Les élèves aux problèmes de comportements externalisés comme l'opposition éprouvent généralement de la difficulté à s’engager dans leurs apprentissages (Janosz, 2000). Or, un faible engagement scolaire peut générer des problèmes d’ordre académique et mener au décrochage. Toutefois, certains facteurs environnementaux tels que la relation maître-élève semblent influer sur l’investissement des élèves dans les activités scolaires. La présente étude vise à examiner le lien entre le degré d'opposition d'élèves du 2e cycle du primaire et leur engagement comportemental et affectif en français. Elle tente aussi de vérifier si la chaleur ou les conflits présents dans la relation maître-élève agissent comme facteurs de protection ou comme facteurs aggravants face à l’engagement scolaire des élèves oppositionnels. Finalement, cette étude s’intéresse à l’effet différentiel de la relation maître-élève sur l’engagement scolaire des garçons et des filles. Des régressions linéaires multiples hiérarchiques effectuées sur 385 élèves québécois ont permis d’atteindre ces objectifs. Les résultats obtenus révèlent que la chaleur n’agit pas à titre de facteur de protection en ce qui a trait à l’engagement comportemental des élèves oppositionnels, mais qu’elle est bénéfique pour l’engagement comportemental des filles. Les résultats confirment également l’effet aggravant des conflits sur l’engagement comportemental des élèves oppositionnels. Finalement, cette étude indique que les conflits élèves-enseignants sont nuisibles pour l’engagement affectif des garçons. Les implications de ces résultats pour la recherche et pour l’intervention en psychoéducation seront présentées. / Students who display externalized behavior problems such as opposition generally find it difficult to engage themselves in their learning (Janosz, 2000). Yet, a lack of engagement toward school can result in diverse academic problems and eventually lead to drop-out. However, certain school-related factors such as the student-teacher relationship might influence students’ investment in academic activities. The current study has three objectives. First, it attempts to examine the link between the degree of opposition of 3rd and 4th grade students’, and their behavioral and emotional engagement toward French activities. Then, it tries to verify whether the level of closeness or conflict in the student-teacher relationship acts as a protective or aggravating factor regarding the school engagement of oppositional students. Finally, the current study is interested in the differential effect of the student-teacher relationship on the school engagement of boys and girls. Hierarchical linear regressions were conducted on a sample of 385 students from Quebec in order to reach the study’s objectives. Findings reveal that closeness does not act as a protective factor for the behavioral engagement of oppositional students, but that it is beneficial for girls’ behavioral engagement. Results also confirm that conflict is an aggravating factor for the behavioral engagement of oppositional students. Finally, this study indicates that student-teacher conflict is harmful for boys’ emotional engagement. Implications of these findings for research and for intervention will be discussed.

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Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-01-07T13:29:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 maluegidiodasilveira.pdf: 1270797 bytes, checksum: c6aeb32eed6132e545ad6c185c1b11ea (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-01-25T16:45:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 maluegidiodasilveira.pdf: 1270797 bytes, checksum: c6aeb32eed6132e545ad6c185c1b11ea (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-25T16:45:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 maluegidiodasilveira.pdf: 1270797 bytes, checksum: c6aeb32eed6132e545ad6c185c1b11ea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-24 / Entende-se por engajamento escolar o nível de envolvimento do aluno em atividades escolares, sendo composto em quatro dimensões: comportamental, cognitiva, emocional e agente. Na realidade brasileira, existem poucos instrumentos específicos e com evidências de validade para medir o engajamento escolar. O presente estudo teve como objetivos adaptar e obter evidências de validade da escala EAE-4DE para o contexto brasileiro, bem como relacionar os tipos de engajamento com o desempenho acadêmico e a compreensão de leitura. Participaram da pesquisa 258 estudantes do 6º ano do ensino fundamental, de escolas públicas e privadas. A adaptação da escala EAE-4DE foi satisfatória com base na análise de juízes, em que o índice Kappa de concordância foi de 0,956, e, também foram obtidas evidências de validade com base na análise fatorial. As medidas de engajamento escolar consideradas em conjunto não apresentaram relação significativa com a compreensão de leitura, porém apresentaram uma relação próxima à moderada com a média escolar. / The term school engagement is understood as the level of student’s involvement in school activities, consisting in four dimensions: behavioral, cognitive, emotional and agent. In Brazilian reality, there are few specific tools and evidence of validity to measure school engagement. This study aimed to adapt and bring evidence of validity of EAE - 4DE scale for the Brazilian context as well as relate the types of engagement with the academic performance and reading comprehension. 258 students from the 6th grade of private and public elementary schools took part in the study. The adaptation of EAE - 4DE scale was satisfactory based on the judges’ analysis, in which Kappa index of concordance was 0,956, also obtained evidence of validity based on factor analysis. The school engagement measures taken together showed no significant relationship with reading comprehension, despite they showed a close to moderate relationship with the school average.

