Diversity of ectotrophic mycorrhizal (EM) fungi on out-planted seedlings of two oak species (Quercus rubra and Q. prinus) was estimated at two sites in mature mixed forests in the southern Appalachian mountains. Late – stage fungi were well represented. Total richness was 73 types, with 42 types having a frequency of only one. Thelephoroid / tomentelloid, russuloid, and cortinarioid groups were the richest. Dominant fungi included a putative Tuber sp. and Craterellus sp., and Laccaria cf laccata. Diversity was lower at a high elevation chestnut oak dominated site compared to a lower mesic cove – hardwood forest site. There was little evidence for fungal specificity to red oak versus white oak seedlings. We also compared EM fungus distributions on root systems of oak seedlings from samples taken in mid-July and early-September. The majority of EM types occurred only in the mid- or late-summer samples respectively. Dramatic shifts in mycobiont dominance were observed in relation to sample date, including increases in Cortinarius spp. richness, decreases in Thelephoraceae richness, and the disappearance of Amanita spp. types in the late- compared to mid-summer samples. A multi-stage model of seasonal EM dynamics is proposed, with implications for the niche expansion of associated phytobionts. In this model, generalistic mycobionts are most frequent and occur throughout the season. Other more specialized fungi show seasonal specificity. Relationships between species and communities of EM fungi and environmental parameters such as ericoid shrub abundance and edaphic characteristics were also examined. High diversity of EM fungi limited resolution of community level relationships given our sample sizes. Intraspecific variation in EM fungi with regard to microsite characteristics was also undetectable. No association between ericoid shrub dominance (Kalmia latifolia and Rhododendron maximum) and EM fungi was observed. We present a listing of EM fungus types with associated ranges of edaphic parameters and ericoid shrub abundance. The family Sebacinaceae is a basal hymenomycete lineage that includes members of the genera Tremellodendron and Sebacina. We present evidence suggesting the putative mycorrhizal status of two species of Tremellodendron. Tremellodendron appears to form both endophytic associations with achlorophyllous orchids and ectomycorrhizae with species of Quercus, Pinus and Tilia cordata. / Ph. D.

L'état et l'évolution des écosystèmes côtiers font partie des principales préoccupations des institutions européennes. Leur fonctionnement global et leur structure sont fortement conditionnés par le comportement des premiers échelons de la chaîne alimentaire, et en particulier par les micro-algues qui se développent dans la colonne d’eau (phytoplancton) et au niveau du sédiment (microphytobenthos).Ces microalgues constituent les plus importants producteurs primaires des zones côtières (Pannard et al., 2008 ; Woelfel et al., 2010). Ils sont à la base de la chaine trophique et composent l’essentiel de la nourriture de la faune, en particulier des espèces économiquement importantes (praires, huîtres,….). Cependant, bien que le phytoplancton ait été largement étudié, le microphytobenthos est beaucoup moins connu, en particulier dans les zones subtidales. Il colonise tous les milieux (roche, vase…) dès lors qu’il y a suffisamment de lumière pour la photosynthèse (MacIntyre et al. 1996) et sa production peut égaler, voire même dépasser, la production du phytoplancton de la colonne d’eau qui le surplombe (Underwood and kromkamp, 1999). Dans cette étude, nous avons effectué un suivi hebdomadaire en Rade de Brest (55 sorties en mer en 2011), pour étudier simultanément la dynamique saisonnière du phytoplancton et du microphyto-benthos en relation avec les paramètres environnementaux.Nos résultats montrent que la dynamique du phytoplancton et du microphytobenthos dans la zone subtidale sont tout à fait différentes l’une de l'autre. Le microphytobenthos est le premier à se développer dans la saison. Il constitue un apport important d'énergie dans l'écosystème dès le début du printemps (avec 60% de la biomasse totale jusqu'en avril) et joue donc un rôle primordial dans le démarrage de l’activité biologique benthique. Le système se déplace ensuite d'un système dominé par la biomasse benthique au début du printemps, vers un système où la biomasse pélagique prend le dessus.Ces résultats mettent en évidence l’adaptation particulière du microphytobenthos aux faibles éclairements, puisqu’il est capable de produire la même biomasse que le phytoplancton de la colonne d’eau, mais avec 10 fois moins de lumière disponible. Le broutage par les hétérotrophes peut sans doute