The submaritime zone of British Columbia experiences summer drought and spring and fall frosts which cause high mortality of seedlings planted for reforestation. Seedlings of half-sib Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) families were studied at 3 test sites in the coast mountains of British Columbia, and in a complementary pot trial on southern Vancouver Island from 2007-2008, with the aim of studying physiological traits related to cold and drought hardiness. These families originated from British Columbia's submaritime zone, and had a range of breeding values. This allowed for comparison of growth and stress resistance traits among progeny with expected differences in performance. In the field trial, spring and fall cold hardiness were assessed using chlorophyll fluorescence after controlled freezing. Growth and mortality data, shoot water potential and carbon isotope discrimination were recorded as measures of drought stress and water use efficiency. In the pot trial, a subset of families was grown under 3 drought levels to study drought hardiness characteristics. Growth, biomass allocation, date of vegetative bud burst, gas exchange, shoot water potential, and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured. Means comparisons between families, treatments and study sites were performed, narrow-sense heritabilities were calculated, and physiological traits were compared using correlation analyses. Family, field site and drought treatment had significant effects on many physiological parameters. Wild stand families tended to have greater field survival and fall cold hardiness than seed orchard families. Field height was negatively correlated with survival and spring cold hardiness. Shoot water potential and water use efficiency showed positive correlations with leader growth in the field. These data have relevance to the selection of families for the BC submaritime Douglas-fir tree breeding program. They can also help further our understanding of how growth and stress resistance traits interact, and provide information on inherent genetic control of these traits.

Integrating cultural weed management practices with herbicides is an important strategy to reduce wild oat (Avena fatua L.) populations in Alberta, Canada. The purpose of this thesis is to expand the knowledge on wild oat seed banks and seedling emergence within integrated weed management systems. Field experiments were conducted from 2006-2007 to examine the impact of crop rotation, barley cultivar, barley seeding rate and herbicide rate on wild oat seed bank density, seed mortality, seedling emergence and seedling survivorship. Management systems consisting of diverse crop rotations, tall barley cultivars and increased barley seeding rates reduced wild oat seed bank density, seedling emergence and seedling survivorship, especially at low herbicide rates. Wild oat seed banks predicted subsequent wild oat emergence, whereas biomass and emergence strongly predicted seed banks. Lastly, 50% wild oat emergence was achieved at 537 and 509 growing degree days in 2006 and 2007, respectively, in Lacombe, Alberta. / Plant Science

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Fire, a natural disturbance, regulates species composition in Fescue Prairie. However, little is known about the contribution of different regeneration strategies in altering species composition after burning in Fescue Prairie. The present study was conducted to determine if and how fire and associated fire cues regulate species composition in Fescue Prairie through their effects on seedling recruitment. The effects of fire and various fire cues, including smoke, ash, and smoke plus ash on seedlings emerging in the field and/or from litter, 0-1 cm, and 1-5 cm layers of the soil seed banks were therefore examined. These studies were complimented by a study of testing effects of smoke originated from different plant materials on seed germination and seedling growth of species from Fescue Prairie. Chemical analyses were also conducted to determine whether different active compounds existed in smoke made from different materials, which in turn affect germination and seedling growth differently. Burning increased densities, richness, and diversity of seedlings emerging in the field. This was possibly attributed to direct fire cues of burning. Seedling densities of native forbs and non-native graminoids emerging from the soil seed bank were increased and decreased by burning, respectively. Ash and smoke plus ash increased density of forbs emerging from the soil seed bank. Species composition of seedlings emerging in the field and from the soil seed bank was altered by burning. Complex responses were observed for the effects of smoke on seedling establishment, which depended on the type and dilution of smoke solutions, as well as germination conditions. Smoke solutions partly substituted light requirement for germination of Artemisia ludoviciana. Germination of Cirsium arvense and Conyza canadensis only responded to smoke solutions at 25/15°C, but not at 10/0 °C. Diluted smoke solutions increased radical length of Artemisia ludoviciana. Karrikinolide (KAR1) was in the smoke made from prairie hay and wheat straw, but not in that made from alfalfa. This is the first report that different active compounds existed in smoke made from different materials. Highly concentrated smoke solutions made from alfalfa increased germination and radical length of Conyza canadensis, while the same concentrated smoke solutions made from prairie hay and wheat straw reduced germination of Conyza canadensis at 25/15 °C in darkness. Priming in KAR1 solutions and active fractions obtained from prairie hay and/or wheat straw increased germination of Artemisia frigida, Artemisia ludoviciana, and Conyza canadensis at certain germination conditions. In summary, fire and direct fire cues, smoke and ash specifically, stimulated recruitment of some species, especially early seral species and native forbs, contributing to potential changes in species composition of the Fescue Prairie. Different compounds existed in smoke solutions made from alfalfa as compared with those from prairie hay and wheat straw, showing different effects on seed germination and seedling growth. KAR1, the most important active compound discovered in smoke, was present in the smoke made from prairie hay and wheat straw, but was not in that made from alfalfa.

