This thesis discusses the impact that paradigms of thought have on the construction of conservation programmes. Western scientific thinking represents a distinct way of looking at the world. It accepts a separation between nature and culture and thinks that knowledge about the world can best be discovered through the use of experiments that follow a specific set of rules, the scientific method. Scientific thinking is an integral part of the world view of scientists and extends to the way in which they interact with the world. Scientific researchers design their projects in accordance with how they view nature. This leads to particular construction of the role of primates. People in the network of a conservation project are involved in this paradigm to varying degrees. The purpose that scientific thinkers put behind conservation can be in direct contradiction with that of the local people. Although all groups involved may agree that conservation is a valuable goal, the ways in which they value nature and want to conserve it can be quite different. Scientists view themselves as experts on nature and how best to conserve it, and they attempt to spread their way of thinking about nature to local populations through education programmes. Not all groups accept the scientific paradigm to the same extent and this has a wider impact on the local community and forms new causes of tension as knowledge and power shift. I studied one particular field station, and explored how scientific thinking affected the outcomes of both scientific research and additional projects. I looked at how basing the conservation around scientific research has changed the dynamics created by a forest reserve. Finally I discussed with local people the ways in which the scientific paradigm had spread to them and how the field station was affecting them.

<p>This essay describes the philosophy of science that Thomas Kuhn puts forth in his work The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. The question is, does his description of the scientific paradigm work as well today as in the examples he gave in the book?</p><p>The conclusion is that there are certain factors that make for a number of differences between science today and, for example in the seventeenth century. There is also a growing theory or vision of a post normal science laid developed by among others Jerome Ravetz. This theory or vision is an idea of a science close to peer-communities and fast as well as critical decisions involving opposite values.</p>

This essay describes the philosophy of science that Thomas Kuhn puts forth in his work The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. The question is, does his description of the scientific paradigm work as well today as in the examples he gave in the book? The conclusion is that there are certain factors that make for a number of differences between science today and, for example in the seventeenth century. There is also a growing theory or vision of a post normal science laid developed by among others Jerome Ravetz. This theory or vision is an idea of a science close to peer-communities and fast as well as critical decisions involving opposite values.

Depuis plus d'une vingtaine d'années, les espèces invasives ont été hissées au rang des problèmes publics majeurs en raison de leurs effets sur l'environnement, l'économie ou la santé. L'objectif général de cette thèse est d'identifier les facteurs naturels et humains conduisant à attribuer au cours du temps le statut public d'espèce invasive à certaines espèces et dans certains contextes, à travers le cas de l'ajonc d'Europe (Ulex europaeus) sur l'île de La Réunion (Océan Indien). Ce travail se structure en trois parties : (i) une comparaison des caractéristiques biologiques de l'ajonc entre La Réunion, où il est déclaré invasif, et la France métropolitaine, d'où est-il originaire, (ii) une analyse historique de sa dynamique d'expansion géographique et des facteurs naturels et humains qui l'ont favorisée, et (iii) une étude de la construction des statuts publics qui lui ont été attribués depuis son introduction. Les résultats ont révélé une évolution biologique entre des populations d'ajonc de France et de La Réunion sur le taux et la vitesse de germination, et la production et dispersion des graines. Couplée à une croissance des individus plus rapide précédemment démontrée, ceci suggère que les capacités de colonisation de l'ajonc sont plus importantes dans l'île que dans sa zone d'origine. Ces capacités ont favorisé son expansion géographique dans les milieux agricoles et naturels, en interaction avec les usages du sol, les pratiques agricoles et les savoir-faire liés à l'ajonc. Ces éléments découlent eux-mêmes du contexte socio-économique global à l'œuvre, de l'échelle européenne à l'échelle de l'exploitation agricole familiale. La construction et publicisation du statut invasif de l'ajonc dans l'île résulte d'une combinaison entre ces éléments écologiques et les éléments sociologiques suivants : une nouvelle lecture scientifique écologique du monde à l'échelle globale, et, à l'échelle régionale, des jeux d'acteurs complexes autour de la gestion des milieux naturels protégés. Ces résultats mettent une fois de plus en évidence l'importance des approches interdisciplinaires pour appréhender les objets foncièrement hybrides, produits de nature et de culture. / For over twenty years, invasive species have been raised to the rank of major public problems because of their effects on the environment, economy and health. The main objective of this PhD thesis is to identify natural and human factors leading to attribute over time the public status of invasive species to certain species and in certain contexts, through the case of gorse (Ulex europaeus) on the island of La Réunion (Indian Ocean). This work have a three-part structure: (i) a comparison of biological characteristics of gorse between La Reunion, where it is called / declared invasive, and France, its native range, (ii) a historical analysis of its geographic expansion through natural and human factors, (iii) a study of the construction of public status attributed to gorse since its introduction on the island. The results showed a biological evolution between gorse populations of France and La Reunion related to germination rate and velocity, and seed dispersal. Coupled with a faster growth of individuals previously demonstrated, this suggest that colonization capacities of gorse are more important in the invasive region than in its native region. These capacities have favoured its geographic expansion in agricultural and natural environments, in interaction with the uses, agricultural practices and land uses, which themselves result from the overall socio-economic context from European scale to family farming scale. The construction and publicizing of the invasive status of gorse on this island is a combination between these ecological features and sociological elements: a new ecological vision of the world on a global scale, and, on a regional scale, social interactions between stakeholders about the management of protected natural areas. These results demonstrate one more time the importance of interdisciplinary approaches to understand the fundamentally hybrid object, product of nature and culture.