expliquer le déclin des biomasses microalgales et la différence de dynamique saisonnière après les premières floraisons. Le manque de nutriments, et en particulier les phosphates dissous dans l’eau pourrait aussi être avancé pour expliquer la chute de la biomasse microphytobenthique début d’avril, alors que le déclin du phytoplancton dans la première semaine du mois de mai coïncide à une carence en acide silicique. L’azote inorganique dissous devient ensuite potentiellement limitant dans la colonne d'eau avec des concentrations en dessous du seuil de détection, jusqu'à la fin d'octobre. D’un point de vue taxonomique, la communauté benthique est très spécifique et totalement différente de la communauté pélagique. Nous avons pu identifier 54 espèces, exclusivement des diatomées, toutes pennées, dominées par le genre Navicula. Dans la colonne d’eau, nous avons identifié 74 espèces, parmi lesquelles 51 étaient des diatomées (essentiellement centriques), dominées par Chaetoceros sp.. Le reste était partagé entre les dinoflagellés (dominé par Gymnodium sp.) et d’autres groupes fonctionnels comme les euglena, les cryptophycées, les prasinophycées, quelques rares coccolithophoridés et des petits flagellés non identifiés.Ces résultats très novateurs ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives de recherches. Il serait par exemple très intéressant de mieux comprendre les processus d’adaptation qu’ont développés les microalgues benthiques, pour être capables à des niveaux de lumière beaucoup plus faibles, d’être aussi efficace vis-à-vis de la photosynthèse que leurs homologues pélagiques. Différentes pistes sont à l’étude comme le contenu pigmentaire ou la structure de leur enveloppe siliceuse. / The most important primary producer groups of the coastal zones are suspended phytoplankton cells (Pannard et al, 2008) and microphytobenthos (MPB) (Woelfel et al., 2010). In these regions, phytoplankton and benthic microalgae are both recognized as being principal components of the diet for economically important suspension-feeding fauna (Gillespie et al., 2000). However, although phytoplankton has been vastly documented, MPB is often understudied.In sufficient light for photosynthesis they can inhabit the top few centimeters of the substrate layers (mud or sand) of marine sediment (Charpy and Charpy-Roubaud 1990, MacIntyre et al. 1996, MacIntyre and Cullen 1996) and play an important role as a food source for higher trophic levels (Revsbech et al. 1981, Sorokin 1991, Charpy and Charpy-Roubaud 1990 ). Benthic microalgal biomass mostly follows a similar distribution to the total organic matter content of surficial sediments indicating that sediment geochemical processes such as nutrient release from the breakdown of organic matter may be important in determining the distribution of MPB (Light, 1998). However, on the other hand, though not proportional with the MPB biomass, benthic production can even surpass the pelagic contribution (Underwood and kromkamp, 1999). With their ability of high primary production benthic microalgal communities can profoundly influence the flux, transformation and turnover of carbon and nutrients in coastal areas. Benthic primary producers contribute to the availability of energy and matter for benthic and pelagic food webs and define benthic and pelagic energy budgets, which affect the chemistry at the sediment-water interface, and regulate sediment stability. The shallow waters, where MPB thrives, allow a more direct interaction between pelagic and benthic processes keeping the benthos much less susceptible to physical and biochemical disturbances such as evaporation, eutrophication, and wind-forcing (Molen, 2011). Because attached microalgae can avoid advective processes and adapt to changes in light availability at short time scales, their importance is particularly enhanced (Phinney, 2004). As a result of the impact that MPB carries in a coastal ecosystem, along with the study of the functional role of MPB, investigations on their diversity have also gained some importance in the last two decades (Sundbaeck & Joensson, 1988; Blanchard, 1990; Montagna et al., 1995). Like phytoplankton, MPB communities can also act as sensitive indicators of water quality as the taxonomic composition of MPB assemblages can vary as per different nutrient levels (Lange-Bertalot, 1979; Kann, 1986). However, although the importance of MPB has been emphasized on intertidal zones (Pinckney & Zingmark, 1993; Colijn & De Jonge, 1984; Herman et al., 2000), the subtidal zones have generally been ignored till yet on this regard and as a result of which not much is known about the MPB dynamics in the subtidal zones. The subtidal zone of Bay of Brest was