L’événement est un sujet rarement pris comme objet de recherche. Banalisé, il semble aller de soi. Cette absence de définition témoigne à la fois d’un manque de compréhension et de la difficulté de se saisir de ce « fait social ». Dans le domaine sportif, il est cependant un objet de convoitise pour son potentiel décrété de différenciation et d’avantages pressentis. Si les techniques de partenariat telles que le sponsoring, le mécénat et de relations publiques sont au niveau de leurs organisations plutôt bien connues, elles sont curieusement loin d’avoir révélé toutes leurs richesses du point de vue « communicationnel ».L’objectif de ce travail de recherche est donc d’identifier les mécanismes de la communication durant différentes formes d'événements sportifs. Entre manifestations internationales, d’entreprise ou séminaires sportifs (‘team building’, ‘incentive’, gratification, etc.), l’événement est au cœur d’un système relationnel complexe. Comme le souligne Edgar Morin pour comprendre cette complexité, il est nécessaire de changer de paradigme afin d’en saisir le sens. La relation alors invisible, demande un positionnement de recherche phénoménologique, compréhensif et constructiviste (Le Moigne).Ce « fait humain » est ainsi conçu comme un processus de contextualisation d’éléments situationnels. L’acteur social réinvente donc une nouvelle définition de la situation à laquelle il prend part en mettant en relation différents « artefacts ». Aussi, un courant de pensée en sciences de l’information et de la communication, prolongeant les travaux de l’Ecole de Palo Alto (Watzlawick & coll.), s'appuie sur de nouvelles méthodes d’analyse systémique qualitative et sémiotique situationnelle des communications pour comprendre la genèse du sens partagé par un ensemble d’acteurs en présence (Mucchielli).Les résultats obtenus par cette recherche originale proposent, en complémentarité des travaux effectués par ailleurs (Ferrand, Tribou, etc.), de revisiter un certain nombre de concepts comme la persuasion, l’influence, la modification, etc. du point de vue de l’acteur par la notion de communication territorialisée. Pour les sciences du management comme pour les sciences et techniques des activités physiques et sportives, ces nouvelles pistes de recherche s’inscrivent dans une « praxéologie » de la communication pour une meilleure compréhension de l’action et de son contexte (Quéré). / Event is a subject rarely considered as object of research topic. Trivialized, it seems obvious. This lack of definition shows both a lack of understanding and a difficulty in tacking "social action". In sport, however, it is an object of lust decreed for its potential benefits of differentiation and considered advantages. If techniques such as sponsoring, sponsorship and public relations are pretty well known within their organizations, curiously, they have far from having revealed all their wealth in terms "communicational".The objective of this research is to identify the mechanisms of different forms of communication during sporting events. In international events, business seminars or sports (team building, incentive, gratuity, etc.), the event is at the heart of a complex relational system. As Edgar Morin points out to understand this complexity, it is necessary to change the paradigm in order to understand the meaning. The then invisible relationship requires positioning of phenomenological research, understanding and constructivism (Le Moigne).This "human fact" reads as a process of contextualisation of situational factors. Therefore, the social subject reinvents a new definition of the situation he is involved in linking various "artifacts". Also, a stream of thought in information and communication science, extending the work of the Palo Alto School (Watzlawick & coll.), is based on new methods of systems analysis and qualitative semiotic situational communications to understand the genesis of meaning shared by a group of subjects involved (Mucchielli).The results of this original research offering, in complementing the work done elsewhere (Ferrand, Tribou, etc.), to revisit a number of concepts such as persuasion, influence, change, etc. from the perspective of the subject by the notion of communication territorialized. For management as science and STAPS, these new avenues of research are part of a "praxeology" of communication for a better understanding of the action and its context (Quéré).

