Thesis advisor: Paul Cichello / Initially launched as a pilot program in 1996 by the World Food Program (WFP) at the request of the Government of Malawi (GoM), the School Meals Program (SMP) reached approximately 642,000 primary school children by 2011. According to the WFP, the objectives of the SMP are: 1) reduce drop out rates; 2) promote regular attendance; 3) increase enrollment; and 4) improve children’s ability to concentrate and learn, through food provision (WFP, 2010). Given these aims, this paper aims to determine if Malawi’s SMP affects the primary enrollment rate or attendance as measured as an impact on temporary withdraws. By applying a propensity score matching (PSM) model to the Third Integrated Household Survey data from 2010-2011, the estimation of the impacts will aim to mitigate selection bias using historic enrollment and other covariates, which include WFP selection criteria and theory-based community and political characteristics. Using three different matching techniques, the model predicts that the SMP has no impact on primary enrollment and a statistically insignificant, but positive impact on attendance, here measured as a decrease in temporary withdraws. Explanations for these atypical results include the presence of exclusion errors, which were found in the pilot evaluation, model misspecification, and the lack of social desirability bias in my measures. Further research is needed to determine the extent to which previous results have been biased by Hawthorne effects or social desirability bias. Given the potential of the temporary withdraws for highlighting a positive impact of the program, further studies should include this measure as a potential outcome of any SMP program, especially in agrarian economies. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2015. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Departmental Honors. / Discipline: Economics.

The 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans for the first time emphasized an increase in daily whole grain consumption in children, adolescents, and adults, and identified a recommended intake of 3 one-ounce servings per day. Despite national dietary policy recommendations and current scientific evidence encouraging an increase in whole grain intake, most Americans are consuming less than one whole grain serving per day. Therefore, a need to determine methods to increase whole grain intake in Americans does exist. One identified method would be to increase whole grain intake in children through the incorporation of whole grain foods into school meals. This study was designed to determine, through the creation of an online survey, methods utilized by school food service professionals overseeing HealthierUS School Challenge Gold rated elementary schools to successfully incorporate whole grain food products into school meals. Data collected from the online survey indicated school food service professionals that incorporated whole grains into their school meals by slowly modifying recipes and gradually incorporating new whole grain foods onto their existing menu were the most successful. Survey results also indicated that students preferred partial blend whole grain products compared to those made from 100% whole wheat. Additionally, survey participants reported barriers to whole grain food incorporation which included: product acceptability, whole grain product identification, whole grain product availability, and cost. There is a need to further understand measures that can be taken to successfully introduce more whole grain food products into elementary school lunches without causing a decrease in consumption of the school meals by students. Data gathered from this survey will be shared with the United States Department of Agriculture's Food and Nutrition Service (USDA-FNS) to provide technical assistance to schools participating in the National School Lunch Program and School Breakfast Program on how to successfully menu whole grain food products in their schools and maintain alignment with current national dietary recommendations.

No início de 2006, grupo formado por escolas da rede pública do estado de São Paulo, entre elas três do município de Piracicaba (SP), aderiu ao programa "Escola de Tempo Integral". Tal situação demandou substanciais ajustes na alimentação distribuída nas unidades de ensino, com vistas ao atendimento das necessidades nutricionais dos alunos durante a maior jornada de aulas. No município de Piracicaba (SP), em caráter experimental, o preparo da merenda escolar em uma dessas unidades foi assumido por uma empresa de serviços de alimentação, e a distribuição das refeições para as demais continuou a ser planejada e executada pela prefeitura do município. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivos avaliar as modalidades de gestão (autogestão e terceirização) do Programa de Alimentação Escolar (PAE) de Piracicaba (SP) e identificar as principais alterações impostas ao PAE, em decorrência da ampliação da jornada de aulas. A amostra envolveu duas unidades de ensino que aderiram ao programa "Escola de Tempo Integral". Foram empregados roteiros especificamente elaborados que viabilizassem a avaliação das condições de preparo e distribuição das refeições, da higiene nas etapas de produção, da adesão e da aceitabilidade dos alunos à alimentação e do custo do programa decorrentes dos diferentes modelos de gestão. A percepção de amostra (n = 218) de escolares relativa às alterações no PAE foi identificada por meio de questionário. Junto aos pais/responsáveis foram obtidas informações acerca da percepção destes quanto aos diferentes modelos de gestão do PAE. Os resultados evidenciam que a aceitabilidade às refeições assemelhou-se à preconizada (85%). A análise da composição dos cardápios do programa revelou que estes se mostraram concordantes com as recomendações estabelecidas pelo governo estadual para as escolas de tempo integral no tocante ao conteúdo de proteínas e insuficientes no que diz respeito à expressiva parcela das vitaminas e minerais, especialmente quando são consideradas as demandas dos alunos com idade entre 11 e 14 anos. No que se refere à percepção dos pais quanto ao PAE administrado pela prefeitura, a maioria (59,4%) declarou que o programa é bem gerido pela administração pública. Quando questionados sobre a opinião quanto à possibilidade de terceirização do PAE, 38,7% dos pais/responsáveis afirmaram não ter avaliado as vantagens e desvantagens do processo. O acompanhamento da rotina de execução do programa confirmou que, em Piracicaba (SP), uma das principais dificuldades registradas pelos gestores públicos no que diz respeito à implementação do modelo de terceirização, refere-se à elaboração de documentos/editais onde constem especificações pormenorizadas dos contratos para prestação desse tipo de serviço. Como vantagens do sistema terceirizado destaca-se, entre outros, a disponibilidade de recursos para manutenção de infra-estrutura e equipamentos do PAE. O custo unitário da refeição distribuída no período do almoço alcançou R$ 1,11 para a empresa terceirizada e R$ 1,37 sob administração da prefeitura. Embora a experiência analisada tenha tido uma duração muito curta para viabilizar uma avaliação conclusiva, verifica-se que a terceirização pode contribuir para a melhoria da eficácia do PAE, implementado em Piracicaba (SP). / Since early 2006, a group of public network learning units from Sao Paulo State, including three from Piracicaba (SP), adhered to the state government "Full-time School Program". This situation demanded adjustments to the meals offered at the units, trying to fulfill the students' nutritional needs during most of the class journey. In Piracicaba (SP), as an experience, the preparation of the school meals in one of these units was outsourced to a company specialized in food services and the distribution of food for the other two kept on being planned and made by the City Hall. The present survey had as goals to evaluate the management models (self-management and outsourcing) of the School Food Program (PAE) in Piracicaba (SP) and to identify the main changes imposed to the PAE due to the lengthening of the class period (full time). The sampling involved two units which had adhered to the "Full-time School" Program. A PAE routine assessment was performed in the units, applying routes trying to obtain the information which could allow the evaluation of the meals' preparation and distribution, hygiene in the production phases, adhesion and acceptability of students to the meals and the cost of the program due to different management models. The sampling perception (n = 218) of students related to the changes on the PAE, was identified. With the parents/guardians, we gathered information related to their perception about the different PAE management models. The results show that the meals' acceptability was similar to what was proclaimed (85%). The analysis on the program's meals composition revealed that these were in accordance with the recommendations for the full-time schools regarding the levels of proteins, and insufficient regarding an expressive part of vitamins and minerals, especially when we consider the demand of students between 11 and 14. As far as the parents' perception to the PAE administered by the City Hall is concerned, most of them (58.4%) declared the program is well managed by the public administration. When questioned about their opinion on the possibility of outsourcing the PAE, 38.7% of the parents stated they had not evaluated the pros and cons in the process. Through following the program's execution routine it was possible to corroborate, in Piracicaba (SP), one of the main difficulties registered by the public managers regarding the implementation of the outsourcing model, in terms of elaborating documents/summons where there are detailed specifications of the contracts for this kind of service. As advantages from the outsourced system, we identified the availability of resources for maintaining the infrastructure and equipment for the PAE. The meal unit cost at lunchtime reached R$ 1.11 for the outsourced company and R$ 1.37 for the City Hall maintenance. Though the experience under scrutiny was too short for making a conclusive evaluation viable, we may check that the outsourcing may contribute for the improvement on the Piracicaba (SP) PAE efficiency.