chosen for this study because there had been comprehensive input of nitrates to the zone in the past century .This zone has being amazingly resistant to eutrophication for quite some time, although silicate and nitrate ratio got down during the past 20 years. Research has been done previously on the spatial distribution of MPB in the zone in terms of primary productivity and biomass, but in order to achieve a more holistic view of these important photoautotrophs, a temporal study is necessary as well. The objectives of this work have been to characterize the temporal distribution of MPB in terms of biomass, productivity and biodiversity in the subtidal zone of Bay of Brest on a monthly scale, assess a comparative reasoning between MPB and the phytoplankton of the overlying water column complying on the same factors and draw an understanding on the significance of seasonal fluctuations of MPB in the overall seasonal distribution of photoautotrophs. […]

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第24083号 / 理博第4850号 / 新制||理||1694(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 緒方 博之, 教授 高田 彰二, 教授 望月 敦史 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

<p>This study explores the seasonal dynamics of soil CO₂ efflux (Rs) in a temperate pine plantation forest located in Southern Ontario, Canada. Rs was continuously measured from June 15, 2008 to December 31, 2010 at this site using an automated soil CO₂ chamber system. Component analysis of Rs conducted by making continuous measurements in a trenched plot where live roots were excised indicated that heterotrophic respiration (Rh) contributed approximately 72 and 80% (895 and 920 g C m^-2 year^-1) of annual Rs in 2009 and 2010, respectively. Similarly, continuous Rs measurement in a litterless plot where the surface litter layer was removed contributed 65 and 57% (800 and 655 g C m^-2 year^-1) of annual Rs in 2009 and 2010, respectively. Results of this study suggested that overall soil temperature was the dominant control on Rs in this forest, except during the severe dry conditions.</p> <p>In order to explore the impact of soil water limitations on Rs a through-fall exclusion experiment conducted from April 1 to July 3, 2009 - the spring and early summer season. Through-fall exclusion caused a large reduction in daily Rs. This experiment further suggested that Rs became less sensitive to temperature and increasingly more sensitive to water as soil water content depleted due to the through-fall exclusion. This study helps to better understand the seasonal dynamics of Rs, and its components and controls in temperate conifer forests in Eastern North America. These forests are considered a large sink of carbon, and changes in Rs dynamics in this region may have implications for the global carbon cycle.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

Les cuvettes du Damagaram Est (Sud-Est du Niger), sources importantes de productions alimentaires et de revenus, sont sujettes à ensablement par des sédiments éoliens. L’amplification du phénomène de la désertification au Sahel a exacerbé ce processus. L’objectif de ce travail, effectué au Nord-Ouest de Gouré, est d’évaluer l’impact de l’occupation du sol sur l’activité éolienne et l’ensablement des cuvettes d’une part, et d’autre part de tester l’efficacité d’une technique de fixation de dunes en terme de réduction des flux éoliens et de restauration écologique. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, nous avons suivi pendant 3 ans les caractéristiques du vent et l’activité éolienne ainsi que mesuré les flux de sédiments éoliens en relation avec l’évolution de la biomasse végétale. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que l’érosion éolienne sur les pâturages suit une dynamique saisonnière marquée, principalement en relation avec la dynamique temporelle de la hauteur de rugosité aérodynamique (Z0). Cette dynamique est due à l’impact de la pluviométrie et des activités pastorales et anthropiques sur la végétation herbacée. Les pâturages sur sols sableux apparaissent comme des zones potentielles de déflation au cours de la deuxième moitié de la saison sèche et pourraient ainsi contribuer à l’ensablement des cuvettes. Les tempêtes observées dans la première moitié de la saison des pluies au Sahel sont responsables d’une mobilisation importante de sédiments éoliens. L’analyse physico-chimique de ces sédiments montre globalement que les proportions de limons et d’argiles augmentent au détriment de la proportion de sables quand la hauteur de collecte augmente. Ceci s’accompagne d’un enrichissement important en nutriments (N, P, K) et en carbone. Les bilans de masse au niveau parcellaire sont globalement positifs, indiquant