Teachers are faced with numerous interruptive bullying behaviors in middle school classrooms, which brought the quality of education into question. Bullying victims have shown decreased rates of academic success, measured by lower grades, compared to those not involved in bullying. The purpose of this basic interpretative qualitative study was to explore the phenomenon of classroom bullying from the perspectives and experiences of 10 middle school teachers. The research questions examined teachers' experiences in witnessing bullying in their classrooms and the strategies they used to identify and effectively avert bullying in school. Bandura's theories of moral disengagement and social learning theory of aggression informed and provided a framework for the research process. Information was gathered from 10 purposefully selected middle school teachers through personal interviews. Data analysis included coding, categorizing, and thematic analysis. The resulting themes revealed that teachers and school counselors played the most important role in bullying prevention. Physical, verbal, and cyberbullying were perceived as the major types of bullying in the middle school. Teachers reported that more bullying professional development was needed. Given the negative short and long term outcomes associated with bullying, the bullying phenomenon merits serious attention for preventive intervention. Social change will be realized when teachers become more knowledgeable of specific school bullying policies and are able to respond effectively to bullying incidents in schools. Subsequently, students will be able to enter peaceful, productive classrooms and schools.

Bullying has become a serious concern in many American public middle schools in recent years. Inadequate professional development (PD) in bullying prevention and response strategies has compounded this problem. The overarching purpose of this study was to increase understanding of the growing problem of school bullying. Bronfenbrenner's socioecological theory, which states that environment and relationships influence student behavior, served as the conceptual framework for this qualitative study. Guiding research questions, grounded in socioecological theory, were used to examine middle school teachers' views of PD and their perceived skills in responding to or preventing bullying. Through purposeful sampling, 8 middle school teachers in a community in rural Alabama were interviewed over a 3-week period. Each had at least 1 year of teaching experience in the local rural setting. To authenticate study findings, discipline referrals and state incident reports spanning the 2 previous years were assessed for teacher management of bullying. Data were analyzed using open coding to identify and categorize the patterns and themes that emerged. Results indicated that the teachers perceived that PD would give them the strategies to recognize and manage incidents of school bullying. These results supported and informed the PD project for middle school teachers. This study contributes to social change by providing professional development that will help teachers to either prevent or manage school bullying appropriately, a benefit to children and communities.

Bullying has become a serious concern in many American public middle schools in recent years. Inadequate professional development (PD) in bullying prevention and response strategies has compounded this problem. The overarching purpose of this study was to increase understanding of the growing problem of school bullying. Bronfenbrenner's socioecological theory, which states that environment and relationships influence student behavior, served as the conceptual framework for this qualitative study. Guiding research questions, grounded in socioecological theory, were used to examine middle school teachers' views of PD and their perceived skills in responding to or preventing bullying. Through purposeful sampling, 8 middle school teachers in a community in rural Alabama were interviewed over a 3-week period. Each had at least 1 year of teaching experience in the local rural setting. To authenticate study findings, discipline referrals and state incident reports spanning the 2 previous years were assessed for teacher management of bullying. Data were analyzed using open coding to identify and categorize the patterns and themes that emerged. Results indicated that the teachers perceived that PD would give them the strategies to recognize and manage incidents of school bullying. These results supported and informed the PD project for middle school teachers. This study contributes to social change by providing professional development that will help teachers to either prevent or manage school bullying appropriately, a benefit to children and communities.

The content of this Diploma Thesis is represented by the view and opinions of children on the problems of the bullying behaviour. The thesis includes both theoretical and practical part. In the theoretical part, the thesis explains some scientific concepts related to bullying, it presents the forms and views on bullying, it adverts to the direct and indirect signs, that can help the family or the school reveal the fact of existing chicane. The work also deals with the causes of bullying behaviour, and tries to find out how school can prevent and possibly resolve bullying. In this thesis, we can find the particular stages of bullying, the most frequent locations where bullying takes place, the risks and consequences that all come with bullying as well. The practical part is realized through a research. The collection of data was run at Basic School Mazurská in Prague 8. The Diploma Thesis describes the objectives of the research, the essential working hypotheses, the methodology and organization of the research. The text includes a questionnaire, which was given to children who participated in the research. The largest space is dedicated to the interpretation of the research results, because the main aim of the Diploma Thesis was to find out the children's view on maltreatment in general and their...

