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Sister chromatid cohesion is essential for accurate chromosome segregation. Cohesion is generated by cohesin, a conserved multi-subunit protein complex composed of four core subunits: Smc1, Smc3, Scc1, and Scc3. Cohesin holds sister chromatids together in mitotic cells starting from S-phase, when DNA replicates, until their separation at the onset of anaphase where its Scc1 subunit is cleaved. In budding yeast, most Scc1 is destroyed by cleavage at anaphase and is only re-synthesised in late G1, whereupon it associates with the unreplicated chromatin. Although sister chromatid cohesion is known to be mediated by a topological interaction of cohesin complexes around sister DNAs, the nature of cohesin`s interaction with chromatin before DNA replication remains to be elucidated. My project aims to develop a new system in order to find out whether ‘non-cohesive’ cohesin interacts with chromatin topologically. This is important for two main reasons. Firstly, understanding the physical nature of cohesin’s interaction with chromatin before DNA replication is essential for determining how cohesion is established during DNA replication. Another reason is that most cohesin in multicellular organisms is associated with the unreplicated chromatin of post mitotic cells where it regulates transcription. How cohesin mediates gene expression is unknown. Understanding how cohesin binds unreplicated chromatin may therefore bring insights into the mechanisms by which cohesin complex performs its non-canonical functions. In order to address this, we needed a situation where cohesin is already loaded onto chromosomes, but either DNA replication or cohesion establishment is prevented. Therefore, we used a temperature sensitive allele of Eco1 (required for establishment of cohesion). Quantitative measurement of cohesin levels on chromosomes in either wild type allele or temperature sensitive allele of Eco1 showed that the amount of cohesin associated with centromeric and inner pericentromeric regions in both strains are almost indistinguishable from each other throughout the whole cell cycle. Despite normal levels of cohesin, we confirmed by minichromosomal assay that no sister chromatid cohesion is established in the absence of functional Eco1 protein. If “non-cohesive” cohesin interacts with the chromatin in a topological manner when there is no sister chromatid cohesion, then its association with chromatin should be resistant to denaturing conditions in the presence of a modified version of the cohesin complex that can be covalently circularized. To test this prediction, a cross-linkable cohesin molecule was needed, which should be resistant to SDS denaturation and should not have major cohesion defects due to the modifications making it to be cross-linkable. The previously created cross-linkable cohesin molecule had cohesion defects due to the presence of Smc3-Scc1 fusion protein. In addition, this fusion alone could bypass the requirement for Eco1, and therefore we could not test how “non-cohesive” cohesin interacts with chromatin, using this version of cross-linkable cohesin complex. We tried two different methods to conditionally close Smc3/Scc1 interface in a way resistant to protein-denaturants and create a new cross-linkable cohesin complex. In our first attempt, the C-terminus of Smc3 and the N-terminus of Scc1 were fused to FRB and FKBP12 respectively, proteins that can form a complex upon addition of rapamycin. Crystal structure of the ternary complex of FKP12/rapamycin/FRB enabled us to design cysteine pairs for the crosslinking of FRB and FKBP12 only in the presence of rapamycin. A more efficient in vivo crosslinking was achieved between the Smc3 and Scc1 in our second attempt. Amino acids within the coiled coil region of Smc3 were replaced by the unnatural photo-cross-linkable amino acid ρ-benzoyl-phenylalanine that can be induced to form covalent bonds with neighbouring proteins (T.Gligoris, unpublished data). Photo and chemically cross-linkable interfaces of cohesin were then integrated with each other to generate a new version of cross-linkable cohesin molecule.

