The demarcation problem aims to articulate the boundary between science and pseudoscience. Solutions to the problem have been notably raised by the logical positivists (verificationism), Karl Popper (falsificationism), and Imre Lakatos (methodology of research programmes). Due, largely, to the conclusions drawn by Larry Laudan, in a pivotal 1981 paper which dismissed the problem of demarcation as a “pseudo-problem”, the issue was brushed aside for years. Recently, however, there has been a revival of attempts to reexamine the demarcation problem and synthesize new solutions. My aim is to survey two of the contemporary attempts and to assess these approaches over and against the broader historical trajectory of the demarcation problem. These are the efforts of Nicholas Maxwell (aim-oriented empiricism), and Paul Hoyningen-Huene (systematicity). I suggest that the main virtue of the new attempts is that they promote a self-reflexive character within the sciences. A modern demarcation criterion should be sensitive towards the dynamic character of the sciences. Using, as an example, a case study of Traditional Chinese Medicine, I also suggest that the potential for conflict between demarcation conclusions and the empirical success of a pseudoscientific discipline is problematic. I question whether it is sensible to reject, as pseudoscientific, a discipline which seems to display empirical success in cases where the rival paradigm, contemporary western medicine, is not successful. Ultimately, I argue that there are both good theoretical and good pragmatic grounds to support further investigation into a demarcation criterion and that Laudan’s dismissal of the problem was premature. / Graduate / 0422 / 0402

O trabalho tem por escopo reunir o conteúdo e compreender a abrangência dos direitos indígenas previstos nas Constituição Federal de 1988, com o auxílio da doutrina brasileira da efetividade e dos estudos que identificam os Tribunais Constitucionais como garantidores dos direitos fundamentais. O tema ganha relevo à medida que sua judicialização se torna frequente. Com isso, o Poder Judiciário tem sido a última instância para a concretização desses direitos. A análise do assunto se faz à luz do julgamento da PET 3388/RR, que questionou, perante o Supremo Tribunal Federal, a demarcação administrativa da terra indígena Raposa Serra do Sol, localizada no Estado de Roraima. Julgamento que se tornou um verdadeiro paradigma sobre a questão indígena no Brasil, mas que inquietou a doutrina especializada na temática constitucional-indígena. Firmado um diálogo entre a postura do STF e a referida doutrina, capitaneada pelos professores Dalmo de Abreu Dallari, José Afonso da Silva, Manuela Carneiro da Cunha, dentre outros, podem-se constatar as alterações trazidas pelo Órgão Constitucional no que se refere à proteção dos direitos indígenas. A título de exemplo, pode-se citar a mitigação do instituto do indigenato, com a introdução de um marco temporal para a demarcação de terras indígenas; e as diretrizes sugeridas em voto-vista, as quais foram incorporadas na decisão, por maioria, inovando o ordenamento jurídico, mas, muitas vezes, fragilizando aqueles direitos que a Corte deveria proteger. / The work scope is to gather content and understand how far the indigenous rights provided for in the Constitution of 1988 goes, with the help of the Brazilian doctrine of effectiveness and studies that identify the constitutional courts as guarantors of fundamental rights. The issue becomes important because your judicialization becomes frequent. With this, the Judiciary has been the last resort for the realization of these rights. The subject is analysed from the judgment of PET 3388/RR, which questioned in the Supreme Court, the administrative demarcation of the Raposa Serra do Sol, located in the State of Roraima. Trial that became a true paradigm on indigenous issues in Brazil, but worried the doctrine specializes in theme-indigenous and constitucional. Established a dialogue between the STF and the posture that doctrine, led by teachers Dalmo de Abreu Dallari, José Afonso da Silva, Manuela Carneiro da Cunha, among others, could confirm the changes introduced by the Constitutional Authority with regard to the protection of indigenous rights. For example, one can cite the mitigation of the Institute of indigenato, with the introduction of a time frame for the demarcation of indigenous lands, and suggested guidelines for voteview, which were incorporated in the decision by majority innovating the legal system often to weaken those rights that the Court should protect.

