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The purpose of this study is to get a deeper understanding of staff who are exposed to threat and violence in the work with people with mental disabilities. Focus is aimed at the staff´s experience of that in their daily work can be exposed to threat and violence. The first question for the study is what definition the staff gives to threat and violence in the daily work with people with mental disabilities and the second one is what determines the decision in making/or not making a report in threat and violence in the daily work with people with mental disorders. To collect empirical data the study is based on seven individual semistructured interviews with staff working with people with mental disabilities. The theory used to analyse is the normalisationprocess. The analyse is based on the interview-participants views on how they define threat and violence, their view on the client and themselves and also reporting threat and violence. The result is that the staff is affected by different aspects and a conflict is made between context and individual. This conflict contributes to the decision in reporting and definition of threat and violence.

Inaug.-Diss.--Bern. / "Literatur": 1 p. at end.

The question this contribution sets out to address is whether law can be regarded as a science. This notion is readily accepted by many, yet it is submitted that a proper theoretical justification for such an assumption is usually missing. The traditional primary sources of law, South African case law and legislation, distinguish between legal practice and legal science, but the basis of the distinction is not clear. However, an entire body of literature in the philosophy of science has developed around the question of when a discipline will amount to science. Various demarcation criteria proposed in philosophy of science are considered. These include that science uses the scientific method, is susceptible to falsification, is puzzle-solving within a paradigm or renders beneficial results. None of these criteria offer a satisfactory solution to the problem. The proposition by a group of philosophers including Herman Dooyeweerd, Marinus Stafleu and DFM Strauss, that the answer to the demarcation question is to be found in modal abstraction, is then considered. Modal abstraction amounts to a consideration of reality (persons, things, theories and rules) from one or more defined point(s) of entry. It is an artificial and learnt manner of thinking as it approaches reality from the perspective of one of the modalities of being. For example, juridical abstraction would mean that a cow is considered as the object of someone‟s proprietary rights. An abstract idea of the cow‟s characteristics, from a juridical point of view, is formed and the rules of property law are applied. A number of South African legal philosophers, amongst others Van Zyl, Van der Vyver and LM du Plessis, have followed this approach. The South African legislature also attempted to define the terms “science” and “research”, mainly for funding purposes. These definitions are considered and the conclusion is that they do not provide the clear-cut answers one would expect. It will be argued that the nature of activities will determine whether an endeavour is scientific or not. The conclusion is that an alignment of the demarcation criterion developed by Strauss and others and the statutory definitions can provide a workable demarcation criterion. This “test” is then applied to activities of law students, academics, practitioners and judicial officers to determine when they will be practicing “science”. / MPhil, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The question this contribution sets out to address is whether law can be regarded as a science. This notion is readily accepted by many, yet it is submitted that a proper theoretical justification for such an assumption is usually missing. The traditional primary sources of law, South African case law and legislation, distinguish between legal practice and legal science, but the basis of the distinction is not clear. However, an entire body of literature in the philosophy of science has developed around the question of when a discipline will amount to science. Various demarcation criteria proposed in philosophy of science are considered. These include that science uses the scientific method, is susceptible to falsification, is puzzle-solving within a paradigm or renders beneficial results. None of these criteria offer a satisfactory solution to the problem. The proposition by a group of philosophers including Herman Dooyeweerd, Marinus Stafleu and DFM Strauss, that the answer to the demarcation question is to be found in modal abstraction, is then considered. Modal abstraction amounts to a consideration of reality (persons, things, theories and rules) from one or more defined point(s) of entry. It is an artificial and learnt manner of thinking as it approaches reality from the perspective of one of the modalities of being. For example, juridical abstraction would mean that a cow