Orientadora: Leila Trevizan Braz / Banca: Joaquim Gonçalves Pádua / Banca: Antonio Baldo Geraldo Martins / Resumo: Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação do Setor de Olericultura e Plantas Aromático-Medicinais da FCAV-UNESP, Jaboticabal-SP, com o objetivo de avaliar seis métodos de enxertia em melão rendilhado e seus efeitos na produtividade em três épocas de cultivo. Para o delineamento experimental, foram realizadas análises conjuntas das três épocas de cultivo (Época 1 - 21-08-2007 a 17-12-2007; Época 2- 10-03-2008 a 22-08-2008; Época 3 - 10-07-2008 a 27-11-2008) com os tipos de enxertia, mais a testemunha. Cada característica também foi avaliada separadamente, utilizando-se do delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com sete tratamentos e três repetições. Os tratamentos foram representados por dois métodos de enxertia utilizados no Brasil para cucurbitáceas: fenda cheia e encostia; quatro métodos da Coreia: palito, bisel, palito sem raiz e bisel sem raiz; e a testemunha que não foi submetida à enxertia. Após a realização das enxertias, as mudas permaneceram em câmara com alta umidade até o pegamento, quando foram transplantadas para casa de vegetação e tutoradas na vertical. Foram avaliadas as seguintes características: diâmetros do porta-enxerto e enxerto, área foliar em três fases do cultivo, número de internódios, produção, dimensão dos frutos e sólidos solúveis. Na Época 3, observaram-se as maiores médias na maioria das características avaliadas, e foi considerada a mais indicada para a condução de mudas enxertadas. O tipo de enxertia não influenciou na maioria das características avaliadas. As enxertias tipo fenda cheia, encostia, bisel e bisel sem raiz resultaram em mais de 90% de pegamento e são as mais indicadas para melão rendilhado, uma vez que não ocorreram doenças de solo. Não houve diferença na produtividade entre os métodos de enxertia e o pé-franco. / Abstract: The works was carried in greenhouse at FCAV - UNESP, Jaboticabal - SP, Brazil, to evaluated six grafting methods in muskmelon and their effects on the productivity in three seasons cultivations.The experiment design was in randomized blocks with seven treatments and three replications. (Season 1: August 21th to December 21th 2007; Season 2: March 10th to August 22th 2008 and Season 3: July 10th to November 27th 2008). The treatments was two grafting methods utilized in Brazil to cucurbits: fenda cheia and encostia; four methods from Korea: hole insertion grafting, splice grafting, combination of root pruning and hole insertion grafting, and combination of root pruning and splice grafting, and the testimony, that not be grafted process. After the grafting process, the seedlings stayed inside the high humidity chamber until the success of grafting. After the evaluations of percent of grafting, the seedlings was moved to greenhouse. Was evaluated the caracteristics of fruits: diameter of rootstocks and scion, leave area, node number, yield, fruits dimensions and SST. The season 3, has the greatest medium on the most of caracteristics evaluateds and was considered the most indicated to seedlings grafted yield. The graftings methods didn't influenced most of caracteristics evaluateds. The grafting methods of fenda cheia, encostia, splice grafting and combination of root pruning and splice grafting, arrived more than 90% of grafting success and they are the most indicated to muskmelon. Didn't have diference on the yield to grafting methods and testimony. / Mestre

No description available.