The aim of this essay is to examine how educated immigrants from former Yugoslavia are experiencing the Swedish labor market and if they feel that there are factors that complicate their ability to establish themselves in the Swedish labor market. We have also examined whether and if so, how their status has changed in connotation with the move to Sweden. The method we have used is a qualitative interview study where we asked questions from a semi-structured interview guide. We chose to make use of both previous research and a number of analytical tools for using these to interpret inequality and discrimination that exist in the Swedish labor against educated immigrants. The results presented four factors that our respondents perceive contribute to difficulty in establishing themselves in the Swedish labor market, these are: contacts, name, validation and trainee post. The results presented are also respondents' disappointment about the hospitality of the Swedish labor market and their status in the new society. Some respondents believe that their status has changed since those in the current locations are not considered to be intelligent and highly educated individuals. / Uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka hur invandrade akademiker från forna Jugoslavien upplever den svenska arbetsmarknaden, och om de upplever att det finns faktorer som försvårar deras möjligheter att etablera sig på den svenska arbetsmarknaden. Vi vill dessutom undersöka om och i så fall hur deras status har förändrats i samband med flytten till Sverige. Den metod vi har använt oss av är en kvalitativ intervjustudie där vi ställt frågor utifrån en halvstrukturerad intervjumanual. Vi valde att använda oss av både tidigare forskning och ett antal teoretiska analysverktyg för att med hjälp av dessa tolka ojämlikheten och diskrimineringen som förekommer på den svenska arbetsmarknaden gentemot invandrade akademiker. I resultatet presenteras fyra faktorer som våra respondenter upplever bidra till svårigheter att etablera sig på den svenska arbetsmarknaden. Dessa är sociala kontakter, namnet, validering av utbildningen och praktikplatsen. I resultatet framförs även respondenternas besvikelse kring bemötandet på den svenska arbetsmarknaden och statusen i det nya samhället. En del respondenter menar att deras status har förändrats då de på sina nuvarande arbetsplatser inte betraktas som intelligenta och högutbildade individer.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:32:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:10:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 01637.pdf: 1544830 bytes, checksum: 8d2bf4e68e3daa42f93bca52834576f7 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:32:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:10:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 01637.pdf: 1544830 bytes, checksum: 8d2bf4e68e3daa42f93bca52834576f7 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Segregation är ett rumsligt begrepp. Utifrån detta handlar denna uppsats om hur segregationen i Södertälje kan appliceras på Geneta. Geneta har av Polismyndigheten fått benämningen som ”ett särskilt utsatt område”. Den tidigare forskningen som gjorts kring segregation är främst baserad på kvantitativa metoder. Jag ämnar i denna uppsats därav, med kvalitativa metoder angripa mitt ämne. Jag har valt en kvalitativt intervjubaserad empiriinsamling med fokus på att undersöka hur boende själva upplever sitt grannskap. Det har visats att samtliga boende inte instämmer med medias syn av området och tycker att polisens klassificering är felaktig. Detta är ett resultat som endast kunnat nås via just, kvalitativa metoder.  Intervjuerna identifierar tre huvudteman dessa var; En jämförelse med att bo i två socioekonomiskt segregerade bostadsområden. Det finns barriärer i form av preferenser att tala ett visst språk och rasism som kan upplevas som hinder i vardagen utanför Södertälje och att det fanns en variation kring inom Geneta då de olika bostadsformerna i området kan beaktas positivt eller negativt beroende på dess socioekonomiska status.