Canadian scientific literature lacks quantitative information on school meals, which, in Can-ada, are not regulated by law and do not have any national nutritional standard. Nutritional stan-dards and guidelines are essential in evaluation and monitoring studies to maintainor im-proveschool meals quality. This research looked at the nutritional quality of meals served by some elementary schools running a school meal program administered by CHEP Good Food Inc., a non-profit organization, in Saskatoon, SK. Data collected from 1997 until 2006 were combined to those collected in the 2007/08 school-year. Lunches were compared to 1/3 Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI), and breakfasts and snacks, to ¼ DRI. Using one-sample t-tests and ANOVA, p< 0.05, we evaluated nutrients that were suggested to be below the standard. Sas-katchewans food-based standards were also used to evaluate food group content according to the Canadas Food Guide to Healthy Eating. On-site observations in selected schools shed light on childrens choices and plate waste. Focus groups with selected nutrition coordinators (NC) provided insight into their practices. Overall, lunches and breakfasts had a good nutrient profile but were low mainly in energy, vitamin E, potassium, and, in some years, folate and calcium, particularly for 9-13 year-olds. Findings suggested that snacks seem to be below the DRI stan-dards, but they can be an opportunity for nutrition education. We observed no clear or significant trend across the years. All meals offered good amounts of fruits and vegetables, grains, and dairy products. Plate waste was low and related to NCs practices. Analysis of the interviews exposed some possible explanations for the quantitative results and allowed some recommendations. Findings from this study provide support for future establishment of school meals nutritional standards and for possible changes and improvements of the program, and will enrich knowledge regarding school meals.

Canadian scientific literature lacks quantitative information on school meals, which, in Can-ada, are not regulated by law and do not have any national nutritional standard. Nutritional stan-dards and guidelines are essential in evaluation and monitoring studies to maintainor im-proveschool meals quality. This research looked at the nutritional quality of meals served by some elementary schools running a school meal program administered by CHEP Good Food Inc., a non-profit organization, in Saskatoon, SK. Data collected from 1997 until 2006 were combined to those collected in the 2007/08 school-year. Lunches were compared to 1/3 Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI), and breakfasts and snacks, to ¼ DRI. Using one-sample t-tests and ANOVA, p< 0.05, we evaluated nutrients that were suggested to be below the standard. Sas-katchewans food-based standards were also used to evaluate food group content according to the Canadas Food Guide to Healthy Eating. On-site observations in selected schools shed light on childrens choices and plate waste. Focus groups with selected nutrition coordinators (NC) provided insight into their practices. Overall, lunches and breakfasts had a good nutrient profile but were low mainly in energy, vitamin E, potassium, and, in some years, folate and calcium, particularly for 9-13 year-olds. Findings suggested that snacks seem to be below the DRI stan-dards, but they can be an opportunity for nutrition education. We observed no clear or significant trend across the years. All meals offered good amounts of fruits and vegetables, grains, and dairy products. Plate waste was low and related to NCs practices. Analysis of the interviews exposed some possible explanations for the quantitative results and allowed some recommendations. Findings from this study provide support for future establishment of school meals nutritional standards and for possible changes and improvements of the program, and will enrich knowledge regarding school meals.

This thesis determines the extent to which internal migration affects the socioeconomic composition of neighbourhoods in England and how its impact compares with that of other components of area change. It is hypothesised that the selective character of internal migration contributes to increased concentration of poverty in the most deprived neighbourhoods. The focus of the analysis at this small spatial scale will interest policy makers who have sought to reverse the spiral of socioeconomic decline in selected neighbourhoods through area-based regeneration initiatives. It will also add to neighbourhood change theory that assumes internal migration is widening spatial inequalities, which has rarely been empirically tested. The analysis is conducted using an administrative dataset called the School Census. The School Census enables detailed geographical analysis that is not possible with existing datasets used to measure internal migration in the UK. The thesis demonstrates the potential of the School Census for migration research and its usefulness in shaping policy. Change in the socioeconomic composition of a neighbourhood can be measured using the proportion of pupils claiming Free School Meals (FSM), which is widely used as a measure of poverty in educational research. The change in the concentration of FSM pupils is uniquely analysed at varying spatial scales to determine an appropriate neighbourhood level at which to conduct further analysis. The effect of internal migration on neighbourhood socioeconomic change is analysed using a growth model for Lower Super Output Areas. It shows that internal migration contributes to increased concentration of FSM pupils in the most deprived neighbourhoods. However, the effect is small. The effect of pupils changing their FSM status but not moving (in-situ change) is more dominant and reduced the concentration of FSM pupils in the most deprived neighbourhoods during the period 2002-2007. These findings contribute to a small but growing literature that suggests the effect of internal migration is minor when compared with in-situ change. Factors related to internal migration at the neighbourhood level are modelled using linear and spatial regression. A number of characteristics are found to be similarly associated with net migration of FSM and non-FSM pupils. This suggests there is an element of choice exercised by all families with school children when they move. However, there are discriminating effects, including school quality, that are related to higher net migration of non-FSM pupils but not FSM pupils. Moreover, the effects of some neighbourhood characteristics on migration including worklessness are shown to vary across different parts of the country. These findings suggest policy makers should be sensitive to local contexts when planning public service provision.

