attracted no Google Patent citations. This suggests that there are disciplinary differences but little overall value for Google Patent citations as impact indicators in engineering fields valuing conferences. Wikipedia citations had correlations with Scopus citations that were statistically significantly positive only in Computer Science Applications, whereas the correlations were not statistically significantly different from zero in Building & Construction Engineering, Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering and Software Engineering. Conference papers were less likely to be cited in Wikipedia than journal articles were in all fields, although the difference was minor in Software Engineering. Thus, Wikipedia citations seem to have little value in engineering fields valuing conferences. Google Books citations had positive significant correlations with Scopus-indexed citations for conference papers in all fields except Building & Construction Engineering, where the correlations were not statistically significantly different from zero. Google Books citations seemed to be most valuable impact indicators in Computer Science Applications and Software Engineering, where the correlations were moderate, than in Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering, where the correlations were low. This means that Google Book citations are valuable indicators for conference papers in engineering fields valuing conferences. Although evidence from correlation tests alone is insufficient to judge the value of alternative indicators, the results suggest that Mendeley readers and Google Books citations may be useful for both journal articles and conference papers in engineering fields that value conferences, but not Wikipedia citations or Google Patent citations.