Fire has influenced species composition within the Central Hardwood Forest for millennia. Since the last glacial retreat, Native Americans followed by European settlers used fire as a tool to manipulate their environment. This fire use by humans helped maintain the dominance of well-adapted oak-hickory species across eastern forests. By the 1940's, land fragmentation from increased settlement and actively enforced suppression policies effectively eliminated fire from the landscape. Without the disturbance of recurrent fire that alters succession, the fertile loess-capped hills of southern Illinois have undergone several decades of compositional and structural change manifested by encroachment of mixed mesophytic competitors that are maladapted to fire. Today, land managers seek practical methods to restore declining oak-hickory forests. Southern Illinois forests in particular are lacking information on how cutting and prescribed fire techniques can be applied to encourage regeneration of oak-hickory species. In 2002, five sites were chosen across the Greater Shawnee Hills geographic region for similar ecological characteristics. A factorial combination of thinning and a fire treatment consisting of two burns was used to test the response of understory components including: seedling density, seedling height, seedling diameter, non-tree cover and available sunlight. Results showed a distinct improvement in oak-hickory seedling competitive position as compared to non oak-hickory species. Seedlings of sassafras out-competed all other groups in this study and were the only species to increase in both density and height following repeated fire. The non-tree vegetation layer increased as a result of thin from below treatments, while burning had no effect on the amount of available sunlight. Generally, woody seedlings benefited from thinning based on their physiological adaptations and fire essentially acts as a filter selecting for traits of disturbance-prone vegetation.

Butia odorata (butiazeiro) é uma palmeira que ocorre em regiões subtropicais da América do Sul, onde constitui formações savânicas em áreas associadas com o manejo pecuário. Após a dispersão, suas sementes apresentam dormência, que pode ser superada por tratamentos de calor úmido. Esta tese visou avaliar como esta dormência responde a variáveis térmicas e de umidade do ambiente e de que forma ela influencia o sucesso de recrutamento de suas plântulas. Para isto foram feitos três estudos: no primeiro, os efeitos de diferentes tratamentos de temperatura, secagem e armazenamento dos diásporos sobre o sucesso germinativo da espécie foram avaliados em laboratório; no segundo, foram investigados os efeitos sazonais e de micro-hábitat (área aberta e mancha florestal) sobre a emergência de plântulas a partir de diásporos semeados no campo, relacionando as respostas às variáveis ambientais, à dormência e à viabilidade das sementes; no terceiro, foram igualmente avaliados os efeitos sazonal e de micro-hábitat, porém sobre o sobre o recrutamento de plântulas, através da semeadura em duas épocas distintas do ano (antes e após o verão), de diásporos previamente tratados para superação da dormência. Os resultados destes estudos mostraram que períodos de préaquecimento úmido (40ºC) após secagem dos diásporos atuam no alívio da dormência das sementes de B. odorata. Estes fatores também foram relacionados com a liberação da dormência das sementes em condições de campo, agindo de forma cíclica sobre este processo ao longo do ano. Esta estratégia concentrou a emergência de plântulas após o verão, quando as condições térmicas e hídricas foram mais favoráveis. Esta resposta foi potencializada pela presença de manchas florestais, que prolongaram a viabilidade das sementes e aumentaram o recrutamento de plântulas. / Butia odorata (pindo palm) is a palm tree that occurs in the subtropical regions of South America, where it composes a savanna-like vegetation in areas associated with livestock. After dispersal, seeds exhibit dormancy, which can be overcome by moist heat treatments. This thesis aimed to evaluate how such dormancy responds to thermal and moisture variables of the environment and how it influences the success of seedlings recruitment. To accomplish this, three studies were conducted: in the first, the effects of different temperature, drying and storage treatments imposed to the diaspores on the germination success of the species were evaluated in the laboratory; in the second, we investigated the effects the seasonal and microhabitat (open area vs. forest patch) on seedling emergence from diaspores sown in the field, and related the responses to environmental variables, dormancy and seed viability; in the third, the seasonal and microhabitat effects were also evaluated, but now on seedling recruitment, by doing the sowing at two different times of the year (before and after the summer) of seeds which had been previously treated for overcoming dormancy. The results of these studies showed that periods of wet preheating (40 °C) after seed drying act on relieving seed dormancy of B. odorata. These factors were also related to the release of seed dormancy under field conditions, acting in a cyclical way along the year. This strategy concentrated seedling emergence after the summer, when temperature and water conditions were more favorable. This response was enhanced by the presence of forest patches, which extended seed viability and increased seedling recruitment.

