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11	The Changing Role of Science in Frankenstein, The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, and Dracula Jacobsson, Lisa January 2010 (has links) This essay has examined the role of science in the three classic horror stories Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus, The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, and Dracula. The argument stated that the role of science in these works is changeable and constitutes both a friend and an enemy, depending on the protagonists’ motives. Viktor Frankenstein and Dr Jekyll explore science selfishly and without forethought, creating fear of uncontrollable speculation as well as unpredictable degeneration. However, the good aspects of science are later redeemed when Van Helsing and Dr Seward add human and religious values. In order to show the argument to be true, the motives for turning to science, the use of science and the results have been scrutinized. In the three chapters, the protagonists’ relation to and exploration of science have been examined. Viktor Frankenstein’s scientific obsession results in an isolated, mad scientist and a tormented creature, hungry for revenge. The violent and hateful Mr Hyde, a symbol of primitive backlash, is the outcome of Dr Jekyll’s scientific venture. Conversely, Van Helsing’s and Dr Seward’s humanistic use of scientific progress creates shelter and hope. The distinguishing element in these outcomes is morality, carrying with it reflective forethought and compassion. The gothic science scientific progress morality transgressor Frankenstein Dr Jekyll Mr Hyde Dracula Van Helsing Skräck vetenskap moral vetenskapliga framsteg överträdare Frankenstein Dr Jekyll Mr Hyde Dracula Van Helsing HUMANITIES and RELIGION HUMANIORA och RELIGIONSVETENSKAP
12	Stíny a otazníky okolo asistované reprodukce / Question rights of the child in the context of the current methods of assisted reproduction JANOUŠKOVÁ, Martina January 2018 (has links) This thesis is aimed at the darker sides of assisted reproduction and it urges us to consider difficult questions related to the value of human life and human dignity. These two mentioned values are the methods of assisted reproduction. Scientific progress in the field of medical science evokes a lot of ethical, social and legal questions.The goal of the thesis is to identify and analyse ethical prolems of assisted reroduction and to present each solution to an ethical decision. The thesis is integral to my own wellfounded way of solution to the chosen ethical problems. This thesis deals with issues of social functioning of infertile couples and social consultancy.
13	Concepts of the 'Scientific Revolution': An analysis of the historiographical appraisal of the traditional claims of the science Onyekachi Nnaji, John 12 June 2013 (has links) ´Scientific revolution´, as a concept, is both ´philosophically general´ and ´historically unique´. Both dual-sense of the term alludes to the occurrence of great changes in science. The former defines the changes in science as a continual process while the latter designate them, particularly, as the ´upheaval´ which took place during the early modern period. This research aims to demonstrate how the historicists´ critique of the justification of the traditional claims of science on the basis of the scientific processes and norms of the 16th and 17th centuries, illustrates the historical/local determinacy of the science claims. It argues that their identification of the contextual and historical character of scientific processes warrants a reconsideration of our notion of the universality of science. It affirms that the universality of science has to be sought in the role of such sources like scientific instruments, practical training and the acquisition of methodological routines / "Revolución científica", como concepto, se refiere a la vez a algo «filosóficamente general» e « históricamente único". Ambos sentidos del término aluden a la ocurrencia de grandes cambios en la ciencia. El primero define los cambios en la ciencia como un proceso continuo, mientras que el último los designa, en particular, como la "transformación", que tuvo lugar durante la Edad Moderna. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo demostrar cómo la crítica de los historicistas a la justificación de las características tradicionales de la ciencia sobre la base de los procesos y normas científicos de los siglos XVI y XVII, ilustra la determinación histórica y local de los atributos de la ciencia. Se argumenta que la identificación del carácter contextual e histórico de los procesos científicos justifica una reconsideración de nuestra noción de la universalidad de la ciencia. Se afirma que la universalidad de la ciencia se ha de buscar en el papel de tales fuentes como instrumentos científicos, la formación práctica y la adquisición de rutinas metodológicas Filosofia de la Ciència 1