un apport net de sédiments, de nutriments et de carbone. Cependant, les incertitudes liées à ces bilans de masse sont très élevées. Si ces résultats semblent donc indiquer l’existence de sources de sédiments extérieures à la parcelle dans le contexte de cette étude, ils ne peuvent être interprétés comme preuve de l’absence d’érosion sur les sols dunaires à vocation pastorale. L’emploi de palissades antiérosives à base de Leptadenia pyrotechnica s’est révélé être une technique très efficace de fixation mécanique de dunes vives en zone semi-aride, permettant de réduire de plus de 95% les flux dès la première année. Elle entraîne la reprise des herbacées, tant en quantité qu’en diversité des espèces. Cette végétation renforce progressivement l’action anti-érosive. Cette technique constitue de ce fait une méthode adéquate de restauration des dunes dégradées en condition de non pâture. / The “cuvettes” of Eastern Damagaram (South-Eastern Niger), which are an important source of food and revenue, are being silted up by aeolian sediment. The amplification of the desertification phenomenon in the Sahel is exacerbating this process. The objective of this research, carried out to the North-West of Gouré, was to evaluate the impact of land use on the aeolian activity and the silting up of the cuvettes on the one hand, and on the other hand to evaluate the effectiveness of a dune fixation technique in terms of flux reduction and ecological restoration. To achieve these objectives, the wind characteristics and the aeolian activity were monitored for three years and we measured the sediment fluxes in relation to the development of the herbaceaous cover. It was shown that sediment fluxes on pasture land follow clear seasonal dynamics related to the temporal dynamics of the aerodynamic roughness length (Z0). These dynamics are due to the impact of rainfall as well as pastoral and human activities on the herbaceous vegetation. Pasture land on sandy soils appears to be a potential source of sediment during the second half of the dry season and may therefore contribute to silting up of the cuvettes. The dust storms observed during the early part of the rainy season in the Sahel are responsible for an important mobilization of aeolian sediment. The physico-chemical analysis of the sediment indicates an increase in the clay and silt content relative to the sand content as the height increases above ground. This goes together with an enrichment in nutrients (N, P, K) and carbon. The mass balances at plot level are positive overall, thereby indicating a net addition of sediment, nutrients and carbon. However, the uncertainty associated with these mass balances is very high. Although the results seem to indicate the existence of external sources of sediment in the present study, they cannot be interpreted as a definite proof of the absence of erosion on grazed dune soils. The use of windbreaks made of Leptadenia pyrotechnica proved to be a very effective mechanical dune fixation technique, reducing sediment fluxes by more than 95% as off the first year. The windbreaks resulted in a progressive recovery of the herbaceous cover, both in quantity and species diversity. The herbaceous cover reinforced the anti-erosive effectiveness of the windbreak. This technique therefore constitutes an adequate method for the restoration of degraded dunes under zero grazing conditions.

This thesis deals with factors structuring phytoplankton flagellates. The aim of the thesis was to investigate the role of microhabitats in spatio-temporal differentiation of lentic communities of these flagellates, which has not been rigorously examined to date. The study was conducted during 2010-2013 in the shallow littoral sites of Horní rybník, Rybníčky u Podbořánek Nature Reserve. Phytoplankton flagellates showed cyclic seasonal dynamics, which was reflected by significantly different community structure and species richness during the season. In contrast, silica-scaled chrysophytes showed a non- cyclic seasonal dynamics. The impact of the season was strongly correlated with the impact of fluctuating environmental factors - pH, conductivity and temperature. Gradient of interrelated environmental factors between the northern and southern shore together with microhabitat - substrate type played the major role and accounted for 64.4 - 75.8 % variability in the data. Microhabitat type (plankton, metaphyton, epipelon) significantly affected species richness and community structure also in the course of the season. A large number of species was assessed to prefer a certain type of microhabitat. These preferences were observed at both species and generic levels, and even at the level of the main taxonomic...