Magister Legum - LLM

During the study of the documents on the establishment and protection of the state border of Czechoslovakia and the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, I have based myself on the literature and legal regulations in force and effective at the time of their use. I then drew indispensable information during consultations with my thesis supervisor. This thesis deals with the original control bodies of the past centuries that patrolled the borders, as well as the armed corps - the Financial Guard. It was established during the Austrian monarchy and continued its activities after the establishment of Czechoslovakia. The current borders of the Czech Republic are based on historical sources to which the Czechoslovak government referred when the Czechoslovak Republic was founded. Thanks to these efforts, we have the state borders as we know them today. However, the establishment of these borders was not at all easy, and at the very beginning of its existence Czechoslovakia had to make a military effort to maintain its borders. The greatest surveillance and protection of the borders took place during the 1930s, when the Czechoslovak Republic was preparing for a war conflict, which ultimately did not take place. The most important position was held by the Financial Guard, which in the event of a military conflict was...

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Momentous choices and opportunities have opened up in South Africa since a settlement was successfully negotiated and a new political and constitutional dispensation was created. Events such as the constitutional negotiations and the establishment of reconstruction and development initiatives have placed a renewed emphasis on development management, process facilitation and the development of policy. This study provides an overview of the broad field of policy studies and specifically focuses on policy process models. In particular, this study centres on the further development of the generic process model and provides an overview of the application thereof to the operational environment. From this, simulation exercises and case study material have been developed as policy learning methodologies. Institutional arrangements for policy processes and the institutionalisation of policy and related support capacities at intergovernmental and organisational level receive particular attention. The study demonstrates the application of the generic process model by applying the framework to a case study based on the provincial demarcation exercise. This study concludes that policy management, as a cross-cutting, lateral methodology, in conjunction with similar methodologies, such as strategic planning, research methodology and project management, should be regarded as a critical tool, by the academic community and development practitioners alike, for improving the decision-making capacity of government, the private sector and civil society. / D.Litt. et Phil. (Development Administration)