The integration of modern science and indigenous knowledge systems in the science education curriculum for South African schools represents social justice for the majority of South Africans as they determine the knowledge necessary for themselves and for future generations in the new South Africa. An exploratory research reveals tension and a dichotomous relationship between modern science and IKS, caused by false hierarchies that are influenced by factors such as colonialism, capitalism and modernisation to the exclusion of the core values held by indigenous people in their relationship with nature. The thesis demonstrates that the integration requires an epistemology that puts humanity first and a framework that accommodates both ways of knowing. This should allow for the best in the two systems of knowing to serve humanity in a dialogical manner. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Philosophy of Education)

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-02-22T12:01:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquvo total.pdf: 18917608 bytes, checksum: fcfcd686ecacb39c53f8f45267048264 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-22T12:01:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquvo total.pdf: 18917608 bytes, checksum: fcfcd686ecacb39c53f8f45267048264 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-10 / This study deals with an innovative theme regarding the scenario of contemporary science. This perspective presents a new spectrum related to open science and changes that occur in current scientific practices. These practices are being improved and present new meanings, towards the new dynamics related to scientific outcomes and publishing. The Fourth Scientific Paradigm leads to a science that is based on intensive use of scientific information through the practices of the emerging model called e-Science. This type of science reflects a collaborative scientific environment that considers sharing, convergence, connectivity, interactivity, use and reuse of scientific data. This environment is based on the assumptions of a more open science and emerging models. In this context, the data life cycle model is adopted in order to drive and support scientific data management. Thus, this thesis constitutes a multidimensional and multidisciplinary study that relies on the confluence between Information Science and Law Sciences and its intersections with Economy and Technology. Theoretically, the study is supported by Commons Theory and Creative Economy; considering current intellectual property regulations and legislations as well as international guidelines for the new dynamics of e-Science. The core argument of this thesis is that in e-Science authority is collaborative practice; promoted by authorship rewards. The study object of the research is centered on authorship of scientific data considered as an intellectual asset. The work aims to elaborate standards that promote reward towards collaborative authority in e-Science. The research is predominantly qualitative. Bardin´s content analysis was used for categorizing, coding and performing inferences. The research also relied on the six dimensions (epistemological, theoretical, technical, morphological, political and ethical) according to study of Bufrem that guided the development of the chapters, content analysis and the conceptual model. The NVivo software was used for categorization, codification and corpus analysis. The multidimensional view and thematic connections resulted in five categories and thirteen subcategories that helped achieve the objective and indicate the standards of the proposed model for the representation of authorship in e-Science. It concludes that in the context of e- Science, authority is collaborative and ensured by copyright rewards through attribution, citation and accountability. Authorship attribution and citation are usual procedures, but in contemporary practice