<p>The phenomenology of Gaston Bachelard holds that readers, or viewers, relate to spatial imagery through the use of age-old archetypes. These archetypes form a collective image-memory that is employed when reading space. One such image is the house. The house for Bachelard is, however, never solely an image, but constitutes a familiar space that becomes inscribed in our bodies through the repeated physical contact with this domestic space. The house teaches us to interact with space, and comes to inform the way that human beings understand images of space. Spatial imagery can be conceptualized both as embodied, lived experience and as semiotic sign. The aim is to investigate the idea of a collective image-base, and in what way the universality of these images relates to the individual conditions of each meeting with images of space. The object of study here is also to survey the ways that images of space transgress the borders between bodily experience and abstract sign, between the individually specific and the universal, as well as between actual space and represented space.</p>

<p><p>This survey's main purpose is to highlight how the two Swedish newspapers Aftonbladet and Dagens Nyheter writes and describes four different school shootings. We wanted to find out if there is a general pattern of how school shootings are reported by the media. Two of the shootings occured in USA, Columbine and Virginia Tech, and two in Finland, Kauhajoki and Jokela. The analysis aims at three areas: the whole event, the perpetrator and the victim.</p><p> </p><p>We have used a qualitative content analysis with a semiotic model to examine the articles in the survey. The theories in the study is based upon views on social constructionism, media logic, stereotypization, representation, morale panic/media panic and media events. With the foundation of our chosen theories we have seen a certain amount of articles that is slightly perfunctory and you can tell a template have been layed upon many articles.</p><p> </p><p>One of our conclusions from our survey is that Aftonbladet is a more frequent user of indecent and powerful metaphores and metonymies than Dagens Nyheter. For example is the term bloodbath used a couple of times by Aftonbladet but not by Dagens Nyheter. We have also found out that the perpetrator is generally described as a stereotype when his bad qualities are strenghten and his good qualities are ironed out.</p></p>

<p>Purpose/Aim: The aim with my study is to reveal changes in the construction of gender in weekly press over time. To do so I study the picture of the woman on front pages of the Swedish magazine Veckorevyn.</p><p>Material/Method: Qualitative research method, semiotic picture analysis.</p><p>Main results: There have been a lot of changes in the picture of the woman in Veckorevyn over the years and the results points to a more objectifying picture. The woman has gone from doing something and actually having a role, to simply being there to be looked at, all passive.</p>

Purpose/Aim: The aim with my study is to reveal changes in the construction of gender in weekly press over time. To do so I study the picture of the woman on front pages of the Swedish magazine Veckorevyn. Material/Method: Qualitative research method, semiotic picture analysis. Main results: There have been a lot of changes in the picture of the woman in Veckorevyn over the years and the results points to a more objectifying picture. The woman has gone from doing something and actually having a role, to simply being there to be looked at, all passive.

The phenomenology of Gaston Bachelard holds that readers, or viewers, relate to spatial imagery through the use of age-old archetypes. These archetypes form a collective image-memory that is employed when reading space. One such image is the house. The house for Bachelard is, however, never solely an image, but constitutes a familiar space that becomes inscribed in our bodies through the repeated physical contact with this domestic space. The house teaches us to interact with space, and comes to inform the way that human beings understand images of space. Spatial imagery can be conceptualized both as embodied, lived experience and as semiotic sign. The aim is to investigate the idea of a collective image-base, and in what way the universality of these images relates to the individual conditions of each meeting with images of space. The object of study here is also to survey the ways that images of space transgress the borders between bodily experience and abstract sign, between the individually specific and the universal, as well as between actual space and represented space.

Syftet med detta arbete är utifrån litteraturuppgifter samt analys beskriva Salvador Dalis och René Magrittes konstnärliga arbetsmetod, och utifrån detta göra en egen visuell gestaltning. Metoden jag har använt mig utav är litteratur, bildandalys och konstnärliga gestaltningar.Salvador Dalis metod i Minnets beständighet bygger på gränslöshet och fantasi, med tydliga semiotiska inslag. Du som betraktare avgör vad som ses, vill du se målningarna enkelt och bara uppleva det som är målat, eller vill betraktaren sjunka in i en värld av nyskapande, suddiga gränser och bortom alla regler. René Magrittes metod bygger i Människosonen på naturliga och trovärdiga drag, hans målning framstå som verklig fast med en touch av fantasi, med sparsamma drag av semiotik. / The purpose of this work is based on literature data and analysis describing the Salvador Dali and René Magritte's artistic working method, and accordingly make its own visual interpretation. The method I used is out literature, bildandalys and artistic depictions.Salvador Dali's method of memory resistance based on the boundlessness and fantasy, with distinct semiotic elements. You as a viewer decides what is seen, you want to see the paintings simple and just experience what is painted, or want the viewer to sink into a world of innovative, blurred boundaries and beyond all rules. René Magritte's method is based in the Son of man on natural and credible move, his painting appear to be real solid with a touch of fantasy, with sparse features of semiotics.