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<p>This four-year study centers on identity research, exploring a two-year student success program in a midwestern school. The program follows a “school-within-a-school” model (Indiana Department of Education website, 2020) as it is housed on the same grounds as the main school but in a different building. The student-to-teacher ratio is lower than traditional schools and the English class covers less material, but in more depth, than parallel 9th and 10^th grade classes. The study follows two students as they progress through the two-year program and integrate into the main student body for 11^th and 12^th grade, to understand how they narrate their journey through high school. The 9th and 10th grade teachers provide a sense of the impact of teacher identity on the student participants. A narrative approach (Connelly & Clandinin, 1990) is used to examine individual’s perspectives- rooted in their experiences- to dig into my participants’ stories, framing them within an equity literacy context (Gorski, 2014). Using equity literacy allows for the exploration of biases and inequities that student participants may face in our education system. The findings of this dissertation study have three major implications: 1. Home identity has a significant effect on student identity. As such, an awareness of what high school students bring to the classroom and how this affects their thinking and motivation to participate in class is critical; 2. The importance of not only making lessons relevant to student lives, but also helpful. Both student participants appreciate being given space to write what they <i>want</i> to write, rather than being <i>told</i> what to write. As a result, writing becomes a means of processing events happening in their lives, and has a positive effect on self-efficacy; 3. Given the second implication, teacher educators need to provide space for preservice teachers to explore ways to make lessons helpful to their students by encouraging them to tell their own stories through discussions in a safe space, while modeling behaviors such as showing vulnerability in the classroom.</p>

Education affects both the health and personal development of an individual, and higher levels of education are associated with better health and higher socioeconomic status. There are gender differences in school performance in Sweden, with girls performing better than boys. Engagement can influence positive school performance, whereas disengagement can lead to alienation and indifference toward school and affect school performance negatively. The aim of the study was to examine the associations between behavioural and emotional engagement and disengagement, and if there are gender differences in engagement and disengagement, among children in 6th grade in Sweden. The study was conducted through quantitative method using secondary cross-sectional data. The result showed a positive association between behavioural engagement and emotional engagement (rho=0.84, p&lt;0.001) and between behavioural and emotional disengagement (rho= 0.74, p&lt;0.001). Girls had statistically significant higher behavioural and emotional engagement than boys, whereas boys had higher behavioural and emotional disengagement than girls. In conclusion, the levels of behavioural and emotional engagement are associated, as are the levels of behavioural and emotional disengagement. There are gender differences, where girls are more likely to be engaged in school compared to boys and boys are more likely to be disengaged in school compared to girls.

Researchers have emphasized the importance of parental involvement in ensuring the educational success of children. Despite the recognized value, some stakeholders continue to struggle to leverage and sustain this partnership, which may encumber students' success. The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of the factors influencing parental involvement in Jamaican high schools. This qualitative case study sought to unearth the motivational factors influencing parental involvement within a climate of educational accountability in Jamaican high schools. Grounded in Epstein's school-family-community partnership model, this study unearthed some of the differences and similarities of parental involvement within high schools that were described as high and under performing schools and what informed those differences. Sixteen participants from 4 high schools were interviewed using a semistructured interview guide. The data were analyzed thematically and interpreted against Epstein's theory. The findings of this study indicated that all stakeholders in a child's education had mutual interests and influences and an expressed desired to increase their involvement. The motivational factors driving their involvement varied from policies, beliefs, benefits, and personal challenges; parental involvement also differed in quality and quantity across schools and requires creativity in design for greater involvement, accountability, and impact. The strategic utility of these findings can assist in the creation of the home support engagements needed to remove the constraints impeding students and wider school success, thereby guiding students into successful directions, which is the epitome of social change.

