This thesis contributes to discussion surrounding the importance of reflexivity in social theory and sociology by illustrating some of the paradoxes involved in the development of a reflexive social science. It does this by focusing on the work of Pierre Bourdieu, arguably the main advocate of relexive sociology. It is argued that Bourdieu's emphasis on a 'science of practices' limits his ability to be completely relexive because it excludes moral reflexivity. This is ironic, given that Bourdieu believes that reflexivity increases scientificity. The thesis argues that Max Weber's work on religious rationalisation offers an insightful understanding of these paradoxes. His work reveals how and why Modernity witnessed a separation and tension between moral reflexivity and epistemological reflexivity. It also reveals, despite Weber's best efforts to do so, that such a paradoxical tension cannot be overcome. The thesis uses these insights to show the dilemmas and tensions facing any relexive sociology / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

La réfutabilité de Karl Popper (1902-1994) définit à la fois la norme de la connaissance scientifique et se présente comme le critère du caractère empirique de toute théorie scientifique. La thèse rend compte de l’ambigüité d’une épistémologie qui s’ancre dans la logique potentielle tout en prétendant à l’effectivité pratique. Il est impossible avec un tel critère de statuer sur la scientificité de disciplines aussi diverses que le marxisme, la psychanalyse, la théorie de l’évolution, l’astrologie, étudiées par Popper et exclues du domaine des sciences pour absence de prédictibilité. La thèse met aussi en évidence que, bien que très influente en biologie, l’épistémologie normative de Popper n’a jamais été vraiment appliquée, même par ses épigones tel Jacques Monod, et n’est pas applicable. Les raisons de ces échecs doivent être recherchées non seulement dans la logique potentielle, mais aussi dans le modèle déductif-nomologique, au fondement du critère et qui deviendra la norme de toute science empirique. Si le modèle D-N d’explication, formalisé plus tard par Carl Hempel, peut servir à la construction du modus operandi de la réfutation en physique, il ne peut prétendre à l’opérabilité dans les disciplines où l’existence de lois demeure problématique et la notion de prédiction plurielle comme en biologie. Enfin la thèse, s’appuyant sur l’analyse critique de l’épistémologie poppérienne, propose une typologie des prédictions, précise la spécificité des énoncés biologiques et envisage un autre critère de scientificité qui prenne davantage en compte la science en action. / Karl Popper's falsifiability (1902-1994) defines at the same time the standard of scientific knowledge, and is presented in the form of a criterion of the empirical character of any scientific theory. The thesis reflects the ambiguity of an epistemology that is grounded in potential logic while aiming practical effectivity. It is impossible with such a criterion to rule on the scientificity of disciplines as diverse as Marxism, psychoanalysis, the theory of the evolution, astrology, studied by Popper and excluded from the field of sciences for lack of predictability. The thesis also highlights that, although very influential in biology, Popper’s normative epistemology has never really been applied, even by his followers like Jacques Monod, and is not applicable. The reasons for these failures must be investigated not only in potential logic, but also in the deductive-nomological model, the basis of the criterion, and which will become the norm in empirical science. If D-N model of explanation, formalized later by Carl Hempel, can be used for the construction of the modus operandi of the falsification in physics, it cannot be applied in the disciplines where the existence of laws remains problematic and where the concept of prediction is plural, live in biology. Finally the thesis, based on a critical analysis of Popper’s epistemology, proposes a typology of predictions, specifies biological statements and tries to look at another criterion of scientificity that takes greater account of science in action.

Submitted by DANIEL ABRAÃO PANDO null (danielpando@bol.com.br) on 2018-04-04T14:45:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Epistemologia da Organização da Informação -uma análise de sua cientificidade no contexto brasileiro.pdf: 6614011 bytes, checksum: b2b2ec319e2bc0b8288561cedefa40d3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Satie Tagara (satie@marilia.unesp.br) on 2018-04-05T17:49:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pando_da_dr_mar.pdf: 6614011 bytes, checksum: b2b2ec319e2bc0b8288561cedefa40d3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-05T17:49:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pando_da_dr_mar.pdf: 6614011 bytes, checksum: b2b2ec319e2bc0b8288561cedefa40d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-26 / Não recebi financiamento / A Organização da Informação tem-se constituído em importante campo de estudos e investigações relativas às questões do tratamento e do acesso às informações. Embora seja evocada a questão de sua cientificidade, os parâmetros que permitem sustentar essa afirmação ainda não estão sistematizados na literatura do campo. Nesse sentido, pretendeu-se a realização de um estudo que retratasse a suposta cientificidade desse campo a partir de uma análise dos seus fundamentos epistemológicos no contexto brasileiro. Partiu-se da hipótese inicial de que esse campo deve ser visto como um campo científico e não meramente técnico ou aplicado uma vez que as questões relacionadas ao acesso, à comunicação, à interpretação e ao uso das informações ganham destaque na contemporaneidade, o que faz com que a Organização da Informação tenha um papel central no atual contexto. O objetivo geral do presente estudo foi analisar a cientificidade da Organização da Informação com referência aos estudos brasileiros. Para tanto, adotamos como objetivos específicos