is considered as the object of someone‟s proprietary rights. An abstract idea of the cow‟s characteristics, from a juridical point of view, is formed and the rules of property law are applied. A number of South African legal philosophers, amongst others Van Zyl, Van der Vyver and LM du Plessis, have followed this approach. The South African legislature also attempted to define the terms “science” and “research”, mainly for funding purposes. These definitions are considered and the conclusion is that they do not provide the clear-cut answers one would expect. It will be argued that the nature of activities will determine whether an endeavour is scientific or not. The conclusion is that an alignment of the demarcation criterion developed by Strauss and others and the statutory definitions can provide a workable demarcation criterion. This “test” is then applied to activities of law students, academics, practitioners and judicial officers to determine when they will be practicing “science”. / MPhil, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Sammanfattning Titel: Flexibilitet utan gränser Författare: Anders Spångmark och Anna Öhrner Handledare: Michael Allvin Lärosäte: Uppsala Universitet Datum: 2013-05-22 Syfte: Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka vilka konsekvenser intervjupersonerna upplever till följd av sitt flexibla arbete. Syftet är också att ta reda på om intervjupersonerna använder sig av några strategier för att hantera det flexibla arbetet och i så fall vilka dessa strategier är. Studien syftar även till att diskutera hur dessa strategier förhåller sig till de institutionaliserade och mer traditionella sätten att reglera arbetet. Metod: Uppsatsens empiriska material bygger på åtta stycken intervjuer med personer som har ett flexibelt arbete, innebärande att de själva kan påverka var och när deras arbetsuppgifter utförs. Efter behandlingen av materialet analyserades det och diskuterades med utgångspunkt i tidigare forskning inom området. Resultat/slutsats: Det flexibla arbetssättet kan innebära många konsekvenser för individen. Främst beskrivs svårigheter när det gäller kommer till gränsdragning mellan arbete och fritid, en känsla av otillräcklighet och påverkan på individens relationer. Vissa individuella strategier för att hantera det flexibla arbetet återkom hos flera av intervjupersonerna. Dessa har sammanställts till tre huvudstrategier för hur de intervjuade väljer att hantera konsekvenserna av det flexibla arbetet. Det framgår också att dessa strategier tenderar att gå i en annan riktning än de institutionaliserade formerna för reglering av arbetet, genom lagstiftning och partsöverenskommelser, där dessa har svårt att täcka in det flexibla arbetet. Nyckelord: Flexibelt arbete, strategier, coping, gränsdragning / Abstract Title: Flexibility without boundaries Authors: Anders Spångmark och Anna Öhrner Mentor: Michael Allvin University: Uppsala University Date: 2013-05-22 Purpose and problem statement: The purpose of the essay is to research the consequences of flexibility in the workplace, as they’re experienced by the interviewees. The purpose is furthermore to investigate whether the interviewees make use of any coping strategies to handle the work-related flexibility and, in that case, what those strategies are. The essay will also contain a discussion about how the aforementioned strategies relate to the institutionalized and more traditional means to regulate labor. Approach: The empiric data of the essay is based on eight interviews with people who all have flexible jobs, in the sense that they can affect where and when they are to carry out their job assignments. The data was subsequently processed, analyzed and discussed, using earlier research on the subject as a foundation. Results/conclusions: Flexibility in the workplace can be the cause of many different consequences for the concerned individual. The consequences most prominently described are difficulties regarding demarcation between work and leisure, a sense of inadequacy and the effect flexibility in the workplace has on personal relationships. Some individual strategies to handle flexibility in the workplace proved to be utilized by several interviewees. These have been compiled into three main categories. The results show that these strategies tend to go in a different direction, so to speak, than the institutionalized means to regulate flexibility in the workplace, such as legislation and covenants. This is a result of the fact that it’s difficult to apply the institutionalized means to flexibility in the workplace. Key words: Flexibility in the workplace, strategies, coping, demarcation