the responsibility is assigned to each collaborator proportionally. Thus, the thesis is confirmed and is represented by the conceptual model of collaborative authority in e-Science. The model is composed of multi-dimensional patterns that represent the scenario of collaborative open science that focuses on sharing, accessibility; oriented towards to the use and reuse of scientific data. Finally, each standard model represents guiding axioms that will help authors, researchers, curators, librarians, stakeholders, academic institutions, scientific and development agencies to conduct and share scientific data management projects in the context of e–Science to minimally guarantee authorship behalf of all the parties involved. / apresenta um novo espectro de uma ciência aberta com mudanças nas práticas científicas vigentes. Essas práticas estão sendo aprimoradas, ressignificadas e reconduzidas para as novas dinâmicas no fazer e publicar a pesquisa científica. O quarto paradigma científico conduz essa ciência que é baseada no uso intensivo de dados científicos através das práticas do modelo emergente da e-Science. A e-Science reflete um ambiente científico de colaboração, compartilhamento, convergência, conectividade, interatividade, uso e reuso de dados científicos. Esse ambiente constitui os pressupostos da ciência aberta e do modelo emergente. O ciclo de vida dos dados é adotado para conduzir e apoiar o gerenciamento de dados científicos. Dessa forma, a tese traz um estudo multidimensional e multidisciplinar através da confluência entre a Ciência da Informação e as Ciências Jurídicas e suas interseções com a Economia e Tecnologia. Teoricamente, o estudo apoia-se na vertente do commons preconizado pela Teoria do Commons e Economia Criativa, nas regulações e legislações da Propriedade Intelectual vigentes e em diretrizes internacionais para as novas dinâmicas da e- Science. O argumento de tese propõe que na e-Science a autoralidade é colaborativa e promovida pela recompensa autoral. O objeto de estudo está centrado na autoralidade dos dados científicos como bens intelectuais e o objetivo geral busca elaborar padrões que promovam a recompensa autoral na e-Science. A pesquisa é predominantemente qualitativa e adotou a análise de conteúdo de Bardin para a categorização, codificação e inferências do corpus de análise. Foi substanciada pelas seis dimensões (epistemológica, teórica, técnica, morfológica, política e ética) do estudo de Bufrem. Tal estudo foi norteador para o desenvolvimento dos capítulos, análise de conteúdo e constituição do modelo conceitual. Utilizou-se para a categorização e codificação do corpus de análise o software NVivo. A visão multidimensional e conexões temáticas resultaram em cinco categorias e treze subcategorias que ajudaram a alcançar o objetivo e constituir os padrões do modelo proposto para a representação da autoralidade na e-Science. Concluiu-se que a autoralidade no contexto da e- Science é colaborativa. A autoralidade colaborativa é garantida mediante a recompensa autoral através da atribuição, citação e responsabilização. A atribuição e citação são procedimentos usuais, contudo nas práticas contemporâneas a responsabilidade é atribuída a cada colaborador na proporcionalidade de sua participação. Assim, a tese se confirmou e está representada pelo modelo conceitual de autoralidade colaborativa na e-Science. O modelo é composto por padrões multidimensionais que representam o cenário da ciência aberta colaborativa, compartilhada e acessível orientada ao uso e reuso dos dados científicos. Por fim, cada padrão do modelo constitui-se em axiomas norteadores que auxiliarão autores, pesquisadores, curadores, bibliotecários e demais colaboradores, bem como instituições acadêmicas, científicas e agências de fomento a conduzirem projetos de compartilhamento e gerenciamento de dados científicos no contexto da e-Science com garantia mínima à autoralidade de todos os envolvidos.