Ce travail a permis d’étudier la dynamique saisonnière des communautés microbiennes (cytométrie en flux et MiSeq ADNr16S) d'un étang sursalé thalassohalin. Malgré les variations de salinité (15,5 à 32 %), un core microbiome hautement stable (97,2± 2,1%) et dominé par Haloquadratum (40,3 à 57,4%) et Salinibacter (4,9 à 21,8%) a été décrit. De plus, des populations halotolérantes, capables de croitre rapidement, ont été détectées durant les épisodes de dilution des eaux. Dans un contexte physico-chimique contraignant où la biodégradation des hydrocarbures (HC) reste controversée, une première étude a été réalisée afin de comprendre le devenir d’un pétrole et son effet sur les communautés microbiennes actives de saumures proches de la saturation en sels (31%). Après biostimulation de ces communautés par l’ajout de matière organique labile et d'une température favorable (40°C), des phytolyptes actifs appartenant aux genres Haloarcula, Halobacterium et Halorubrum ont été détectés dans les microcosmes présentant de la biodégradation (12,8%) après 30 jours. Face aux limitations des processus d'autoépuration en contexte naturel (température plus faible), plusieurs approches de biostimulation testées (i.e. fertilisation minérale –NS ou organique –DS ; dilution) ont permis de forts taux d'atténuation des HC aliphatiques (97,8% et 54,5%) dans des saumures diluées (27,7 à 14%) et fertilisées (-DS et -NS). Dans ces mêmes microcosmes, des phylotypes actifs majoritaires appartenant aux genres Marinobacter et à la famille des Flavobacteriaceae (dont Psychroflexus) ont été détectés (MiSeq ADNr16S). L'opérabilité de ces traitements mériterait d'être testée à une plus large échelle. / This work performed on a thalassohaline hypersaline lake firstly considered seasonal dynamics of microbial communities (flow cytometry and MiSeq on 16S rRNA). Despite salinity fluctuations (15.5-32 %), a microbiome core highly stable at the genus level (97.2 ± 2.1 %) and dominated by Haloquadratum (40.3-57.4 %) and Salinibacter (4.9-21.8 %) was described. Interestingly, some halotolerant phylotypes exhibited rapid growths during dilutions episodes. In a controversial context concerning high salinity effects on hydrocarbons (HC) biodegradation, a study was conducted on close to salts-saturation brines (31 %) to gain insight into the fate of oil and it effects on active microbial communities after 15- and 30-days incubations. Significant oil biodegradation (12.8 %) was detected only after a 30-days incubation in LOM-amended microcosms while phylotypes belonging to Halobacteriaceae (Haloarcula, Halobacterium and Halorubrum) appeared as major active phylotypes. However, these low rates suggested that oil biodegradation should be lower under in situ conditions (lower temperature). Thus, among biostimulation approaches (mineral (-NS) or organic (-DS) amendments; dilution) used to improve self-cleaning processus, DS- or NS-amendments added to diluted brines (27.7 % to 14.0 %) allowed high attenuation rates of aliphatic HC with 97.8 % and 54.5 % respectively. Bacterial phylotypes belonging to Marinobacter and Flavobacteriaceae (e.g. Psychroflexus) were detected in NS- and DS-amended microcosms in which petroleum biodegradation occurred. This strategy will have, however, to be tested in other hypersaline systems (natural or industrial) in order to test its operational efficiency.

No description available.