a análise das perspectivas da Ciência da Informação, como espaços epistêmicos que incidem na definição do campo da Organização da Informação; a identificação das diferenças conceituais e teóricas entre os campos de Organização da Informação e Organização do Conhecimento; a análise dos fundamentos históricos e epistemológicos específicos da Organização da Informação; a sistematização dos critérios de cientificidades úteis à análise epistemológica; a aplicação dos critérios de cientificidade à Organização da Informação, de acordo com a análise de conteúdo de um corpus específico e, por fim, a sistematização do nível de cientificidade da Organização da Informação, limitado à base teórica adotada e ao corpus da pesquisa. Para tanto, foi adotado como metodologia um estudo teórico-exploratório com a fundamentação da pesquisa bibliográfica e os aportes da Análise de Domínio, fundamentada pelas abordagens epistemológica e histórica como delineado por Hjørland e a Análise de Conteúdo a partir da delimitação de Bardin. Tendo como parâmetro preliminar que um campo não deve ser considerado científico apenas pelos vestígios mais visíveis como a existência de grupos de estudos, revistas especializadas, encontros e eventos nacionais e internacionais ou a quantidade de pesquisadores, apontou-se, após uma leitura inicial de bibliografias relacionadas ao campo da Ciência, que os seguintes parâmetros deveriam ser observados na constituição de um campo científico: objeto, método, teoria, terminologia/sistema conceitual, base filosófica/quadro teórico, pioneiros, leis, comunidade científica. Estes parâmetros foram sistematizados com base na literatura do campo da ciência e, posteriormente, foram aplicados no contexto da comunidade de Organização da Informação. A partir do entendimento de que a cientificidade não deve ser vista como um fim em si mesma ou um modelo pronto e acabado de uma vez por todas, mas como uma ideia reguladora, foi possível compreender, a partir da análise do contexto brasileiro que, embora os critérios pioneiros, comunidade científica e base filosófica, tenham sido atendidos e revelem um nível incipiente de cientificidade, entendemos que ainda não estão reunidas as condições necessárias e desejáveis do ponto de vista epistemológico que possam sustentar a plena cientificidade do campo de Organização da Informação. Assim, com referência aos estudos brasileiros, são frágeis os argumentos para sustentar a hipótese de que a Organização da Informação caracteriza-se efetivamente como um campo científico plenamente estabelecido. / Information Organization has become an important field of studies and investigations related to the issue of the processing and access to information. Although the question of its scientificity is usually mentioned, the parameters that support this statement have not been systematized in the literature. In this sense, we intended to carry out a study that presented the supposed scientificity of this field based on an analysis of its epistemological foundations in the Brazilian context. The initial hypothesis is that this field should be seen as a scientific field and not merely a technical or applied field since issues related to access, communication, interpretation, and use of information are gaining prominence in contemporaneity, thus making Information Organization play a central role in the current context. The general objective of the present study was to analyze the scientificity of Information Organization in relation to the Brazilian studies. For this, we have as specific objectives the analysis of the perspectives in Information Science, as epistemic spaces that affect the definition of the field of Information Organization; the identification of conceptual and theoretical differences between the fields of Information Organization and Knowledge Organization; the analysis of the specific historical and epistemological foundations of Information Organization; the systematization of criteria of scientificity useful for the epistemological analysis; the application of the criteria of scientificity to Information Organization, according to the analysis of the content of a specific corpus; and, finally, the systematization of the level of scientificity of the Information Organization, based on the theoretical foundations adopted and the research corpus. For that, the methodology followed aa theoretical-exploratory approach based on a bibliographic research and the contributions of Domain Analysis, based on the epistemological and historical approaches as outlined by Hjørland and Content Analysis by Bardin. Our first parameter is that a field should not be considered scientific only by the most visible vestiges such as the existence of study groups, specialized journals, meetings and national and international events or the number of researchers. After an initial reading of the literature on the field of science, we also point out the following parameters that should be observed in the construction of a scientific field: object, method, theory, terminology/conceptual system, philosophical basis, pioneers, laws, scientific community. These parameters were systematized based on the literature of the field of science and later applied in the context of the Information Organization community. Understanding that scientificity should not be seen as an end in itself or a model that is finished once and for all, but as a regulatory idea, it was possible to understand, based on the analysis of the Brazilian context, that although the criteria, pioneers, scientific community, and philosophical basis have been met and reveal an incipient level of scientificity, the necessary and desirable conditions for a full scientificity of the field of Organization of Information have not been met yet, based on the epistemological point of view adopted in the present study. Thus, in relation to the Brazilian studies, the arguments supporting the hypothesis of Information Organization being a fully established scientific field are fragile.