De nombreuses recherches, principalement nord-américaines, ont mis en évidence un lien significatif entre orientation sexuelle et comportements suicidaires des adolescent e s / jeunes adultes (Beck & al., 2010). L’homophobie à laquelle les jeunes homo/bisexuel-le-s sont exposé e s est considérée comme l’hypothèse la plus sérieuse pour expliquer ce lien, mais, jusque-là, cette hypothèse n’avait jamais fait l’objet d’une recherche quantitative dans notre pays. Nous l’avons prise en compte dans le cadre d’une enquête réalisée sur la base d’un auto-questionnaire informatisé - composé notamment à partir des échelles « Adolescent Risk inventory » (A.R.I, Lescano & al., 2007), « Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire – Revised » (SBQ-r, Linehan, 1989), et « Homophobia Scale » (Wright, Adams & Bernat, 1999) - auquel ont répondu 475 filles et 426 garçons, âgé-e-s de 18 à 24 ans. Les résultats confirment la sursuicidalité des jeunes homo/bi-sexuel-le-s. Cependant, dans les analyses menées auprès des participants de sexe masculin, l’orientation sexuelle n’apparait plus comme un prédicteur significatif des tentatives de suicide et des conduites à risque dans les modèles explicatifs où l’on introduit les variables «Victimation Verbale Homophobe en milieu scolaire» et «Victimation basée sur la Non-conformité de genre». Ces variables s’avèrent d’ailleurs les plus forts prédicteurs des comportements suicidaires chez les garçons. Ceux-ci présentent des scores moyens à l’échelle d’homophobie/lesbophobie significativement plus élevés que les filles, et la victimation verbale homophobe semble beaucoup plus répandue que la victimation verbale lesbophobe. Cette dernière ne présente par ailleurs pas d’effet significatif sur les tentatives de suicide et les conduites à risque des filles. En revanche, la lesbophobie intériorisée a un effet significatif sur les comportements suicidaires dans le sous-échantillon des filles attirées sexuellement par le même sexe ou en questionnement (ASMSQ), alors que l’homophobie intériorisée n’en présente pas chez les garçons ASMSQ. Ce dernier résultat, basé sur un plus faible effectif, demande à être confirmé par des recherches ultérieures tandis que les analyses portant sur l’ensemble des participants mettent en évidence l’ampleur de la victimation homophobe en milieu scolaire et son impact chez les adolescents et jeunes adultes de sexe masculin. / Several studies (mostly North-American) put into light a significant link between sexual orientation and suicidal behaviors among teenagers and/or young adults. Homophobia to which the young homosexuals are exposed is considered the most serious hypothesis to explain this link. However quantitative studies have never been conducted on this hypothesis in France. We took it into account while carrying out a survey based on a self-questionnaire built up from scales from “Adolescent Risk Inventory” (Lescano & al., 2007), Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire – revised” (Linehan, 1989), and Homophobia Scale” (Wright, Adams & Bernat, 1999). Said survey was answered by 475 young women, and 426 young men aged 18-24.Results confirmed oversuicidality among young homo/bisexuals. However, in the analysis conducted on male participants only, sexual orientation ceases to appear a significant predictor of suicide attempts or risk behavior in explanatory models in which variables « Homophobic Verbal Bullying in school » and « Bullying based on Gender nonconformity » are introduced. Said variables turn out to be the strongest predictors of suicidal behaviors among male adolescents and young adults. Young men have mean scores on the homophobia/lesbophobia scale that are significantly higher than young women's, and homophobic verbal bullying seems a lot more common than lesbophobic verbal bullying. Besides, lesbophobic verbal bullying does not have a significant effect on suicidal attempts and risk behaviors among young women. However, internalized lesbophobia has a significant effect on suicidal behaviors of the sub-sample of young women sexually attracted to same-sex individuals or wondering (ASMSQ), whereas internalized homophobia has no effect on ASMSQ young men. This last result is based on a lower population, and should be confirmed by subsequent studies, whereas analysis on all participants highlight the extent of homophobic bullying in school, and its impact on male teenagers and young adults.