Momentous choices and opportunities have opened up in South Africa since a settlement was successfully negotiated and a new political and constitutional dispensation was created. Events such as the constitutional negotiations and the establishment of reconstruction and development initiatives have placed a renewed emphasis on development management, process facilitation and the development of policy. This study provides an overview of the broad field of policy studies and specifically focuses on policy process models. In particular, this study centres on the further development of the generic process model and provides an overview of the application thereof to the operational environment. From this, simulation exercises and case study material have been developed as policy learning methodologies. Institutional arrangements for policy processes and the institutionalisation of policy and related support capacities at intergovernmental and organisational level receive particular attention. The study demonstrates the application of the generic process model by applying the framework to a case study based on the provincial demarcation exercise. This study concludes that policy management, as a cross-cutting, lateral methodology, in conjunction with similar methodologies, such as strategic planning, research methodology and project management, should be regarded as a critical tool, by the academic community and development practitioners alike, for improving the decision-making capacity of government, the private sector and civil society. / D.Litt. et Phil. (Development Administration)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Raquel Domingues do Amaral.pdf: 1299397 bytes, checksum: b28b4150c988ca0651c06f147655ac25 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-18 / Based on the epistemological premise of the Logical Semantic Constructivism (CARVALHO, 2010), the present study proposes to reflect about the incidence of the constitutional rule which restrain the demarcation of indigenous lands. It seeks for the meaning of the signs: Indian, Indigenous Community and Indigenous Lands, in the statements of art. 231 caput, §§§ 1, 2 and 3 and art. 20, XI, from the Federal Constitution, considering the connotation of these signs in the social, cultural and historical context of Indians. The study also handles the matter of demarcation of indigenous lands in the current state of the art, being strongly influenced by the theory of John Mendes Jr. (1912) on indigenato, as well as making a counterpoint with Ferraz Jr. s (2007; 2012) discussion, which contemplates indigenato as a title that explains the Indians originating status of the right to permanent possession, although not limited to this. It discusses the relevance of the legal precedent of the Supreme Court, as a pragmatic dimension of linguistic semiosis on the fixed rules of the statements in art. 231 caput, §§§ 1, 2 and 3 and art. 20 XI, in the Federal Constitution, that is, as a text not written in the physical support of prescriptive statements, but that cannot have its meaning ignored as real technical legitimacy. From the perspective of the epistemology proposed by Paulo de Barros Carvalho (2010) on the incidence of general and abstract tax norm, it proposes a hermeneutics of the incidence of the rule, which is constructed through the interpretation of the statements of the art. 231 caput, §§§ 1, 2 and 3 and art. 20 XI, from the Federal Constitution. The demarcation of indigenous lands is denoted in the present research as a procedure and as a sole and specific rule that enables the incidence of general and abstract rule laid down in art. 231 caput, §§§ 1, 2 and 3 and art. 20 XI, from the Federal Constitution. One may conclude that the individual and solid rule that documents the demarcation has a legal effect on subjective and originating rights of the Indians of permanent possession of the lands they traditionally occupy. It has been defined The existence of two legal systems in relation to the land known as traditionally occupied by demarcation: the regulatory legal framework of the legal relationship between "non-Indians", which precedes the advent of sole and specific rule documented in the demarcation, and the legal regime subsequent to the formation of subjective originating rights of "Indians", in the subsequent individual and solid rule. Individual and solid rules that make up the property right of "non-Indians" are repealed before the advent of individual and solid rules documented in the demarcation, therefore, the extinction of these legal relations has ex nunc effects and shall be harmonized with the rules of items XXII, XXIV of art. 5 of the Federal Constitution. After the advent of individual and solid rule of demarcation, the legal framework is set out in § 6 of art. 231 of the Federal Constitution, as a means of protecting the Indians original right to possession / Propõe-se uma reflexão sobre a incidência da norma constitucional que disciplina a demarcação de terras indígenas, com base na premissa epistemológica do Constructivismo Lógico Semântico de Paulo de Barros Carvalho. Buscamos o sentido dos signos índio, comunidade indígena e terras indígenas nos enunciados do art. 231 caput, §§§ 1º, 2º e 3º e art. 20, XI, da CF, levando em consideração o sentido destes signos no contexto social, cultural e histórico do índio. Abordamos a problemática da demarcação de terras indígenas no estado atual da arte, fortemente influenciado pela teoria do indigenato de João Mendes Jr., fazendo um contraponto com o entendimento esposado por Tércio Sampaio Ferraz Jr., que compreende o indigenato como um título que explica o caráter originário do direito à posse permanente dos índios, mas que não se reduz a este. Discorremos sobre a relevância do precedente jurisprudencial do Supremo Tribunal Federal, como dimensão pragmática da semiose linguística da norma construída a partir dos enunciados do art. 231 caput, §§§ 1º, 2º e 3º e art. 20 XI da CF, ou seja, como texto não escrito no suporte físico dos enunciados prescritivos, mas que não pode ser ignorado, na busca de sentido, como verdadeira técnica de legitimação. Propomos uma hermenêutica sobre a incidência da norma, que se constrói pela interpretação dos enunciados do art. 231 caput, §§§ 1º, 2º e 3º e art. 20 XI da CF, sob a perspectiva da epistemologia proposta por Paulo de Barros Carvalho para a incidência da norma geral e abstrata tributária. Abordamos a demarcação de terras indígenas, como procedimento e como norma individual e concreta que viabiliza a incidência da norma geral e abstrata prevista no art. 231 caput, §§§ 1º, 2º e 3º e art. 20 XI da CF. Concluímos que a norma individual e concreta que documenta a demarcação tem o efeito constitutivo do direito subjetivo originário dos índios à posse permanente das terras que tradicionalmente ocupam. Delimitamos a existência de dois regimes jurídicos em relação às terras que são reconhecidas como ocupação tradicional pela demarcação: o regime jurídico regulador das relações jurídicas, entre não índios , anteriores ao advento da norma individual e concreta documentada na demarcação e o regime jurídico posterior à constituição do direito subjetivo originário dos índios no consequente da norma individual e concreta. Anteriormente ao advento da norma individual e concreta documentada na demarcação, as normas individuais e concretas que constituem o direito de propriedade de não índios são revogadas, de modo que a extinção dessas relações jurídicas tem efeitos ex nunc e devem ser harmonizadas com as normas dos incisos XXII, XXIV do art. 5º, da CF.Após o advento da norma individual e concreta da demarcação, o regime jurídico a incidir é o previsto no § 6º, do art. 231, da CF, como um meio de proteger o direito originário à posse dos índios