14	The Darwinian revolution as a knowledge reorganization Zacharias, Sebastian 24 February 2015 (has links) Die Dissertation leistet drei Beiträge zur Forschung: (1) Sie entwickelt ein neuartiges vierstufiges Modell wissenschaftlicher Theorien. Dieses Modell kombiniert logisch-empiristische Ansätze (Carnap, Popper, Frege) mit Konzepten von Metaphern & Narrativen (Wittgenstein, Burke, Morgan), erlaubt so deutlich präzisiere Beschreibungen wissenschaftlicher Theorien bereit und löst/mildert Widersprüche in logisch-empiristischen Modellen. (Realismus vs. Empirismus, analytische vs. synthetische Aussagen, Unterdeterminiertheit/ Holismus, wissenschaftliche Erklärungen, Demarkation) (2) Mit diesem Modell gelingt ein Reihenvergleich sechs biologischer Theorien von Lamarck (1809), über Cuvier (1811), Geoffroy St. Hilaire (1835), Chambers (1844-60), Owen (1848-68), Wallace (1855/8) zu Darwin (1859-1872). Dieser Vergleich offenbart eine interessante Asymmetrie: Vergleicht man Darwin mit je einem Vorgänger, so bestehen zahlreiche wichtige Unterschiede. Vergleicht man ihn mit fünf Vorgängern, verschwinden diese fast völlig: Darwins originärer Beitrag zur Revolution in der Biologie des 19.Jh ist klein und seine Antwort nur eine aus einer kontinuierlichen Serie auf die empirischen Herausforderungen durch Paläontologie & Biogeographie seit Ende des 18. Jh. (3) Eine gestufte Rezeptionsanalyse zeigt, warum wir dennoch von einer Darwinschen Revolution sprechen. Zuerst zeigt eine quantitative Analyse der fast 2.000 biologischen Artikel in Britannien zwischen 1858 und 1876, dass Darwinsche Konzepte zwar wichtige Neuerungen brachten, jedoch nicht singulär herausragen. Verlässt man die Biologie und schaut sich die Rezeption bei anderen Wissenschaftlern und gebildeten Laien an, wechselt das Bild: Je weiter man aus der Biologie heraustritt, desto weniger Ebenen biologischen Wissens kennen die Rezipienten und desto sichtbarer wird Darwins Beitrag. Schließlich findet sich sein Beitrag in den abstraktesten Ebenen des biologischen Wissens: in Narrativ und Weltbild – den Ebenen die Laien rezipieren. / The dissertation makes three contributions to research: (1) It develops a novel 4-level-model of scientific theories which combines logical-empirical ideas (Carnap, Popper, Frege) with concepts of metaphors & narratives (Wittgenstein, Burke, Morgan), providing a new powerful toolbox for the analysis & comparison of scientific theories and overcoming/softening contradictions in logical-empirical models. (realism vs. empiricism, analytic vs. synthetic statements, holism, theory-laden observations, scientific explanations, demarcation) (2) Based on this model, the dissertation compares six biological theories from Lamarck (1809), via Cuvier (1811), Geoffroy St. Hilaire (1835), Chambers (1844-60), Owen (1848-68), Wallace (1855/8) to Darwin (1859-1872) and reveals an interesting asymmetry: Compared to any one of his predecessors, Darwins theory appears very original, however, compared to all five predecessor theories, many of these differences disappear and it remains but a small original contribution by Darwin. Thus, Darwin’s is but one in a continuous series of responses to the challenges posed to biology by paleontology and biogeography since the end of the 18th century. (3) A 3-level reception analysis, finally, demonstrates why we speak of a Darwinian revolution nevertheless. (i) A quantitative analysis of nearly 2.000 biological articles reveals that Darwinian concepts where indeed an important theoretical innovation – but definitely not the most important of the time. (ii) When leaving the circle of biology and moving to scientists from other disciplines or educated laymen, the landscape changes. The further outside the biological community, the shallower the audience’s knowledge – and the more visible Darwin’s original contribution. After all, most of Darwin’s contribution can be found in the narrative and worldview of 19th century biology: the only level of knowledge which laymen receive. Evolution Interpretation Rudolf Carnap Ludwig Wittgenstein Beschreibung Historische Epistemologie wissenschaftliche Revolution wissenschaftlicher Fortschritt wissenschaftliche Theorie Kontinuität Diskontinuität wissenschaftliche Erklärungen Abgrenzungskriterium Unterdeterminiertheit analytische Sätze synthetische Sätze Logischer Empirismus wissenschaftlicher Realismus Metaphern Narrative wissenschaftliche Modelle Natürliche Auslese Natürliche Selektion Kampf ums Dasein Homologie Archetype Charles Darwin Robert Chambers Richard Owen Alfred Russel Wallace Georges Cuvier Jean-Baptiste Lamarck Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire Gottlob Frege Karl Popper evolution interpretation Rudolf Carnap Ludwig Wittgenstein Historical epistemology scientific revolution scientific progress scientific theory continuity discontinuity scientific explanations demarcation criterion underdetermination analytic statements synthetic statements logical empiricism scientific realism metaphors narratives description scientific models natural selection struggle for existence homology archetype Charles Darwin Robert Chambers Richard Owen Alfred Russel Wallace Georges Cuvier Jean-Baptiste Lamarck Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire Gottlob Frege Karl Popper WH 2000

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