<p>Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att undersöka vilka former av kränkande handlingar som finns bland eleverna i årskurs åtta på en friskola i Örebro. Metoden har varit observationsstudier på skolan samt intervjuer med elever och skolpersonal. I studien ingick omkring 80 elever där könsfördelningen varit 70 % flickor och 30 % pojkar. De kränkningar som observerats har varit av fysisk, verbal, emotionell och sexuell form. Särskilt de verbala kränkningarna har varit framträdande. Det har även påträffats könsskillnader i fråga om vilken typ av kränkningsform som har använts. Flickorna var mer framträdande i de sammanhang där negativa kommentarer och emotionella kränkningar fanns. Pojkarna var oftare inblandade i incidenter med fysiska kränkningar. En slutsats är att kränkningar förekommer på den undersökta skolan men att de flesta inte tycker att de tär något större problem. Eleverna trivs i sin skola och litar på att lärarna tar tag i situationen om mobbning skulle uppstå.</p> / <p>The purpose with this study was to investigate school bullying among students at a highschool in Örebro. The study used observational research and interviews to examine different aspects of bullying. The participants were about 80 students in the eight grade, 70 of them were girls. The result has been validated by triangulation. Of the observations offensive acts in forms of physical, verbal, emotional and sexual has been noted. Especially the verbal dimension was reported frequently. There were gender differences, with girls experiencing negative comments and some emotional bullying. The boys experienced more physical bullying. The conclusion is that bullying and offensive acts exist at the investigated school but the general student does not seem to be troubled by this. The students are happy with their situation and they trust their teachers will handle the problems with bullying.</p>

This thesis explores the everyday practice of school bullying by examining children's participation in peer group activities as well as in school-based anti-bullying activities within an educational setting. The empirical material is drawn from a long-term (1 year) ethnographic study conducted among preadolescent children in a 5th grade class in a Swedish elementary school. An ethnomethodological approach is used in analysis of ethnographically based fieldnotes, and in detailed analysis of video recordings collected during participant observations.    The first study examines, through elaborated investigation of a peer group's everyday peer encounters, how social exclusion is situated within the flow of intricate, subtle and seemingly innocent interactions. In this, the study offers detailed information about how girls' everyday peer group interactions, taken across a range of activities, may be consequential for the process of social exclusion.    The second study examines the interactional moral work accomplished within the situated practice of ART classroom sessions on moral reasoning used as part of the school's anti-bullying prevention program. The study contributes an understanding of the interactional managment of children's moral stance-taking, something that has previously been overshadowed by the quest to project the outcomes for individual children's moral reasoning. The third study examines a gossip dispute event, in which a group of girls take action against another girl for reporting school bullying to the teacher. The study demonstrates how, as the gossip dispute unfolds, the girls accused of bullying appropriate and even subvert the social organization of the school's anti-bullying program, and manage to turn the tables so that the girl initially reporting to be a victim of bullying is cast as an instigator, and the girls accused of the bullying as victims of false accusations.    The thesis illuminates the complex meanings and functions of social actions referred to as bullying within a school context and in the literature. Also, it sheds light on the difficulties that come with teachers' attempts to structure children's social relationships. All in all, the thesis illuminates the need to challange an individualistic approach to bullying, recognizing the social and moral orders children orient to in their everyday life at school.

Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att undersöka vilka former av kränkande handlingar som finns bland eleverna i årskurs åtta på en friskola i Örebro. Metoden har varit observationsstudier på skolan samt intervjuer med elever och skolpersonal. I studien ingick omkring 80 elever där könsfördelningen varit 70 % flickor och 30 % pojkar. De kränkningar som observerats har varit av fysisk, verbal, emotionell och sexuell form. Särskilt de verbala kränkningarna har varit framträdande. Det har även påträffats könsskillnader i fråga om vilken typ av kränkningsform som har använts. Flickorna var mer framträdande i de sammanhang där negativa kommentarer och emotionella kränkningar fanns. Pojkarna var oftare inblandade i incidenter med fysiska kränkningar. En slutsats är att kränkningar förekommer på den undersökta skolan men att de flesta inte tycker att de tär något större problem. Eleverna trivs i sin skola och litar på att lärarna tar tag i situationen om mobbning skulle uppstå. / The purpose with this study was to investigate school bullying among students at a highschool in Örebro. The study used observational research and interviews to examine different aspects of bullying. The participants were about 80 students in the eight grade, 70 of them were girls. The result has been validated by triangulation. Of the observations offensive acts in forms of physical, verbal, emotional and sexual has been noted. Especially the verbal dimension was reported frequently. There were gender differences, with girls experiencing negative comments and some emotional bullying. The boys experienced more physical bullying. The conclusion is that bullying and offensive acts exist at the investigated school but the general student does not seem to be troubled by this. The students are happy with their situation and they trust their teachers will handle the problems with bullying.