L’essor de la discipline bactériologique est l’un des phénomènes les plus célébrés de l’historiographie médicale. Les approches qu’ont empruntées les historiens pour aborder le sujet depuis le tournant du XXe siècle se sont progressivement modifiées pour passer, le plus souvent, d’une interprétation endogène des développements de la science, où les concepts, les théories, les méthodes de la médecine sont perçus comme se développant isolément du contexte social dans lequel ils s’insèrent, à l’approche inverse, sociologique, où chacune des facettes de l’entreprise médico-scientifique est influencée par son milieu dans une interaction où les instances publiques, gouvernementales et professionnelles impliquées par les projets de médicalisation, formant une dynamique impassible, modifient le cours de chaque aspect de l’histoire médicale. Mais, en dehors des éléments professionnels, le développement de la pensée médico-scientifique est-il invariablement subjugué par cette dynamique sociale ? L’idéal de scientificité prôné par les médecins, formant un archétype dans lequel la rigueur du professionnel doit être isolée de ces facteurs extrinsèques n’est-il pas en mesure d’avoir conféré aux démarches médico-scientifiques une stabilité authentique vis-à-vis les fluctuations de l’environnement sociopolitique et professionnel dans lequel elles s’inscrivent ? Cette étude répond à ce questionnement par l’analyse exhaustive du discours défini par les périodiques médicaux du Québec entre 1840 et 1880. Elle s’articule sur deux développements inédits : l’un qui présente les assises méthodologiques de la vérification, c’est-à-dire la définition de l’archétype médical, son rôle dans la légitimation professionnelle, les critères de scientificité qu’il détermine de même qu’une typologie du discours qu’il permet d’inférer ; l’autre, ses résultats. L’étude montre que l’archétype décrit par le corps médical québécois, loin de n’être qu’un outil discursif par lequel la profession a pu être socialement reconnue au XIXe siècle, exerça une influence déterminante sur la formation de l’attitude professionnelle à l’égard des nouveautés étiologiques présentées par les pionniers de la bactériologie. En plus de dévoiler la trame exacte du développement de la pensée étiologique au Québec, la thèse souligne la complémentarité des approches internes et externes de l’historiographie médicale. Elle contribue ainsi à une représentation plus juste des processus à l’oeuvre dans le développement scientifique. / The rise of bacteriology is one of the most celebrated phenomenon in medical historiography. Historian’s approaches taken to address the issue since the turn of the twentieth century were gradually modified to pass, most often, from an endogenous interpretation of scientific development, where medical concepts, theories, and methods are seen as developing in isolation from the social context in which they occur, to the opposite, sociological approach, where every element of the medical-scientific enterprise is rather seen as being influenced by its context in an interaction by which the public, governmental and professional instances involved in medicalization, forming an impassive dynamic, change the course of every aspect of medical history. But beyond the professional elements, is the development of medical and scientific thought invariably subjugated to this social dynamic? Could not the ideal of scientificity advocated by doctors, forging an archetype in which professional rigor is meant to be isolated from these extrinsic factors, confer to the medical and scientific endeavor a genuine stability towards fluctuations in the socio-political and professional environment in which they evolve? Our study addresses these questions by the exhaustive analysis of the discourse defined by the Quebec medical journals between 1840 and 1880. It is based on two new developments, one that presents the methodological foundations of the audit - that is to say, the definition of the medical archetype, its role in professional recognition, the scientific criteria that it determines, and a typology of discourse that can be inferred from it - and the other, the results. The study shows that the archetype described by the Quebec medical profession, far from being solely a discursive tool by which the profession has been socially recognized in the nineteenth century, exerted a decisive influence on the formation of the professional attitude towards etiological novelties presented by the pioneers of bacteriology. Thus, in addition to revealing the exact framework of the development of causal thinking in Quebec, the thesis shows the complementarity of internal and external approaches to medical historiography. It contributes to a fairer representation of the processes at work in scientific development.

Le but de ce travail est de jeter une lumière nouvelle sur le rôle et la fonction de l’idée de science au sein de la réflexion phénoménologique, et en particulier chez deux auteurs majeurs, Husserl et Heidegger. D’un côté, l’idée de science relève pour ainsi dire d’une tendance « centrifuge » qui oblige la phénoménologie à regarder en direction des sciences déjà constituées, de l’autre côté, cette même idée relève au contraire d’une tendance « centripète », qui impose à la phénoménologie la tâche de son auto-problématisation.Chez Husserl comme chez Heidegger le développement de cette tension prend, toute proportion gardée, la forme d’une analyse concernant l’attitude « scientifico-théorétique ». Ici, l’objectivité visée n’est mise en question qu’à partir du problème de sa genèse. La question de l’origine de la science indique que le lieu de naissance de l’attitude scientifico-théorique réside de fait dans la dimension prethéorétique : donc la question de la science n’est qu’une question sur la genèse de la science. Et l’analyse génétique ne peut que renvoyer à la dimension prethéorétique, conçue celle-ci comme le lieu d’origine du theorein. Voilà pourquoi la Rückfrage, ou « question en retour », en direction du lieu de naissance, marque le détour nécessaire grâce auquel la dimension prethéorétique de la science se laisse enfin découvrir. A travers une lecture des oeuvres majeures de Husserl et Heidegger, ce travaille vise à élucider les modalités de la naissance et la genèse de l’attitude théorétique, en utilisant les instruments critiques donnés dans les analyses de M. Merleau-Ponty et J. Derrida. / The purpose of this research project is to point out the role and the function of the idea of science within the phenomenological reflection, and in particular among its two major spokespersons: E. Husserl and M. Heidegger. The idea of science indeed leads phenomenology on the one hand to criticize and to put in discussion existing sciences and, on the other hand, to debate the same philosophical environment. A tension therefore that recurs time after time within an individual argumentative context, a tension that never finds a way to direct itself to a specific thematic attention; this problematic field appears indeed as a tension between positive and philosophical methodology, theoretical and natural dimension, theory and praxis, ideal and historical forms: a tension that anyway cannot be sorted out by virtue of the supremacy of a simple pole on the other, but that continues to persist and modify itself within the opposition of the same elements.Thanks to an examination of some Husserl’s and Heidegger’s greatest works, this research tries to discuss the genetic modes of theoretical scientific attitude, reason why it takes advantages of some M. Merleau-Ponty’s and J. Derrida’s critical reflections.