Logical pluralism from historical perspective - Abstract The plurality of logics is understood as a challenge to seek a deeper understanding of the na- ture and import of logic. Two basic approaches to demarcation of logic are considered, the model-theoretic and the proof-theoretic one. Investigation of the history which led to these two appraoches identifies the postion of logic in Kant's epistemology as crucial for the devel- opment. An analogical development from Kant's conception of geometry to the plurality of geometric theories leads to a holistic view both of geometry and of logic. It furthermore proves essential to understand the pragmatic import of logic. Given the problems tied to the attempts to demarcate logic, inferentialism and logical expressivism are arrived at as jointly provid- ing the most appropriate account. These approaches are developed into a conception which stresses, in line with the historical perspective of the work, the ability of logic to develop.

Submitted by ANA KARLA PEREIRA RODRIGUES (anakarla_@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-29T16:10:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1122632 bytes, checksum: c09cad1d7d1c0fab88b117bcd2ea8ab6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-29T16:10:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1122632 bytes, checksum: c09cad1d7d1c0fab88b117bcd2ea8ab6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-27 / In Raposa Serra do Sol Case, the STF has established the thesis that the indigenous communities only have the rights of the lands they traditionally occupy, if such occupation could be verified on the date of the promulgation of the Constitution of 1988. This work aims to verify whether this unique time frame for the identification and demarcation of indigenous lands resists to a test of application of the principle of primacy of the most favorable norm. This principle is provided for in various human rights treaties, can be drawn from the constitutional principle of the prevalence of human rights and is applied in international and domestic jurisprudence. It establishes that law interpreters must, among plurality of normative documents and interpretations on them, seek the solution that guarantees the highest degree of protection of the human being in the concrete case, thus prohibiting the decrease of a standard of protection already achieved in the international or domestic plan. The analysis of the problem starts from the premise that the identification of the most favorable norm is a process of normative concretion that, in general, has to consider the principle of proportionality as well as other guidelines such as the international interpreters understanding, the countermajoritarian function of human rights and the principles of maximum effectiveness and prohibition of retrocession. In this sense, we will examine the issue considering each of these approaches, exploring the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, based on the precedents in which it applied the pro persona principle and in which it dealt with indigenous land issues. Finally, we will assess the implications of applying the principle of primacy of the most favorable norm in the interaction between domestic law and the IHRL, in order to demonstrate that, if the establishment of a specific time frame for the characterization of indigenous lands does not resist to a test of application of such principle, it becomes possible and necessary a constitutional mutation on the subject. / No Caso Raposa Serra do Sol, o STF fixou a tese de que somente são reconhecidos aos índios os direitos sobre as terras que tradicionalmente ocupam, se tal ocupação pudesse ser constatada na data da promulgação da Constituição de 1988. Nesta dissertação, objetivamos verificar se a fixação desse marco temporal único para a identificação e demarcação de terras indígenas resiste a um teste de aplicação do princípio da primazia da norma mais favorável. Tal princípio é previsto em diversos tratados de direitos humanos, pode ser extraído do princípio constitucional da prevalência dos direitos humanos e é aplicado na jurisprudência internacional e na interna, estabelecendo que o aplicador do direito deve, diante da pluralidade de diplomas normativos e interpretações sobre os mesmos, buscar a solução que estabeleça o maior grau de proteção do ser humano no caso concreto, proibindo, consequentemente, que um standard de proteção já alcançado no plano interno ou internacional diminua. A análise do problema parte da premissa de que a identificação da norma mais favorável é um processo de concretização normativa que, em regra, deve se valer do princípio da proporcionalidade e ter como vetores o entendimento dos intérpretes internacionais, a função contramajoritária dos direitos humanos e os princípios da máxima efetividade e da proibição do retrocesso. Nesse sentido, examinaremos a questão em tela sob cada um desses enfoques, explorando, principalmente, a jurisprudência da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos, a partir dos precedentes em que aplicou o princípio pro persona e em que enfrentou a temática das terras indígenas. Finalmente, avaliaremos quais as implicações que a aplicação do princípio da primazia da norma mais favorável tem na interação entre o Direito interno e o DIDH, a fim de demonstrar que, se a fixação de um marco temporal específico para a caracterização das terras indígenas não resiste a um teste de aplicação do referido princípio, torna-se possível e necessária uma mutação constitucional quanto ao tema.