No início de 2006, grupo formado por escolas da rede pública do estado de São Paulo, entre elas três do município de Piracicaba (SP), aderiu ao programa &#34;Escola de Tempo Integral&#34;. Tal situação demandou substanciais ajustes na alimentação distribuída nas unidades de ensino, com vistas ao atendimento das necessidades nutricionais dos alunos durante a maior jornada de aulas. No município de Piracicaba (SP), em caráter experimental, o preparo da merenda escolar em uma dessas unidades foi assumido por uma empresa de serviços de alimentação, e a distribuição das refeições para as demais continuou a ser planejada e executada pela prefeitura do município. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivos avaliar as modalidades de gestão (autogestão e terceirização) do Programa de Alimentação Escolar (PAE) de Piracicaba (SP) e identificar as principais alterações impostas ao PAE, em decorrência da ampliação da jornada de aulas. A amostra envolveu duas unidades de ensino que aderiram ao programa &#34;Escola de Tempo Integral&#34;. Foram empregados roteiros especificamente elaborados que viabilizassem a avaliação das condições de preparo e distribuição das refeições, da higiene nas etapas de produção, da adesão e da aceitabilidade dos alunos à alimentação e do custo do programa decorrentes dos diferentes modelos de gestão. A percepção de amostra (n = 218) de escolares relativa às alterações no PAE foi identificada por meio de questionário. Junto aos pais/responsáveis foram obtidas informações acerca da percepção destes quanto aos diferentes modelos de gestão do PAE. Os resultados evidenciam que a aceitabilidade às refeições assemelhou-se à preconizada (85%). A análise da composição dos cardápios do programa revelou que estes se mostraram concordantes com as recomendações estabelecidas pelo governo estadual para as escolas de tempo integral no tocante ao conteúdo de proteínas e insuficientes no que diz respeito à expressiva parcela das vitaminas e minerais, especialmente quando são consideradas as demandas dos alunos com idade entre 11 e 14 anos. No que se refere à percepção dos pais quanto ao PAE administrado pela prefeitura, a maioria (59,4%) declarou que o programa é bem gerido pela administração pública. Quando questionados sobre a opinião quanto à possibilidade de terceirização do PAE, 38,7% dos pais/responsáveis afirmaram não ter avaliado as vantagens e desvantagens do processo. O acompanhamento da rotina de execução do programa confirmou que, em Piracicaba (SP), uma das principais dificuldades registradas pelos gestores públicos no que diz respeito à implementação do modelo de terceirização, refere-se à elaboração de documentos/editais onde constem especificações pormenorizadas dos contratos para prestação desse tipo de serviço. Como vantagens do sistema terceirizado destaca-se, entre outros, a disponibilidade de recursos para manutenção de infra-estrutura e equipamentos do PAE. O custo unitário da refeição distribuída no período do almoço alcançou R$ 1,11 para a empresa terceirizada e R$ 1,37 sob administração da prefeitura. Embora a experiência analisada tenha tido uma duração muito curta para viabilizar uma avaliação conclusiva, verifica-se que a terceirização pode contribuir para a melhoria da eficácia do PAE, implementado em Piracicaba (SP). / Since early 2006, a group of public network learning units from Sao Paulo State, including three from Piracicaba (SP), adhered to the state government &#34;Full-time School Program&#34;. This situation demanded adjustments to the meals offered at the units, trying to fulfill the students&#39; nutritional needs during most of the class journey. In Piracicaba (SP), as an experience, the preparation of the school meals in one of these units was outsourced to a company specialized in food services and the distribution of food for the other two kept on being planned and made by the City Hall. The present survey had as goals to evaluate the management models (self-management and outsourcing) of the School Food Program (PAE) in Piracicaba (SP) and to identify the main changes imposed to the PAE due to the lengthening of the class period (full time). The sampling involved two units which had adhered to the &#34;Full-time School&#34; Program. A PAE routine assessment was performed in the units, applying routes trying to obtain the information which could allow the evaluation of the meals&#39; preparation and distribution, hygiene in the production phases, adhesion and acceptability of students to the meals and the cost of the program due to different management models. The sampling perception (n = 218) of students related to the changes on the PAE, was identified. With the parents/guardians, we gathered information related to their perception about the different