À la croisée des sociologies des sciences, de l’éducation et du travail, cette thèse présente, à partir d’une analyse de l’ensemble des disciplines de l’enseignement supérieur, une série de processus qui contribuent à la perpétuelle remise en cause de la légitimité scientifique des sciences sociales dans la recherche française contemporaine. Cette analyse en trois temps, historique, statistique puis par enquête par questionnaire et entretiens met en évidence un phénomène de désavantages cumulatifs de ces domaines. Institutionnalisées dans les facultés de lettres et de droit dans une période d’ascension forte de la légitimité de celle des sciences, les sciences sociales occupent une position inconfortable d’altérité et d’infériorité scientifiques, que l’enseignement secondaire contemporain contribue à entretenir. Situées à l’intersection des pratiques des sciences humaines, biologiques et mathématiques, ces disciplines se voient fréquemment accusées de ne pas répondre au modèle des sciences physiques. Scindées en deux facultés, les profils scolaires et sociaux de leurs étudiants et de carrières de leurs chercheurs sont plus hétérogènes que dans les sciences non sociales, ce qui affaiblit leur cohérence. Intériorisant leur position dominée, ces disciplines naturalisent la faiblesse des moyens qui leurs sont accordés en les justifiant par des besoins temporels spécifiques et une imprévisibilité indépassable. / Combining the sociology of science, of education and of professions, this thesis analyses the field of academic disciplines to present a series of social process contributing to the constant questionings regarding the scientificity of the social sciences in contemporary France. This three steps analysis (historical, statistical, and through surveys and interviews) unveils a phenomenon of cumulative disadvantages for these disciplines. Institutionalized in the Facultés of law and literature in a period of important rise to power of the scientific one, social sciences have been considered as “other” and “inferior” in terms of scientificity from the beginning, a situation that is strongly maintained today through the implicit hierarchies of fields taught in high school. At the crossroad of humanities, biological and mathematical sciences, the scientific practices of the social sciences are frequently evaluated and denigrated through the criteria of the physical sciences. Divided into two facultés, students and faculties in those fields have more heterogeneous social and educational backgrounds then those in other sciences, contributing to a social image of dissensus. Interiorizing their subordinated position, social scientists tend to justify the small share of resources that they receive through the valorization of specific temporal needs and unpredictability of their research.

Historicamente o território indígena no Brasil foi expropriado, sendo que apenas no século XX houve o reconhecimento aos indígenas à manutenção de sua cultura e de seus territórios. Essa conquista foi fruto dos movimentos indígena, indigenista e socioambientalista, os quais vêm atuando na legitimação dos territórios sociais indígenas. Na Amazônia Legal (AL), as demandas indígenas e da conservação da biodiversidade convergiram, facilitando o processo de demarcação das Terras Indígenas (TIs), o que resultou na concentração de 94,67% da extensão de TIs do país no bioma, destinadas a 60% da população indígena. Na AL, as complexas necessidades indígenas em seus territórios se voltaram à sustentabilidade das TIs, suscitando, desde a década de 1990, iniciativas de gestão territorial e ambiental. Desse processo se desencadeou a construção da Política Nacional de Gestão Territorial e Ambiental de Terras Indígenas (PNGATI), a partir da atuação conjunta entre Organizações Indígenas (OIs), Ministério do Meio Ambiente (MMA) e Ministério da Justiça (MJ), representado pela Fundação Nacional do Índio (FUNAI). Nesse contexto, essa dissertação objetivou compreender as concepções de gestão territorial e ambiental que embasam a PNGATI e a influência desta política na afirmação dos territórios sociais indígenas. Desdobram-se os objetivos específicos: a) caracterizar o processo de emergência, proposição e implementação da PNGATI; b) identificar as concepções de gestão territorial e ambiental que a fundamentam; c) analisar a influência da PNGATI, em seus diferentes níveis de gestão, na afirmação dos territórios sociais indígenas. Realizou-se uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, a partir das técnicas de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, observação dos espaços públicos, realização de 8 entrevistas semiestruturadas, com indígenas e não indígenas participantes da construção da PNGATI e implementação do Projeto de Gestão Territorial e Ambiental Indígena (Projeto GATI), e a pesquisa participante sobre a atuação da FUNAI no processo. Os dados foram analisados por meio da análise de conteúdo. A emergência da PNGATI esteve vinculada à demanda de se criar na estrutura do Estado um programa de gestão territorial e ambiental permanente que atuasse de modo transversal no atendimento das complexas problemáticas que afligem os territórios indígenas. Esses problemas de ordem territorial, ambiental, cultural, social, econômico, da saúde e da educação foram sistematizados na Minuta de Decreto da PNGATI, que em 2012 estava em vias de ser promulgada. As proposições dessa política estão sendo implementadas pelo Projeto GATI em 32 Áreas de Referência, propondo como principal instrumento de gestão a elaboração dos Planos de Gestão. Verifica-se que as concepções de gestão territorial e ambiental que movem esse debate não se dão prioritariamente no nível conceitual, mas sim em uma disputa que relaciona gestão territorial à autonomia e autodeterminação indígena em seus territórios e a gestão ambiental à conservação da biodiversidade e dos recursos naturais, como objetivo primordial. No nível internacional o Projeto GATI, é apoiado técnica e financeiramente por órgãos de cooperação internacional cujas motivações remontam as convenções firmadas na Rio 92, como a Convenção da Diversidade Biológica e Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudanças Climáticas. No nível nacional são executores o MMA, FUNAI e OIs, cujo papel centra-se na articulação com instituições nos níveis estadual e local. A garantia da autonomia indígena na gestão dos seus territórios está presente na PNGATI que tem suas diretrizes calcadas no protagonismo, governança indígena e em relações intercientíficas, sendo as trocas de saberes entre indígenas e não indígenas a base para uma