Magistro baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjama Lietuvos Respublikos ir kaimyninių valstybių sienų raida ir bendra charakteristika, Europos Sąjungos valstybių sienų charakteristika ir demarkavimo ypatumai, Lietuvos Respublikos valstybės sienos delimitavimo, demarkavimo ir apsaugos svarba ir jų reglamentavimas nacionaliniuose, Europos Sąjungos ir kituose teisės aktuose. Atliekamas mokslinis tyrimas ir analizuojamos teisinės ir praktinės Lietuvos Respublikos valstybės sienos demarkavimo problemos, stabdančios demarkavimo darbus ir demarkuotos valstybės sienos linijos įteisinimą, pareikalavusios nemažai papildomų lėšų, o taip pat atsiradę aplinkybės neteisingam valstybės sienos linijos nustatymui. Darbe pateikiami išvados ir pasiūlymai dėl Lietuvos Respublikos valstybės sienos demarkavimo proceso optimizavimo. Tinkamas Lietuvos valstybės sienų nustatymas turi ypatingą reikšmę Lietuvos Respublikos teritorijos vientisumui ir valstybės suverenumui. Siekiant užtikrinti patikimą ir Europos Sąjungos reikalavimus atitinkantį išorės sienų apsaugos lygį, būtina, kad valstybių sienos būtų demarkuotos (nustatytos) ir juridiškai įteisintos. Vienas iš prioritetų, užtikrinant šalies nacionalinį saugumą yra patikima, Europos Sąjungos ir Šengeno šalių reikalavimus atitinkanti valstybės sienos apsauga ir jos kontrolė, ypatingą dėmesį skiriant išorės Europos Sąjungos sienos apsaugos užtikrinimui. Lietuvos Respublikos valstybės siena su Baltarusijos Respublika ir su Rusijos Federacija yra išorės ES sienos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This master’s thesis analyses the course of development of the border of Lithuania and the neighbouring counties and provides their general characteristics, analyses general characteristics and demarcation peculiarities of the borders of the EU states, the importance of such aspects of Lithuania’s border as its delimitation, demarcation and ensuring of the border security as well as relevant regulations set forth in the national, EU and other legal acts. A scientific research is made in regard to those legal and practical issues of the demarcation of the state border of the Republic of Lithuania, which impede the demarcation works and legalization of the demarcated border line and which make the process additional money consuming, as well as the circumstances of establishing an incorrect state border line. The thesis provides conclusions and proposals in regard to optimization of the border demarcation. A proper determination of the state borders of the Republic of Lithuania is of utmost importance to the territorial integrity and sovereignty of the country. Demarcation and legitimization of the state border is an obligatory condition ensuring a reliable border security level in compliance with the EU requirements. As regards the national security, one of the priorities is an efficient protection and control of the state borders in conformity with the EU and Schengen requirements, especially those of protection of external EU borders. Due to the fact that Lithuania’s... [to full text]

The ‘Demarcation Problem’ is to mark the boundary between things that are scientific and things that are not. Philosophers have worked on this problem for a long time, and yet there is still no consensus solution. Should we continue to hope, or must we draw a more sceptical conclusion? In his paper, ‘The Demise of the Demarcation Problem’, Larry Laudan (1983) does the latter. In this thesis, I address the three arguments he gives for this conclusion. / The Pessimistic Induction: From the failure of many specific past attempts at demarcation, Laudan infers that all future attempts at demarcation will fail. For his argument to be fully convincing, Laudan needs to show that each attempt has been a complete failure, and that these failures have never led to progress in the theory of demarcation. I argue that many past attempts at demarcation have only resulted in partial failure, and many of these failures have led to some cumulative progress. So I think we can draw a more optimistic conclusion: future attempts at demarcation may be even more successful than past attempts. / The Pseudo-Problem: Laudan argues that the demarcation problem presupposes an ‘epistemic invariant’: something common to all and only the sciences, which makes them epistemically special. But, says Laudan, this presumption is false – so, by definition, the issue is merely a pseudo-problem. I find Laudan’s argument unconvincing. I present reasons for thinking that the demarcation problem does not, in fact, presuppose an extremely simple epistemic invariant. Furthermore, there may still be a satisfactory, moderately complex epistemic invariant to be found. So I do not think any false assumption is presupposed. / The New Problem: Laudan argues that we should replace the original demarcation problem with a new demarcation problem. I take this to be the problem of demarcating between well-confirmed and ill-confirmed theories. I argue that scientific status is relevant to the confirmation of theories, so the two problems are closely related. I also argue that science has other purposes; so scientific status indicates other virtues besides well-confirmedness. Thus we do want to know which theories and activities are scientific, because this will help us to decide which theories and activities to pursue. So this new demarcation problem is not a suitable replacement for the original problem. / My central question is ‘Has Laudan killed the demarcation problem?’, and my answer is ‘No!’.