Detta examensarbete belyser hur svenska skolor arbetar mot mobbning. Mobbning är ett stort problem som orsakar stor oro bland skolbarn. 1969 ville läkaren Peter-Paul Heinemann uppmärksamma mobbning då han upptäckte att många barn blev mobbade och att vuxna inte brydde sig. 1973 forskade psykologen Dan Olweus kring pojkars beteende kring mobbning. Detta var början till antimobbningsarbetet. Det finns ett flertal antimobbningsprogram och jag har valt att undersöka Friendsprogrammet och Olweusprogrammet. Skolverket har även sammanställt en rapport rörande effekterna av dessa program. Jag ville också undersöka hur barn definierar ordet mobbning. För att komma fram till undersökningsresultat rörande dessa två ovanstående antimobbningsprogram och barns definiering av begreppet mobbning har jag forskat i vetenskapliga  undersökningar och litteratur samt även utfört intervjuer med barn i åldrarna 7-9 år och skolpersonal. Jag valde två skolor som arbetar med dessa två program och barnintervjuerna gjordes med tillåtelse av barnens föräldrar. Intervjusvaren jämfördes sedan med de vetenskapliga rapporterna och litteraturen. Slutsatsen av min undersökning är att dessa två program har både för- och nackdelar. Olweusprogrammet kräver resurser och tid. Friendsprogrammet involverar barnen som riskerar att få en utsatt position. Barnen kunde utan problem definiera innebörden av mobbning.

L’un des objectifs de la politique éducative du Ministère de l’Éducation nationale consiste à développer la réussite scolaire et l’épanouissement de chaque élève. Mais cet objectif peut être entravé par des violences scolaires et l’école peut alors devenir un lieu de souffrance pour les élèves. Le harcèlement scolaire peut prendre diverses formes telles que le harcèlement physique, verbal, psychologique et virtuel via les réseaux sociaux et les technologies de communication et d’information (i.e., le cyber-harcèlement). Le harcèlement scolaire et le cyber-harcèlement engendrent de graves conséquences sur le bien-être des élèves, leur santé mentale, physique, leur scolarité, qu’ils soient (cyber)victimes ou (cyber)harceleurs. Ce travail de recherche a eu pour objectif premier d’identifier les facteurs qui amènent les élèves à adopter ou non des conduites de harcèlement au sein de l’école, mais également derrière leurs écrans, à travers plusieurs études à la fois exploratoires et expérimentales. Le second objectif a été de proposer et d’évaluer une action psycho-éducative pour tenter de réduire les comportements agressifs des collégiens en développant une compétence psychosociale essentielle à la promotion de la santé et de l’empathie, par le biais de la technique du jeu de rôle, et ainsi de promouvoir des comportements favorisant un climat scolaire harmonieux. / The ministry of national Education aims at developing educational success and each pupil’s fulfillment. Nevertheless, this aim can be disturbed by school violence, thus turning school into a place of physical and psychological pain for pupils. School bullying can take many forms such as physical, verbal, psychological and virtual (i.e. cyberbullying). A growing body of international research evidence has demonstrated that bullying is associated with negative consequences for both (cyber)bullies and their (cyber)victims. First, this PhD thesis will aim at identifying which factors bring pupils to adopt bullying and cyberbullying behaviors inside the school and which factors don’t. Then, it will offer and evaluate interventions to fight against school bullying improving students’ empathy in order to reduce middle school students’ aggressive behaviors.