efetiva gestão, auxiliando na afirmação dos territórios sociais indígenas. Porém, o Projeto GATI, enquanto um piloto para instituir a política possui um viés conservacionista que pode influenciar nos rumos da gestão de TIs e na própria interpretação e implementação da PNGATI. Entende-se que a construção desta política socioambientalista, até o momento, contribuiu para a afirmação dos territórios sociais indígenas na medida em que possibilitou, através de um diálogo intersetorial, a construção de uma política pública abrangente com a capacidade de incorporar as demandas dos povos indígenas de diferentes contextos territoriais no Brasil. / Historically, Indian territories in Brazil were exploited without regulation. It was only in the 20th century that there was recognition to the Indians claims and preservation of their culture and territories. This conquest was due to Indian, indigenist and socio-environmental movements, which have been acting to legitimize Indian social territories. In the Legal Amazon (“AL”), the Indian and biodiversity conservation demands have converged, which facilitated the demarcation process of Indian Territories (“TI”). This has resulted in the concentration of 94,67% of the length of Brazilian TIs in this Biome. And they are intended to 60% of the Indian population. In the AL, the Indian complex needs have turned to TIs sustainability, thus bringing about initiatives on territorial and environmental management since the 90’s. From this process has emerged the National Policy on Territorial and Environmental Management of Indian Lands (“PNGATI”). This policy has originated from a joined action among Indian organizations (“OIs”), Ministry of Environment (“MMA”) and Ministry of Justice, represented by the Indian National Foundation (“FUNAI”). Therefore, this work aimed to understand the conceptions of territorial and environmental management which support the PNGATI and the influence of this policy on the establishment of Indian social territories. For this purpose, a research with qualitative approach was performed. The techniques used were: bibliographical and documental research, observation of public spaces, a number of 8 semi-structured interviews with Indians and Non-Indians that took part in the elaboration and implementation of the PNGATI and the Project of Indian Territorial and Environmental Management (“GATI” Project), as well as participant-research on the role of FUNAI in this process. Data analysis was performed by Content Analysis. The PNGATI emergence was related to the need of creating a program to answer the complex problems on Indian territories in the State organization. Therefore, problems of territorial, environmental, cultural, social, economical, health and education order were congregated in the PNGATI proposal. Also, this Decree is about to be promulgated in 2012. The propositions of this police have been implemented by the GATI Project in 32 reference areas. The main instrument presented is the conception and elaboration of management plans. It is verified that the idea of environmental and territorial management that move this debate do not happen mostly in the conceptual level. Instead, they occur as a dispute which the main objective is to relate territorial management to autonomy and Indian self determination in their territories to environmental and biodiversity conservation management of the natural resources. In the international level, the GATI Project is technically and financially supported by international cooperation organizations, whose motivations come from the conventions signed at Rio 92. In this context, convention on Biological Diversity and Convention on Climate Change can be cited. In the national level, the ones in charge are the MME, FUNAI and OIs. Their main role is to act as intermediaries between the GATI Project and institutions at state and local levels. The Indian autonomy in the management of their territory is guaranteed by the PNGATI whose goals are established based on protagonism, Indian governance and interscientific relations. Hence, the exchange of knowledge between Indian and Non-Indian form the basis for an efficient management, collaborating into the establishment of Indian social territories. However, the GATI Project as a pioneer experience to instruct the policy has a conservative tendency. This can influence in the future of TI management in the interpretation and implementation of PNGATI. The construction of this socio-environmental policy has, until now, contributed to the establishment of Indian social territories. It has made possible the formation of a broad public policy able to deal with Indian people demands from different territorial contexts in Brazil.

Historicamente o território indígena no Brasil foi expropriado, sendo que apenas no século XX houve o reconhecimento aos indígenas à manutenção de sua cultura e de seus territórios. Essa conquista foi fruto dos movimentos indígena, indigenista e socioambientalista, os quais vêm atuando na legitimação dos territórios sociais indígenas. Na Amazônia Legal (AL), as demandas indígenas e da conservação da biodiversidade convergiram, facilitando o processo de demarcação das Terras Indígenas (TIs), o que resultou na concentração de 94,67% da extensão de TIs do país no bioma, destinadas a 60% da população indígena. Na AL, as complexas necessidades indígenas em seus territórios se voltaram à sustentabilidade das TIs, suscitando, desde a década de 1990, iniciativas de gestão territorial e ambiental. Desse processo se desencadeou a construção da Política Nacional de Gestão Territorial e Ambiental de Terras Indígenas (PNGATI), a partir da atuação conjunta entre Organizações Indígenas (OIs), Ministério do Meio Ambiente (MMA) e Ministério da Justiça (MJ), representado pela Fundação Nacional do Índio (FUNAI). Nesse contexto, essa dissertação objetivou compreender as concepções de gestão territorial e ambiental que embasam a PNGATI e a influência desta política na afirmação dos territórios sociais indígenas. Desdobram-se os objetivos específicos: a) caracterizar o processo de emergência, proposição e implementação da PNGATI; b) identificar as concepções de gestão territorial e ambiental que a fundamentam; c) analisar a influência da PNGATI, em seus diferentes níveis de gestão, na afirmação dos territórios sociais indígenas. Realizou-se uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, a partir das técnicas de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, observação dos espaços públicos, realização de 8 entrevistas semiestruturadas, com indígenas e não indígenas participantes da