Les difficultés intériorisées et extériorisées sont bien documentées pour leur impact négatif sur le développement des adolescents au secondaire. Les effets nuisibles de ces dernières sont d’autant plus marqués chez les jeunes de milieux défavorisés. Certains auteurs se sont donc penchés sur les facteurs qui peuvent contribuer à l'augmentation et au maintien des difficultés intériorisées et extériorisées chez les adolescents. Parmi ces facteurs, on identifie certaines caractéristiques individuelles et caractéristiques familiales qui présentent des associations bien documentées avec les difficultés intériorisées et extériorisées. Plus spécifiquement, les caractéristiques individuelles mises de l’avant sont l’estime de soi et l’engagement scolaire comportemental. Du côté des caractéristiques familiales, on reconnaît l’implication scolaire parentale. Toutefois, à ce jour, aucune étude longitudinale n’a exploré l’apport respectif des ces caractéristiques individuelles et familiales au développement des difficultés intériorisées et extériorisées. Conséquemment, la présente thèse vise l’approfondissement de la compréhension de ces liens chez les adolescents de milieux défavorisés. Ainsi, un premier article (Chapitre II) a permis d’explorer caractéristiques individuelles des adolescents d’écoles défavorisées comme précurseur aux les comportements intériorisés et extériorisés. Les résultats ont permis d’identifier que les difficultés intériorisées et extériorisées, soit la violence relationnelle et la dépression agissent comme médiateur dans la relation entre l’estime de soi et l’engagement scolaire comportemental. De plus, cette étude établit que ce constat s’applique de manière identique aux adolescents et aux adolescentes. Ensuite, le second article (Chapitre III) a permis d’explorer les comportements intériorisés et extériorisés comme résultat du contexte de vie, soit des caractéristiques familiales. Cette étude se penche aussi sur la stabilité homotypique et hétérotypique des comportement intériorisés et extériorisés. Globalement, les résultats montrent que les symptômes dépressifs agissent comme mécanisme explicatif du lien entre l’implication scolaire des parents et les difficultés extériorisées telles que la délinquance et la violence relationnelle. De plus, nos conclusions soulignent que la dépression et la délinquance montrent toutes deux une stabilité hétérotypique et hétérotypique chez les adolescents au secondaire. Finalement, on observe que ces résultats s’appliquent de la même manière tant chez les garçons que chez les filles. En somme, l’exploration de la contribution respective des caractéristiques individuelles et familiales mènent à la conclusion que dans les deux cas, les difficultés intériorisées et 3 extériorisées sont un mécanisme central en secondaire 3. En effet, cela permet de dégager que les difficultés intériorisées et extériorisées sont aux cœur des processus individuels chez les adolescents de milieux défavorisés. De plus, les deux études mettent de l’avant que ces mécanismes sont identiques chez les garçons et chez les filles. / Internalizing and externalizing difficulties are well documented for their impact on adolescent development in high school. The harmful effects of the latter are known for their greater impact in youth from disadvantaged backgrounds. Some authors have therefore focused on the factors that can contribute to the emergence or maintenance of internalizing and externalizing difficulties in adolescents. Among these factors, some individual and family characteristics have been identified for their well-documented associations with internalizing and externalizing difficulties. More specifically, the individual characteristics highlighted are self-esteem and behavioral school engagement. In terms of family characteristics, parental school involvement was given prominence. However, to date, no longitudinal study has explored the respective contribution of these individual and family characteristics to the development of internalizing and externalizing difficulties. Consequently, this thesis aims to deepen the understanding of these links among adolescents from disadvantaged backgrounds. Thus, the first article (Chapter II) made it possible to explore internalizing and externalizing behaviors as a precursor to individual characteristics of adolescents from disadvantaged schools. The results identified that internalizing and externalizing difficulties, namely relational violence, and depression, mediate the relationship between self-esteem and behavioral school engagement. Moreover, this study establishes that this finding applies equally to boys and girls. Then, the second article (Chapter III) explored internalizing and externalizing behaviors as a result of the life context, i.e., family characteristics. This study also examines the homotypic and heterotypic stability of internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Overall, the results show that depressive symptoms act as an explanatory mechanism for the link between parental school involvement and externalizing difficulties such as delinquency and relational violence. Moreover, our findings highlight that both depression and delinquency show heterotypic and homotypic stability in high school adolescents. Finally, we observe that these results apply the same way to boys and girls. In short, the exploration of the respective contribution of individual and family characteristics leads to the conclusion that in both cases, internalizing and externalizing difficulties are a central mechanism in grade 9. Indeed, this allows us to put forward that internalizing and externalizing difficulties are central to individual processes in adolescents from disadvantaged backgrounds. In addition, both studies show that these mechanisms are identical in boys and girls.