SILVA, Tatiana Maria da. Biometria de sementes, morfologia de plântulas e crescimento inicial de cinco espécies frutíferas que ocorrem no Nordeste brasileiro. 2014. 102 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia / Fitotecnia, Fortaleza-CE, 2014 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-19T12:05:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_tmsilva.pdf: 2397961 bytes, checksum: f18fdab2cce9fe3c580e3103454269f3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-19T12:06:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_tmsilva.pdf: 2397961 bytes, checksum: f18fdab2cce9fe3c580e3103454269f3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T12:06:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_tmsilva.pdf: 2397961 bytes, checksum: f18fdab2cce9fe3c580e3103454269f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Brazilian native fruits are among the most tasty and nutritious in the world, being known only by the local population. The knowledge of the morphology of seeds and seedlings is useful in understanding the development of native species, being fundamental in the study of germination in species identification in the juvenile stage, the interpretation of tests of germination and differentiation of congeners. The study of the initial growth of plants is important for establishing standards of seedlings produced in nurseries. The objective of this work was to obtain information on biometrics seed, seedling morphology and early growth of American ximenia L, Genipa americana L., Ziziphus joazeiro Mart., Talisia esculenta Raldk and Crataeva tapia L. The experiments were conducted at the Center for Teaching and Research in Urban Agriculture (NEPAU), Department of Plant Science in CCA / UFC, Fortaleza-CE. Biometrics seeds was performed on a sample of 100 diaspores of each species. To study the morphology of seedlings made up planting 100 seeds in tubes of 288cm ³ s filled with vermiculite and humus in the volume ratio 2:1, except Juazeiro whose endocarps previously scarified, were sown in beds tire containing 2 offish 1 humus (v/v). We carried out daily photographic records of germination and seedling establishment process. The initial growth analysis was performed in two environments (full sun and greenhouse) during seven periods in a split plot design with six replications, in a randomized design, except for jujube plum mad and whose evaluations were performed only at home vegetation. The length values observed in ‘ameixa-brava’, ‘genipapo’, ‘juazeiro’, ‘pitomba’ and ‘trapiá’ were 14.98; 9.64; 8.74; 18.25 and 7.72 mm respectively. ‘Ameixa-brava’ and ‘pitomba’ presented hypogeal cryptocotyledonary germination, while the genipap ‘juazeiro’ and ‘trapiá’ and were characterized as phanerocotylar epigeal. Trapiá plants kept in the greenhouse showed better development. Seedlings ‘genipapo’ and ‘pitomba’ full sunlight exhibited greater development. The pattern of seedling plum mad at 109 days: 12.13 cm, 19.02 cm root length, 3.52 mm diameters and 7.1 leaves. The ‘juazeiro’ seedlings with 138 days exhibited the following pattern: height - 41.33 cm; root length - 37.84; stem diameter - 4.13 mm and number of leaves - 43.05. / As frutas nativas brasileiras estão entre as mais saborosas e nutritivas do mundo, sendo conhecidas apenas pela população local. O conhecimento da morfologia de sementes e plântulas é útil na compreensão do desenvolvimento das espécies nativas, sendo fundamentais no estudo da germinação, na identificação de espécies na fase juvenil, na interpretação dos testes de germinação e diferenciação de espécies congêneres. O estudo do crescimento inicial das plantas é importante para o estabelecimento de padrões de qualidade de mudas produzidas nos viveiros. Objetivou-se neste trabalho obter informações sobre biometria de sementes, morfologia de plântulas e crescimento inicial de ameixa-brava (Ximenia americana L.), jenipapo (Genipa americana L.), juazeiro (Ziziphus joazeiro Mart.), pitomba (Talisia esculenta Raldk) e trapiá (Crateva trapia L.). Os experimentos foram desenvolvidos no Núcleo de Ensino e Pesquisa em Agricultura Urbana (NEPAU), do Departamento em Fitotecnia CCA/UFC, em Fortaleza-CE. A biometria das sementes foi realizada em uma amostra de 100 diásporos de cada espécie. Para o estudo dos aspectos morfológicos das plântulas efetuou-se o plantio de 100 sementes em tubetes de 288cm³ preenchidos com s vermiculita e húmus na proporção volumétrica 2:1, exceto para juazeiro cujos endocarpos, previamente escarificados, foram semeados em canteiros de pneu contendo 2 arisco : 1 húmus (v/v). Efetuaram-se registros fotográficos diários do processo de germinação e estabelecimento da plântula. A análise de crescimento inicial foi realizada em dois ambientes (sol pleno e casa de vegetação) durante sete períodos num esquema de parcelas subdivididas com seis repetições, seguindo um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, exceto para ameixa-brava e juazeiro cujas avaliações foram realizadas apenas em casa de vegetação. Os valores do comprimento observados em ameixa-brava, jenipapo, juazeiro, pitomba e trapiá foram 14,98; 9,64; 8,74; 18,25 e 7,72mm respectivamente. Ameixa-brava e pitomba apresentaram germinação hipógea criptocotiledonar, enquanto o jenipapo, juazeiro e trapiá caracterizaram-se como epígea fanerocotiledonar. As plantas de trapiá mantidas em casa de vegetação apresentaram melhor desenvolvimento. As mudas de jenipapo e pitomba desenvolveram-se mais sob sol pleno. As mudas de ameixa-brava com 109 dias de idade apresentaram 12,13cm de altura, 19,02cm de comprimento de raiz, 3,52mm de diâmetro do colo e 7,1 folhas. As mudas de juazeiro com 138 dias exibiram o seguinte padrão: altura – 41,33cm; comprimento da raiz – 37,84; diâmetro do colo – 4,13mm e numero de folhas – 43,05.