construção da PNGATI e implementação do Projeto de Gestão Territorial e Ambiental Indígena (Projeto GATI), e a pesquisa participante sobre a atuação da FUNAI no processo. Os dados foram analisados por meio da análise de conteúdo. A emergência da PNGATI esteve vinculada à demanda de se criar na estrutura do Estado um programa de gestão territorial e ambiental permanente que atuasse de modo transversal no atendimento das complexas problemáticas que afligem os territórios indígenas. Esses problemas de ordem territorial, ambiental, cultural, social, econômico, da saúde e da educação foram sistematizados na Minuta de Decreto da PNGATI, que em 2012 estava em vias de ser promulgada. As proposições dessa política estão sendo implementadas pelo Projeto GATI em 32 Áreas de Referência, propondo como principal instrumento de gestão a elaboração dos Planos de Gestão. Verifica-se que as concepções de gestão territorial e ambiental que movem esse debate não se dão prioritariamente no nível conceitual, mas sim em uma disputa que relaciona gestão territorial à autonomia e autodeterminação indígena em seus territórios e a gestão ambiental à conservação da biodiversidade e dos recursos naturais, como objetivo primordial. No nível internacional o Projeto GATI, é apoiado técnica e financeiramente por órgãos de cooperação internacional cujas motivações remontam as convenções firmadas na Rio 92, como a Convenção da Diversidade Biológica e Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudanças Climáticas. No nível nacional são executores o MMA, FUNAI e OIs, cujo papel centra-se na articulação com instituições nos níveis estadual e local. A garantia da autonomia indígena na gestão dos seus territórios está presente na PNGATI que tem suas diretrizes calcadas no protagonismo, governança indígena e em relações intercientíficas, sendo as trocas de saberes entre indígenas e não indígenas a base para uma efetiva gestão, auxiliando na afirmação dos territórios sociais indígenas. Porém, o Projeto GATI, enquanto um piloto para instituir a política possui um viés conservacionista que pode influenciar nos rumos da gestão de TIs e na própria interpretação e implementação da PNGATI. Entende-se que a construção desta política socioambientalista, até o momento, contribuiu para a afirmação dos territórios sociais indígenas na medida em que possibilitou, através de um diálogo intersetorial, a construção de uma política pública abrangente com a capacidade de incorporar as demandas dos povos indígenas de diferentes contextos territoriais no Brasil. / Historically, Indian territories in Brazil were exploited without regulation. It was only in the 20th century that there was recognition to the Indians claims and preservation of their culture and territories. This conquest was due to Indian, indigenist and socio-environmental movements, which have been acting to legitimize Indian social territories. In the Legal Amazon (“AL”), the Indian and biodiversity conservation demands have converged, which facilitated the demarcation process of Indian Territories (“TI”). This has resulted in the concentration of 94,67% of the length of Brazilian TIs in this Biome. And they are intended to 60% of the Indian population. In the AL, the Indian complex needs have turned to TIs sustainability, thus bringing about initiatives on territorial and environmental management since the 90’s. From this process has emerged the National Policy on Territorial and Environmental Management of Indian Lands (“PNGATI”). This policy has originated from a joined action among Indian organizations (“OIs”), Ministry of Environment (“MMA”) and Ministry of Justice, represented by the Indian National Foundation (“FUNAI”). Therefore, this work aimed to understand the conceptions of territorial and environmental management which support the PNGATI and the influence of this policy on the establishment of Indian social territories. For this purpose, a research with qualitative approach was performed. The techniques used were: bibliographical and documental research, observation of public spaces, a number of 8 semi-structured interviews with Indians and Non-Indians that took part in the elaboration and implementation of the PNGATI and the Project of Indian Territorial and Environmental Management (“GATI” Project), as well as participant-research on the role of FUNAI in this process. Data analysis was performed by Content Analysis. The PNGATI emergence was related to the need of creating a program to answer the complex problems on Indian territories in the State organization. Therefore, problems of territorial, environmental, cultural, social, economical, health and education order were congregated in the PNGATI proposal. Also, this Decree is about to be promulgated in 2012. The propositions of this police have been implemented by the GATI Project in 32 reference areas. The main instrument presented is the conception and elaboration of management plans. It is verified that the idea of environmental and territorial management that move this debate do not happen mostly in the conceptual level. Instead, they occur as a dispute which the main objective is to relate territorial management to autonomy and Indian self determination in their territories to environmental and biodiversity conservation management of the natural resources. In the international level, the GATI Project is technically and financially supported by international cooperation organizations, whose motivations come from the conventions signed at Rio 92. In this context, convention on Biological Diversity and Convention on Climate Change can be cited. In the national level, the ones in charge are the MME, FUNAI and OIs. Their main role is to act as intermediaries between the GATI Project and institutions at state and local levels. The Indian autonomy in the management of their territory is guaranteed by the PNGATI whose goals are established based on protagonism, Indian governance and interscientific relations. Hence, the exchange of knowledge between Indian and Non-Indian form the basis for an efficient management, collaborating into the establishment of Indian social territories. However, the GATI Project as a pioneer experience to instruct the policy has a conservative tendency. This can influence in the future of TI management in the interpretation and implementation of PNGATI. The construction of this socio-environmental policy has, until now, contributed to the establishment of Indian social territories. It has made possible the formation of a broad public policy able to deal with Indian people demands from different territorial contexts in Brazil.