Darbo tikslas: nustatyti lapuočių miškų augalų kitimą vegetacijos sezono metu botaniniame – zoologiniame Kamšos draustinyje. Darbo objektas: Kamšos botaninis – zoologinis draustinis, esantis prie Kauno miesto ir apimantis 321 ha. plotą. Kamšos botaninis – zoologinis draustinis botaniniu požiūriu ypatingas. Čia vyrauja lapuočiai, sudarydami mišrius Tilia cordata, Carpinus betulus, Populus tremula, kai kur Quercus robur. Žolinei augalijai būdinga didelė rūšių įvairovė. Dažniausiai sutinkamos: Aegopodium podagraria, Ranunculus ficaria, Lamiastrum galeobdolon, Corydalis solida, Anemone ranunculoides, Asarum europaeum, Gagea lutea. Darbo metodai: rudenį buvo parinkta dešimt 1x1 dydžių barelių. Tyrimo bareliai buvo išdėstyti taip, kad apimtų kuo daugiau augalų rūšių. Tyrimai atlikti 2006 m. vegetacijos sezono metu būdingame plačialapių lapuočių medyne. Buvo fiksuojamos fenologinių reiškinių pasirodymo fazės, taip pat projekcinis padengimas ir augalų aukštis. Iš stebėjimo duomenų sudaryti vegetacijos ir žydėjimo spektrai. Siekiant išaiškinti mikroklimatinių sąlygų įtaką augalijos augimui ir vystymuisi vegetacijos laikotarpiu išanalizuoti temperatūrų ir kritulių duomenys. Darbo rezultatai: Atlikus tyrimus, nustatyta, kad vegetacijos laikotarpiu kinta augalų rūšių projekcinis padengimas. Didžiausias projekcinis efemeroidų (Anemone ranunculoides, Anemone nemorosa, Corydalis solida, Ficaria verna) padengimas buvo pavasarį. Vasarą daugiausia dengė Mercurialis perennis, Polygonatum... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The purpose of this work: is to determinate seasonal dynamics herbaceous vegetation in the deciduous forests in Kamša zoological - botanical reserve. The object of this work: is Kamša zoological-botanical reserve situated near Kaunas. Area of reserve is 321 ha. The Kamša zoological-botanical reserve is exclusive, by biological point of view. There dominate deciduous: Tilia cordata, Carpinus betulus, Populus tremula, in some places Quercus robur. In herbaceous vegetation dominate: Aegopodium podagraria, Ranunculus ficaria, Lamiastrum galeobdolon, Corydalis solida, Anemone ranunculoides, Asarum europaeum, Gagea lutea. The methods of this work: were picked - up ten bartels of 1x1 size in autumn. The place of barels was chosen so, that in them will be involve as many species as posible. Investigations were done during vegetation period of 2006 year. The dates of phenological appearance, projection cover and herbaceous height were recorded. The spectra of vegetation and flowering were made. Data on temperature and precipitation was analysed with the purpose to determinate the influence of microclimatic conditions on plants growth and development. The results of this work: It was determined, that projection cover of the plants changed during the vegetation period. The largest projection cover of the ephemeroids Anemone ranunculoides, Anemone nemorosa, Corydalis solida, Ficaria verna was in spring. Mercurialis perennis, Polygonatum multiflorum, Aegopodium podagraria, Pulmonaria... [to full text]

The aims of this study were to identify Chloroviruses in two different Ontario freshwaters and to determine if the seasonal abundance patterns of Chloroviruses in different environments are similar. Gene fragments nearly identical to cultivated Chloroviruses were obtained from Lake Ontario and a nearby pond at the University of Toronto Mississauga (UTM) and novel Chlorovirus gene fragments were obtained from Lake Ontario. Quantification of these two Chlorovirus genes over several seasons revealed the presence of persistent viruses with different seasonal dynamics suggesting that different Chloroviruses replicate by infecting different hosts. Additionally, patterns of seasonal abundance and timings of peak abundances for individual viruses differed between Lake Ontario and the UTM pond, demonstrating the critical role of the environment in Chlorovirus dynamics. The observation of different Chloroviruses with different seasonal dynamics allows speculation that these viruses and their hosts stably coexist in Ontario freshwater environments.