Modern societies are generally becoming increasingly capitalist in nature and economies of these societies are thus likely to become more focused on consumer consumption. Advertising plays a vital role in contemporary society where we, as consumers and citizens, are surrounded by it everywhere we look and everywhere we go. This puts pressure on advertisers to become more creative and to explore new ways of marketing their products and services in an already saturated environment. We believe that the added pressure and the already established role of marketing in society make advertisements an interesting and telling object for analysis. This is particularly the case with regards to the concept of selling and marketing products that have qualities that are known to be less than beneficial for our health. This paper analyzes four commercial advertisements marketing beer; a product that we argue has qualities that can be seen as potentially bad for the health of individuals and for societies. The brands advertising the products, which are subject to our analysis, are Pripps Blå and Norrlands Guld. The aim was to use rhetorical and semiotic analyses to find which strategies had been employed in the advertisements to sell the above-mentioned brands, thus allowing us to study rhetorical techniques drawing on cultural conventions. Our analysis showed that each of the four advertisements in our study contained rhetorical arguments; of which a recurring argument in all of the advertisements was pathos. This was strengthened by the semiotic analysis which showed that the majority of connotations found were of an emotional character. Our conclusion is therefore that Pripps Blå and Norrlands Gulds strategy for selling their beer is to appeal to our senses and emotions rather than our logic and rationality. This strategy we believe to be founded in the cultural conventions and ideological beliefs currently existing in Swedish society.

“Resisting the Vortex” examines the tenuous role of the abject in Melville’s early writings. While much psychoanalytic criticism on Melville and his works is driven by Freudian and Lacanian analyses, my study explores the role(s) of women, particularly that of the mother, through the lens of Kristeva’s theory of abjection. I suggest that Melville’s depiction of the abject evolves and becomes more apparent as his writing career progresses. I include Typee, Mardi, Moby-Dick and Pierre in my analysis since these texts demonstrate the evolution of Melville’s relationship to the abject mother. I argue that throughout each of these works, the female (and some of the male native characters as well) are depicted in terms that are similar to Kristeva’s concept of the idealized chora and the abject mother. While the male protagonists of Melville’s early works are drawn to women who seem to embody the chora (the energies and drives that are regulated by the mother’s body), they recoil from women who are abject and seem to threaten their sense of identity. Although man must reject/abject the mother in order to maintain a sense of autonomous identity, he still longs to recreate the symbiotic relationship he once had with the mother as an infant. He seeks the language of the mother’s body – that of the semiotic, which issues from the chora, – in an effort to return to the safe haven of the womb. This tension between maintaining a sense of identity that is separate from the mother while simultaneously longing to return to the mother, is evident in each of Melville’s aforementioned works to varying degrees. However, it is in Pierre, a work that chronicles a young man’s attempt to escape the suffocating influence of his mother, that the threat of the abject becomes the central theme of one of Melville’s novels. Ultimately, man should strive to balance his need for an autonomous identity with the realization that he may never fully “escape” the mother’s presence in his life. Unfortunately, Melville’s leading men fail to recognize this paradox and the consequences are dire.

A previous study on students approach to problems of Set Theory in Iran brought me somehypotheses. These encouraged me to test the hypotheses in this supplementary study. Mypurpose of this study was to consider some students' cognitive difficulties in Set Theory. Iinvestigated students’ conceptual understanding of two major concepts of Set Theory – theconcepts of inclusion and belonging. I also studied the ways students use Venn diagram tofigure out problems in Set Theory. I wanted to examine how students figure out the differentmeanings of words in the natural and formal language. To do so, I analyzed six experiments. Icompared three experiments with the experiments of my previous study in Iran. My researchquestions suggested using a qualitative research method. My theoretical framework built aroundtheories of semiotic activities, which were used in the analysis.The results indicated that students can make unfortunate use of Euler–Venn diagrams. A set ofsets was a difficult concept for students. Some words in natural language, even the word "set" inboth natural and formal language, caused confusion for students when introduced in Settheoretic contexts. Students failed sometimes to distinguish between sets and elements. Theexperiments showed that students’ cultural context had affect on students' cognition regardingmathematical objects.