Historicamente o território indígena no Brasil foi expropriado, sendo que apenas no século XX houve o reconhecimento aos indígenas à manutenção de sua cultura e de seus territórios. Essa conquista foi fruto dos movimentos indígena, indigenista e socioambientalista, os quais vêm atuando na legitimação dos territórios sociais indígenas. Na Amazônia Legal (AL), as demandas indígenas e da conservação da biodiversidade convergiram, facilitando o processo de demarcação das Terras Indígenas (TIs), o que resultou na concentração de 94,67% da extensão de TIs do país no bioma, destinadas a 60% da população indígena. Na AL, as complexas necessidades indígenas em seus territórios se voltaram à sustentabilidade das TIs, suscitando, desde a década de 1990, iniciativas de gestão territorial e ambiental. Desse processo se desencadeou a construção da Política Nacional de Gestão Territorial e Ambiental de Terras Indígenas (PNGATI), a partir da atuação conjunta entre Organizações Indígenas (OIs), Ministério do Meio Ambiente (MMA) e Ministério da Justiça (MJ), representado pela Fundação Nacional do Índio (FUNAI). Nesse contexto, essa dissertação objetivou compreender as concepções de gestão territorial e ambiental que embasam a PNGATI e a influência desta política na afirmação dos territórios sociais indígenas. Desdobram-se os objetivos específicos: a) caracterizar o processo de emergência, proposição e implementação da PNGATI; b) identificar as concepções de gestão territorial e ambiental que a fundamentam; c) analisar a influência da PNGATI, em seus diferentes níveis de gestão, na afirmação dos territórios sociais indígenas. Realizou-se uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, a partir das técnicas de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, observação dos espaços públicos, realização de 8 entrevistas semiestruturadas, com indígenas e não indígenas participantes da construção da PNGATI e implementação do Projeto de Gestão Territorial e Ambiental Indígena (Projeto GATI), e a pesquisa participante sobre a atuação da FUNAI no processo. Os dados foram analisados por meio da análise de conteúdo. A emergência da PNGATI esteve vinculada à demanda de se criar na estrutura do Estado um programa de gestão territorial e ambiental permanente que atuasse de modo transversal no atendimento das complexas problemáticas que afligem os territórios indígenas. Esses problemas de ordem territorial, ambiental, cultural, social, econômico, da saúde e da educação foram sistematizados na Minuta de Decreto da PNGATI, que em 2012 estava em vias de ser promulgada. As proposições dessa política estão sendo implementadas pelo Projeto GATI em 32 Áreas de Referência, propondo como principal instrumento de gestão a elaboração dos Planos de Gestão. Verifica-se que as concepções de gestão territorial e ambiental que movem esse debate não se dão prioritariamente no nível conceitual, mas sim em uma disputa que relaciona gestão territorial à autonomia e autodeterminação indígena em seus territórios e a gestão ambiental à conservação da biodiversidade e dos recursos naturais, como objetivo primordial. No nível internacional o Projeto GATI, é apoiado técnica e financeiramente por órgãos de cooperação internacional cujas motivações remontam as convenções firmadas na Rio 92, como a Convenção da Diversidade Biológica e Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudanças Climáticas. No nível nacional são executores o MMA, FUNAI e OIs, cujo papel centra-se na articulação com instituições nos níveis estadual e local. A garantia da autonomia indígena na gestão dos seus territórios está presente na PNGATI que tem suas diretrizes calcadas no protagonismo, governança indígena e em relações intercientíficas, sendo as trocas de saberes entre indígenas e não indígenas a base para uma efetiva gestão, auxiliando na afirmação dos territórios sociais indígenas. Porém, o Projeto GATI, enquanto um piloto para instituir a política possui um viés conservacionista que pode influenciar nos rumos da gestão de TIs e na própria interpretação e implementação da PNGATI. Entende-se que a construção desta política socioambientalista, até o momento, contribuiu para a afirmação dos territórios sociais indígenas na medida em que possibilitou, através de um diálogo intersetorial, a construção de uma política pública abrangente com a capacidade de incorporar as demandas dos povos indígenas de diferentes contextos territoriais no Brasil. / Historically, Indian territories in Brazil were exploited without regulation. It was only in the 20th century that there was recognition to the Indians claims and preservation of their culture and territories. This conquest was due to Indian, indigenist and socio-environmental movements, which have been acting to legitimize Indian social territories. In the Legal Amazon (“AL”), the Indian and biodiversity conservation demands have converged, which facilitated the demarcation process of Indian Territories (“TI”). This has resulted in the concentration of 94,67% of the length of Brazilian TIs in this Biome. And they are intended to 60% of the Indian population. In the AL, the Indian complex needs have turned to TIs sustainability, thus bringing about initiatives on territorial and environmental management since the 90’s. From this process has emerged the National Policy on Territorial and Environmental Management of Indian Lands (“PNGATI”). This policy has originated from a joined action among Indian organizations (“OIs”), Ministry of Environment (“MMA”) and Ministry of Justice, represented by the Indian National Foundation (“FUNAI”). Therefore, this work aimed to understand the conceptions of territorial and environmental management which support the PNGATI and the influence of this policy on the establishment of Indian social territories. For this purpose, a research with qualitative approach was performed. The techniques used were: bibliographical and documental research, observation of public spaces, a number of 8 semi-structured interviews with Indians and Non-Indians that took part in the elaboration and implementation of the PNGATI and the Project of Indian Territorial and Environmental Management (“GATI” Project), as well as participant-research on the role of FUNAI in this process. Data analysis was performed by Content Analysis. The PNGATI emergence was related to the need of creating a program to answer the complex problems on Indian territories in the State organization. Therefore, problems of territorial, environmental, cultural, social, economical, health and education order were congregated in the PNGATI proposal. Also, this Decree is about to be promulgated in 2012. The propositions of this police have been implemented by the GATI Project in 32 reference areas. The main instrument presented is the conception and elaboration of management plans. It is verified that the idea of environmental and territorial management that move this debate do not happen mostly in the conceptual level. Instead, they occur as a dispute which the main objective is to relate territorial management to autonomy and Indian self determination in their territories to environmental and biodiversity conservation management of the natural resources. In the international level, the GATI Project is technically and financially supported by international cooperation organizations, whose motivations come from the conventions signed at Rio 92. In this context, convention on Biological Diversity and Convention on Climate Change can be cited. In the national level, the ones in charge are the MME, FUNAI and OIs. Their main role is to act as intermediaries between the GATI Project and institutions at state and local levels. The Indian autonomy in the management of their territory is guaranteed by the PNGATI whose goals are established based on protagonism, Indian governance and interscientific relations. Hence, the exchange of knowledge between Indian and Non-Indian form the basis for an efficient management, collaborating into the establishment of Indian social territories. However, the GATI Project as a pioneer experience to instruct the policy has a conservative tendency. This can influence in the future of TI management in the interpretation and implementation of PNGATI. The construction of this socio-environmental policy has, until now, contributed to the establishment of Indian social territories. It has made possible the formation of a broad public policy able to deal with Indian people demands from different territorial contexts in Brazil.