Submitted by JAILA FERREIRA MELO null (jailaferreiramelo@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-01-11T23:05:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação corrigida 2.pdf: 744284 bytes, checksum: 8607fad88a80aa948935c605abd7eb0a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-01-12T11:23:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 melo_jf_jabo_int.pdf: 744284 bytes, checksum: 8607fad88a80aa948935c605abd7eb0a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-12T11:23:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 melo_jf_jabo_int.pdf: 744284 bytes, checksum: 8607fad88a80aa948935c605abd7eb0a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-18 / A cultura da laranja no Brasil é afetada por várias doenças, como a gomose, causada por Phytophtora nicotianae Breda de Haan (synonymous whit P. parasítica Dast.), cujo controle é comumente realizado com aplicações de fungicidas e medidas de exclusão. Porém, devido aos custos financeiros e problemas ambientais ocasionados pelo uso intenso destas aplicações, faz-se necessário a busca por métodos alternativos de controle. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar 50 isolados de Trichoderma spp. como antagonista de P. nicotianae, sendo que os isolados foram avaliados, através da produção de compostos antimicrobianos por meio destes microrganismos, além da realização de um bioensaio com plântulas de alfafa. No cultivo pareado observou-se que todos os isolados inibiram o crescimento micelial do fitopatógeno. Na produção de compostos antimicrobianos, 41 isolados produziram compostos voláteis utilizando dextrose como fonte de carbono. No entanto, em estudos posteriores, foi verificado que a utilização de sacarose ou maltose como fontes de carbono, aumentou a produção destes compostos. Sete isolados de Trichoderma produziram compostos termoestáveis e 14 produziram compostos antimicrobianos livres de células do antagônico. No bioensaio com plântulas de alfafa foi observado que quatro isolados de Trichoderma inibiram a formação de esporângios e de micélios do fitopatógeno. Diante dos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que as avaliações in vitro com relação à produção de compostos antimicrobianos pelos isolados de Trichoderma e o bioensaio com plântulas de alfafa mostraram capacidade para selecionar isolados com potencial para o controle de P. nicotianae. Os isolados TB12, TB14, TB28 e TB 30 foram os que proporcionaram maior controle da doença. / Orange crops in the Brazil are affected by various diseases such as gummosis caused by Phytophtora nicotianae Breda de Haan (synonymous whit P. parasítica Dast.), which is controlled by chemical fungicides. However, the high costs and environmental problems caused by the intensive use of these fungicides have led to the search for alternative methods of control. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antagonistic activity of 50 Trichoderma spp. isolates against P. nicotianae by the production of antimicrobial compounds and an alfalfa seedling bioassay. The paired culture showed that all isolates tested inhibited the mycelial growth of the pathogen. In the production of antimicrobial compounds, 41 isolates produced volatile compounds using dextrose as carbon source; however, further assays showed that the use of sucrose or maltose as carbon source increases the production of these compounds. Seven isolates of Trichoderma spp. produced thermostable compounds and 14 isolates produced cell-free culture antimicrobial compounds of the antagonist. In the alfalfa seedling bioassay, four isolates of Trichoderma spp. inhibited the formation of sporangia and mycelia growth. The evaluation in vitro concerning to the antimicrobial compound production by the Trichoderma spp. isolates and the alfalfa seedling bioassay both were able to select biocontrol agents to control of P. nicotianae. The Trichoderma spp. isolates, TB12, TB14, TB28, and TB30 presented the best disease control.