The purpose of this thesis is to broaden the tools and knowledge available for understanding the behavior of metals under irradiation to aid in the pursuit of advanced materials for deployment in Generation IV (Gen-IV) nuclear reactor designs. A mean-field study is conducted on a body-centered cubic (BCC) A-B binary metal alloy system. The performance of the simulated metal system is measured by assessing the degree of segregation that occurs at the grain boundary (GB) in the center of the one-dimensional simulation box. This mean-field method was developed using rate theory equations to observe the diffusion of defects and solute atoms in the binary BCC alloy modeled after a section of planes in the <100> direction of α-iron. The method in this thesis is adapted from a previous radiation-induced segregation (RIS) study that was similarly validated against thermal segregation isotherms. This adapted simulation code was used to study RIS by varying the initial values and conditions across ranges relevant to Generation IV reactor designs. The simulations run with this code were centered around segregation energy and the diffusion coefficient relationships between defects and solute atoms. The most influential conditions applied to both the segregation energy and diffusion coefficient relationship test suites were the temperature and dose rate. The interplay of the various segregation energies, manipulated diffusion coefficients, temperatures, and dose rates is explored in this thesis. The code used in this thesis is presented as a modular framework for further parameter study with a clear direction for more complex alloys. / Master of Science / The growing electricity demand for more efficient, safe, reliable, and sustainable means of power generation requires research and subsequent implementation of advanced Generation IV (Gen-IV) nuclear reactor designs. These proposed designs operate under significantly more strenuous conditions from the perspective of materials used in constructing the reactor. Materials inside the reactor will experience temperatures, pressures, and radiation doses greatly exceeding those of previous generations: Gen II through III+. Metals are employed in almost every component inside a reactor and are particularly susceptible to the demanding conditions due to their tendency to lose their ductility under these stressors. This thesis presents a diffusion-based code that models a binary metal alloy under conditions similar to those expected in Gen-IV reactors. The results of the code give insight into the prevalence of a phenomenon known as radiation induced segregation (RIS) in metals under these Gen-IV relevant conditions. The values input into the code have significant effects on the resulting RIS behavior of the metal alloy. This thesis presents correlations between the initial parameters and the amount of segregation this alloy experiences. The results of this thesis allow a sort of mapping of material parameters and operating conditions so that materials can be designed for optimal performance over the lifespan of the next generation of nuclear reactors. The code in this thesis was developed with the expectation that its modularity would be expanded upon to apply to more complex alloys under a broader range of initial conditions.

this thesis investigates, whether or not, and to what degree architecture effects the urban and social segregation of suburbs which are built primarily to house industrial labor in times of economic growth. the city of clichy-sous-bois, which became well known because of its riots in 2005 was the particular focus of this study. the work informs the reader about the historical background of clichy and its dedicated french metropolis paris. it gives background information about the riots of 2005 and today's situation of the banlieue. then, the thesis follows some general examples about the "haussmannisation" of paris and gives a short insight in the statistical coherences of crime and urbanism. after that, it takes a quick look at special housing examples in east-germany and vienna. it concludes with a summary and comparison of researched information and a possible proposal to improve the conditions in clichy-sous-bois. / Master of Architecture

Den här uppsatsen ämnar undersöka för vem Örebro kommun och ÖrebroBostäder AB (ÖBO) planerar för, samt hur Örebro kommuns stadsutveckling kan förstås i relation till segregering, stadsattraktivitet och invånarnas känsla för platsidentitet. För att uppfylla syftet genomfördes kortare intervjuer med ett mindre urval medborgare, en enkätundersökning och intervjuer med utvalda från Örebro kommun, ÖBO och Örebro universitet. Utifrån studiens analys krävs det att Örebro kommun arbetar för att förbättra den socioekonomiska blandningen inom stadsdelarna för att staden ska bli en blandad och inkluderande stad. Genom den empiriska forskningen visade analysen att flera områden inom Örebro kommun behöver blandas upp med bostäder i olika upplåtelseformer för att invånare inom staden ska kunna mötas i en trivsam miljö. I studien framgår det att Örebro kommun vill arbeta med flyttkedjor för att minska trångboddheten inom staden, dock menar forskaren Lena Magnusson-Turner att flyttkedjan inte är en rimlig lösning på bostadssegregationen. Studiens resultat visar att Örebro kommun arbetar med en långsiktig vision att bli Sveriges mest attraktiva medelstora stad. Dock bör kommunen vara medveten om att realiserandet av visionen påverkar staden även idag, vilket kan leda till en ytterligare oblandad socioekonomisk fördelning inom staden. Därför bör Örebro kommun vara uppmärksam i sin snabba planprocess för att inte begå misstag gällande placering av ny bebyggelse och höga bostadskostnader som kan leda till en ytterligare uppdelning av östra och västra delarna av Örebro.

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