PAE management models. The results show that the meals&#39; acceptability was similar to what was proclaimed (85%). The analysis on the program&#39;s meals composition revealed that these were in accordance with the recommendations for the full-time schools regarding the levels of proteins, and insufficient regarding an expressive part of vitamins and minerals, especially when we consider the demand of students between 11 and 14. As far as the parents&#39; perception to the PAE administered by the City Hall is concerned, most of them (58.4%) declared the program is well managed by the public administration. When questioned about their opinion on the possibility of outsourcing the PAE, 38.7% of the parents stated they had not evaluated the pros and cons in the process. Through following the program&#39;s execution routine it was possible to corroborate, in Piracicaba (SP), one of the main difficulties registered by the public managers regarding the implementation of the outsourcing model, in terms of elaborating documents/summons where there are detailed specifications of the contracts for this kind of service. As advantages from the outsourced system, we identified the availability of resources for maintaining the infrastructure and equipment for the PAE. The meal unit cost at lunchtime reached R$ 1.11 for the outsourced company and R$ 1.37 for the City Hall maintenance. Though the experience under scrutiny was too short for making a conclusive evaluation viable, we may check that the outsourcing may contribute for the improvement on the Piracicaba (SP) PAE efficiency.

Background: School districts across the country have adopted breakfast in the classroom (BIC) initiatives as a means of increasing participation in the School Breakfast Program (SBP). Little is known regarding the impact of such programs on children’s weight status. This study sought to evaluate the impact of a BIC initiative on the combined incidence of overweight/obesity among urban school aged children. Design: Cluster-randomized controlled trial with matched school pairs. Intervention schools received the “One Healthy Breakfast” program included BIC, nutrition-education, social marketing, corner store marketing, and parent outreach, while control schools continued to serve breakfast in the cafeteria Baseline data were collected in October-December, 2013, with midpoint and endpoint data collected in May-June 2015 and May-June 2016 respectively. Schools were matched based on school size, food service type, and racial/ethnic composition. Setting/Participants: 1371 4th-6th grade studen / Epidemiology

Bakgrund Från och med september 2014, är alla barn i åldern fyra till sju berättigade till gratis skolmat i Storbritannien, för att öka hälsosamt ätande och minska fetma. Syfte Att undersöka hur skolmåltider (speciellt skolluncher) avbildats i olika tidningar i Storbritannien, från och med 2000 till 2014, då gratis skolmåltider introducerades. Metod Fyra tidningar i Storbritannien, under tiden 2000 till 2014, valdes ut för undersökning. Totalt 616 artiklar hittades, varav 426 texter analyserades. En kombination av kvalitativ och kvantitativ innehållsanalys gjordes i flera steg på artiklar och insändare. Texterna lästes och grupperade i huvudbudskap/innehåll. För att visa när och i vilken mängd dessa huvudbudskap/innehåll avbildades i de studerade medierna, blev dessa grupperade som ämnen och placerade i tidslinjer. Slutligen kategoriserades ämnena i grupper för att visa huvudfokus under tidsperioden. Resultat Under åren 2000 till 2014 diskuterades flera ämnen som rörde skolmåltider i media. Bland dessa fanns både positiva och negativa inställningar till Jamie Olivers skolmatkampanj, ohälsosamma lunchboxar, förbud av lunchboxar, förbud mot att vistas utanför skolområdet under raster, samt planen för och införandet av gratis skolmat för fyra till sjuåringar. Gratis skolmåltider och texter relaterade till ekonomi var de mest diskuterade ämnena under åren. I studien var det möjligt att se att Jamie Oliver var en stor del av processen som lett till att barnen i åren fyra till sju fått gratis skolmat. Slutsats En större process kunde ses framskrida fram till gratis måltider till alla skolbarn i ålder fyra till sju. Regler har tillagts och åtgärder gjorts för att få bättre skolmåltider och samtidigt uppmuntra barn att välja hälsosammare mat. Det är möjligt att allmänheten blivit mer medvetna om hälsa och skolmåltider samt relationen mellan dessa / Background Starting from September 2014, all children aged four to seven received their school lunches for free in the UK, to increase healthy eating and decrease obesity. Aim To investigate how school meals (especially school lunches) were depicted in different newspapers in the UK, from 2000 to 2014 when free