Mémoire de maîtrise présenté en vue de l’obtention de la maîtrise en psychoéducation, option recherche et stage (M. Sc.) / Contexte. L’activité physique est un facteur de protection important tout au long de la vie. De plus, les enfants ayant un engagement scolaire plus élevé ont souvent de meilleurs résultats scolaires, et ceux-ci ont de plus grandes chances d’aller plus loin dans leurs études. Toutefois, peu d’articles ont étudié la relation entre la pratique d’activité physique et l’engagement et la réussite scolaires de façon longitudinale et aucun ne l’a fait avec un échantillon pancanadien. Objectif. Ce mémoire de recherche en deux articles vise à étudier les associations entre la participation aux loisirs actifs pendant l’enfance, soit à 6 ans et à 12 ans, et l’engagement scolaire à 14 ans ainsi que la réussite scolaire entre 18 et 20 ans, au-delà de plusieurs caractéristiques familiales, pour les garçons et pour les filles. Méthodes. Le premier article étudie 4537 garçons et filles de l’Étude longitudinale nationale sur les enfants et les jeunes (ELNEJ) ayant des données sur la pratique de jeu actif à 6 ans. Par régression linéaire, l’association entre les jeux actifs à 6 ans rapportés par la personne la mieux renseignée au sujet de l’enfant et l’engagement scolaire auto-rapporté à 14 ans est évaluée. Par la suite, une analyse de modération en fonction des défis socioaffectifs à 6 ans est effectuée. Le second article étudie 2775 enfants de l’ELNEJ qui avaient des données sur la pratique de loisirs actifs à 12 ans. L’association entre les loisirs actifs auto-rapportés à 12 ans et la moyenne scolaire auto-rapportée à 18 ans ainsi que l’obtention du diplôme d’études secondaires à 20 ans est mesurée à l’aide d’une régression linéaire. Résultats. Le jeu actif à 6 ans était lié à un engagement scolaire plus bas à 14 ans pour les garçons. Les symptômes anxieux modéraient cette association pour les garçons et les filles et l’agressivité relationnelle modérait cette association pour les garçons. Les filles qui prenaient plus part à des sports organisés ou artistiques à 12 ans avaient de meilleurs résultats scolaires à 18 ans et les garçons et les filles qui pratiquaient plus de loisirs actifs à 12 ans avaient plus de chances d’avoir obtenu leur diplôme du secondaire à 20 ans. Cependant, les filles qui pratiquaient plus d’activité physique non structurée à 12 ans avaient de plus bas résultats scolaires à 18 ans. Conclusion. Les loisirs actifs ont de nombreux bienfaits sur la réussite scolaire ultérieure. Ces résultats encouragent la pertinence de motiver les enfants à être plus actifs afin de mettre toutes les chances de leur côté de réussir dans le futur, ainsi qu’à apporter une attention particulière aux enfants présentant des défis socioaffectifs, afin que ceux-ci puissent bénéficier du jeu actif tout autant. / Context. Physical activity is an important protective factor throughout life. Additionally, children with higher school engagement often perform better academically, and are more likely to go further in their studies. However, few articles have studied the associations between physical activity and academic engagement and success longitudinally, and none have done so with a pan-Canadian sample. Objective. This research in two articles aims to study the associations between participation in active leisure during childhood, at ages 6 years and 12 years, and school engagement at age 14 years as well as academic success between ages 18 and 20 years, beyond several family characteristics, for boys and girls. Methods. The first article studies 4,537 boys and girls from the National Longitudinal Study of Children and Youth (NLSCY) with data on active play at age 6 years. By linear regression, the association between active play at age 6 years, reported by the person most knowledgeable about the child, and self-reported school engagement at age 14 years is evaluated. Subsequently, a moderation analysis based on socioemotional challenges at age 6 years is carried out. The second article studies 2,775 children from the NLSCY who had data on active leisure at age 12 years. The association between self-reported active leisure at age 12 years and self-reported academic average at age 18 years as well as high school graduation at age 20 years is measured using linear regression. Results. Active play at age 6 years was associated with lower school engagement at age 14 years for boys. Anxiety symptoms moderated this association for boys and girls and relational aggression moderated this association for boys. Girls who participated in more organized or artistic sports at age 12 years had better academic achievement at age 18 years, and boys and girls who participated in more active leisure at age 12 years were more likely to have graduated from high school at age 20 years. However, girls who engaged in more unstructured physical activity at age 12 years had lower academic achievement at age 18 years. Conclusion. Active leisure has many benefits for later academic success. These results encourage the relevance of motivating children to be more active to give them every chance of succeeding in the future, as well as to pay particular attention to children presenting socioemotional challenges, so that they can benefit from active play just as much.