The integration of modern science and indigenous knowledge systems in the science education curriculum for South African schools represents social justice for the majority of South Africans as they determine the knowledge necessary for themselves and for future generations in the new South Africa. An exploratory research reveals tension and a dichotomous relationship between modern science and IKS, caused by false hierarchies that are influenced by factors such as colonialism, capitalism and modernisation to the exclusion of the core values held by indigenous people in their relationship with nature. The thesis demonstrates that the integration requires an epistemology that puts humanity first and a framework that accommodates both ways of knowing. This should allow for the best in the two systems of knowing to serve humanity in a dialogical manner. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Philosophy of Education)

Chapter 1 describes practical theology as a communicative operational science and stresses how important it is that a hermeneutical and narrative approach compliments it. It is shown that pastoral work must be launched from the church community. The premise is that the Enlightenment paradigm causes a reductionistic, individualistic and denominational approach to pastoral work. A holistic, comprehensive and ecologically orientated approach is proposed. Chapter 2 discusses the need for an ecosystemic approach as a metaparadigrn for practical theology in terms of the move away from the Newtonian view of science and the post-modem critiques of a technocratic society. This is supported by developments in systemic family therapy, constructionism and community psychology. Chapter 3 describes an interrelated ecclesiology as a base theory for practical theology and pastoral work with reference to the church's interrelation with society and the need to include an anthropology as part of an ecclesiology. This interrelationship implies that the serving (diakonia) and caring (koinonia) functions of the church should converge, forming a diaconal pastorate. In chapter 4 the secularised modem world-vie\v and the traditional African world-view, both functioning in South Africa, are employed to shed light upon the importance of the concept community for the church's pastoral work. The term community is broadened to include the idea of networking, emphasisingg that community is more than geographical proximity. Chapter 5 is a quantitative investigation. by means of a questionnaire, of the views (ecosystemic/non-ecosystemic) of pastoral workers regarding the church and of pastoral work. Chapter 6 discusses the implications of a community pastoral work approach. Pastoral work has a serving-caring role, but should also function prophetically, to conscientise. sensitise and empower people. The church as a healing community must become the springboard from which pastoral actions can face the challenge of AIDS (chapter 7). This will require the church to shift its paradigm from the reductionist, individualist approach, presently prevalent in society and church pastoral actions, to an all-encompassing. holistic one. / Practical Theology / Th.D. (Practical Theology)

Chapter 1 describes practical theology as a communicative operational science and stresses how important it is that a hermeneutical and narrative approach compliments it. It is shown that pastoral work must be launched from the church community. The premise is that the Enlightenment paradigm causes a reductionistic, individualistic and denominational approach to pastoral work. A holistic, comprehensive and ecologically orientated approach is proposed. Chapter 2 discusses the need for an ecosystemic approach as a metaparadigrn for practical theology in terms of the move away from the Newtonian view of science and the post-modem critiques of a technocratic society. This is supported by developments in systemic family therapy, constructionism and community psychology. Chapter 3 describes an interrelated ecclesiology as a base theory for practical theology and pastoral work with reference to the church's interrelation with society and the need to include an anthropology as part of an ecclesiology. This interrelationship implies that the serving (diakonia) and caring (koinonia) functions of the church should converge, forming a diaconal pastorate. In chapter 4 the secularised modem world-vie\v and the traditional African world-view, both functioning in South Africa, are employed to shed light upon the importance of the concept community for the church's pastoral work. The term community is broadened to include the idea of networking, emphasisingg that community is more than geographical proximity. Chapter 5 is a quantitative investigation. by means of a questionnaire, of the views (ecosystemic/non-ecosystemic) of pastoral workers regarding the church and of pastoral work. Chapter 6 discusses the implications of a community pastoral work approach. Pastoral work has a serving-caring role, but should also function prophetically, to conscientise. sensitise and empower people. The church as a healing community must become the springboard from which pastoral actions can face the challenge of AIDS (chapter 7). This will require the church to shift its paradigm from the reductionist, individualist approach, presently prevalent in society and church pastoral actions, to an all-encompassing. holistic one. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / Th.D. (Practical Theology)