This is a qualitative study based on interviews and the essay is composed by Siham El Hajoui and Nahrin Issa, students of Södertörns Högskola. The title of the study starts with a quote, taken from one of the respondents that reflects the expectations that people have of psychologist today. The purpose of this study is to investigate on how psychologist’s gets affected by their profession, how they draw a line between work and the remaining life and if they empathize with their clients. The study does also discuss the expectations that exists on psychologists, by their clients or in general. The study is based on six interviews with psychologists, who have been working at least 3 years as legitimized psychologists. The result of the study shows that the respondents experience that the psychologist occupation is difficult, and that one is required to have work experiences to be able to handle it in a good way. It was shown that it exists expectations on the respondents that affects them in a way that makes them use different strategies to be able to draw a line between work and the private life. The result was analyzed with the help of previous research about how to draw the line between work and remaining the life, doctors’ sympathy with patients, job burnout and with the help of theories about roles and empathy. / Detta är en kvalitativ studie i sociologi, baserad på intervjuer och skriven av Siham El Hajoui och Nahrin Issa. Studiens titel börjar med ett citat taget ur ett av de erhållna intervjusvaren, som speglar de förväntningar som människor kan ha på psykologer idag. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur psykologer påverkas av sitt arbete, hur de drar gränsen mellan arbete och övrigt liv samt om de känner empati för sina klienter. Det sker även en diskussion kring människors förväntningar på psykologer. Studien avgränsas genom ett fokus på sex stycken legitimerade psykologer, som har arbetat inom yrket i minst 3 år.                       Resultatet visar att de utvalda respondenterna upplever att psykologyrket är ett tungt yrke, och att det därmed krävs erfarenhet för att lära sig om hur en kan hantera all information på bästa sätt. Det visar sig även att det existerar förväntningar på respondenterna, som gör att de påverkas och använder sig av olika strategier för att kunna dra en gräns mellan arbete och privatliv. Resultatet analyserades med hjälp av tidigare forskning som handlar om gränsdragning mellan arbete och övrigt liv, läkares medlidande med patienter och arbetsrelaterad utbrändhet, samt teorier gällande roller och empati.

La réfutabilité de Karl Popper (1902-1994) définit à la fois la norme de la connaissance scientifique et se présente comme le critère du caractère empirique de toute théorie scientifique. La thèse rend compte de l’ambigüité d’une épistémologie qui s’ancre dans la logique potentielle tout en prétendant à l’effectivité pratique. Il est impossible avec un tel critère de statuer sur la scientificité de disciplines aussi diverses que le marxisme, la psychanalyse, la théorie de l’évolution, l’astrologie, étudiées par Popper et exclues du domaine des sciences pour absence de prédictibilité. La thèse met aussi en évidence que, bien que très influente en biologie, l’épistémologie normative de Popper n’a jamais été vraiment appliquée, même par ses épigones tel Jacques Monod, et n’est pas applicable. Les raisons de ces échecs doivent être recherchées non seulement dans la logique potentielle, mais aussi dans le modèle déductif-nomologique, au fondement du critère et qui deviendra la norme de toute science empirique. Si le modèle D-N d’explication, formalisé plus tard par Carl Hempel, peut servir à la construction du modus operandi de la réfutation en physique, il ne peut prétendre à l’opérabilité dans les disciplines où l’existence de lois demeure problématique et la notion de prédiction plurielle comme en biologie. Enfin la thèse, s’appuyant sur l’analyse critique de l’épistémologie poppérienne, propose une typologie des prédictions, précise la spécificité des énoncés biologiques et envisage un autre critère de scientificité qui prenne davantage en compte la science en action. / Karl Popper's falsifiability (1902-1994) defines at the same time the standard of scientific knowledge, and is presented in the form of a criterion of the empirical character of any scientific theory. The thesis reflects the ambiguity of an epistemology that is grounded in potential logic while aiming practical effectivity. It is impossible with such a criterion to rule on the scientificity of disciplines as diverse as Marxism, psychoanalysis, the theory of the evolution, astrology, studied by Popper and excluded from the field of sciences for lack of predictability. The thesis also highlights that, although very influential in biology, Popper’s normative epistemology has never really been applied, even by his followers like Jacques Monod, and is not applicable. The reasons for these failures must be investigated not only in potential logic, but also in the deductive-nomological model, the basis of the criterion, and which will become the norm in empirical science. If D-N model of explanation, formalized later by Carl Hempel, can be used for the construction of the modus operandi of the falsification in physics, it cannot be applied in the disciplines where the existence of laws remains problematic and where the concept of prediction is plural, live in biology. Finally the thesis, based on a critical analysis of Popper’s epistemology, proposes a typology of predictions, specifies biological statements and tries to look at another criterion of scientificity that takes greater account of science in action.