school meals were introduced. Method Four newspapers in the UK between the years 2000 and 2014 were chosen for the study. In total, 616 texts were found from which 426 were analysed. A combination of quantitative and qualitative analysis of articles and letters to press was made in several steps. The texts were read and grouped into several main messages/contents. These were grouped into subjects and put together in timelines to show when and how much they were depicted in media during the studied years. Finally the subjects were grouped into topics, to show the main focus during the time period. Result During the years 2000 to 2014 several topics related to school meals were discussed. Among these were both positivity and negativity towards Jamie Oliver’s school food campaign, unhealthy packed lunches, the ban of packed lunches, ban of going outside schools on school breaks and the free school meals plan and free school meals for all children aged four to seven. The free school meals and texts related to economy were the most discussed during these years. In the study it was possible to see that Jamie Oliver have been a big part of the results of free school meals for the children between four and seven. Conclusion A long process could be seen progressing until free meals were given to all schoolchildren aged four to seven. There were regulations and actions towards better school meals and encouragements for children to choose the healthier foods. It is possible that people became more and more aware about health and school meals, and the relation between these over the years.

Meal at school is a part of the school studies and it is important for health, but is also a prerequisite for both learning and enjoyment.  The school meal can provide students an opportunity to recover from their studies but sometimes students perceive the meal situation as stressful. It is important that the food environment at school works well for school children, so they do not have to rush during the meal and they can get the opportunity to eat in peace. The purpose of this study was to investigate how students perceive lunch break at school. If they feel they get enough time to eat and how they feel during the meal situation in the school restaurant. The research approach of this study was qualitative and the method of data collection was focus groups. Data were analyzed as a content analysis. The aim of the study were secondary school students in grade 7 and 9, one class from each grade was selected. The study was conducted at a secondary school in a municipality in Sweden with approximately 210 000 inhabitants. The results of the study show that students at secondary school feel they have enough time to eat lunch, but the lunch break is too short. The meal environment in the school restaurant is perceived as very messy and stressful. The meal situation was experienced as more stressful at grade 7 students than 9th grade students.  The conclusion was that students need longer lunch break and meal environment is perceived as stressful. / Måltiden i skolan är en del av skolarbetet, den har betydelse för hälsan men är även en förutsättning för både lärande och trivsel. Skolan är också en viktig miljö för barn eftersom det är där de utvecklas och blir tränade till olika kompetenser exempelvis problemlösningsförmåga och förmågan att samarbeta.  Man spenderar ungefär åtta timmar i skolan dagligen och där i mellan behöver man äta. Skolmåltiden kan ge skolelever en möjlighet till att återhämta sig från skolarbetet men ibland kan elever uppfatta måltidssituationen som stressande. Det är viktigt att måltidsmiljön i skolan fungerar väl för att skolelever inte ska behöva stressa under måltiden och få möjlighet att äta i lugn och ro.  Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur elever upplever matrasten i skolan. Om de upplever att de får tillräckligt med tid för att äta samt hur de upplever måltiden och måltidssituationen i skolmatsalen. Forskningsansatsen för den här undersökningen var kvalitativ och metoden för insamling av data är fokusgrupper. Data har analyserats som en innehållsanalys.  Målgruppen för undersökningen var högstadieelever i årskurs 7 och 9. Det är en klass från respektive årskurs som valdes. Studien har genomförts på en högstadieskola i en kommun i Sverige med ca 210 000 invånare.     Resultatet i studien visar att eleverna på högstadieskolan upplever att de har tillräckligt med tid för att äta vid matbordet men lunchrasten i sig är för kort. Måltidsmiljön i skolrestaurangen upplevs som väldigt rörig och stressande. Måltidssituationen upplevs mer stressig hos årskurs 7 eleverna än årskurs 9.  Slutsatsen är att eleverna behöver längre lunchrast och måltidsmiljön upplevs som stressig och bör åtgärdas av skolan.