Problématique : La pénurie d’organes qui sévit actuellement en transplantation rénale incite les chercheurs et les équipes de transplantation à trouver de nouveaux moyens afin d’en améliorer l’efficacité. Le Groupe de recherche transdisciplinaire sur les prédicteurs du risque immunologique du FRSQ travaille actuellement à mettre en place de nouveaux outils facilitant la quantification du risque immunologique global (RIG) de rejet de chaque receveur en attente d’une transplantation rénale. Le calcul du RIG s’effectuerait en fonction de facteurs scientifiques et quantifiables, soit le biologique, l’immunologique, le clinique et le psychosocial. La détermination précise du RIG pourrait faciliter la personnalisation du traitement immunosuppresseur, mais risquerait aussi d’entraîner des changements à l’actuelle méthode de sélection des patients en vue d’une transplantation. Cette sélection se baserait alors sur des critères quantifiables et scientifiques. L’utilisation de cette méthode de sélection possède plusieurs avantages, dont celui d’améliorer l’efficacité de la transplantation et de personnaliser la thérapie immunosuppressive. Malgré tout, cette approche soulève plusieurs questionnements éthiques à explorer chez les différents intervenants œuvrant en transplantation rénale quant à sa bonne utilisation. Buts de l’étude : Cette recherche vise à étudier les perceptions de néphrologues transplanteurs et référents de la province de Québec face à l’utilisation d’une méthode de sélection des patients basée sur des critères scientifiques et quantifiables issus de la médecine personnalisée. Les résultats pourront contribuer à déterminer la bonne utilisation de cette méthode et à étudier le lien de plus en plus fort entre science et médecine. Méthodes : Des entretiens semi-dirigés combinant l’emploi de courtes vignettes cliniques ont été effectués auprès de 22 néphrologues québécois (transplanteurs et référents) entre juin 2007 à juillet 2008. Le contenu des entretiens fut analysé qualitativement selon la méthode d’analyse de Miles et Huberman. Résultats : Les résultats démontrent une acceptation généralisée de cette approche. La connaissance du RIG pour chaque patient peut améliorer le traitement et la prise en charge post-greffe. Son efficacité serait supérieure à la méthode actuelle. Par contre, la possible exclusion de patients pose un important problème éthique. Cette nouvelle approche doit toutefois être validée scientifiquement et accorder une place au jugement clinique. Conclusions : La médecine personnalisée en transplantation devrait viser le meilleur intérêt du patient. Malgré l’utilisation de données scientifiques et quantifiables dans le calcul du RIG, le jugement clinique doit demeurer en place afin d’aider le médecin à prendre une décision fondée sur les données médicales, son expertise et sa connaissance du patient. Une réflexion éthique approfondie s’avère nécessaire quant à l’exclusion possible de patients et à la résolution de la tension entre l’équité et l’efficacité en transplantation rénale. / Background: The overwhelming scarcity of organs within renal transplantation forces researchers and transplantation teams to seek new ways to increase efficacy. The Groupe de recherche transdisciplinaire sur les prédicteurs du risque immunologique is attempting to put in place a scientifically precise method for determining the global immunological risk (GIR) of rejection for each patient waiting for a renal transplant. The quantification of the GIR is based on scientific factors, such as biological, immunological, clinical and psychosocial. The precise and global determination of the GIR could change the way patients are selected for renal transplantation. This selection will be based thus on scientific and quantifiable criteria. The advantages of the use of this method for selecting potential allograft recipients could be improvement in the efficacy of the process and the individualization of immunosuppressive therapy. In spite of these numerous advantages, this approach raises several ethical questions to explore with nephrologists working in kidney transplantation. Aims of the study: The aims of this study is to explore the views of transplant and referring nephrologists on the use of personalized medicine tools to develop a new method for selection potential recipients of a renal allograft. The results of this research could contribute to determine the acceptable use of this method in renal transplantation and to study the link between science and medicine. Methods: Twenty-two semi-directed interviews, using short clinical vignettes, were conducted with nephrologists in the province of Quebec between June 2007 and July 2008. The semi-directed interviews were analyzed qualitatively using the content and thematic analysis method described by Miles and Huberman. Results: The results demonstrate a general acceptance of this approach amongst the participants. Knowledge of each patient’s immunological risk could improve treatment and the post-graft follow-up. On the other hand, the possibility that patients might be excluded from transplantation poses a significant ethical issue. It could be more effective than the method presently used. The method must be validated scientifically, and must leave a role for clinical judgment. Conclusions: The use of personalized medicine within transplantation must be in the best interests of the patient. However, in spite of the use of such scientific data, a place must be retained for the clinical judgment that allows a physician to make decisions based on medical data, professional expertise and knowledge of the patient. An ethical reflection is necessary in order to focus on the possibility of patients being excluded, as well as on the resolution of the equity/efficacy dilemma.