Trabajo de Investigación Requisito para optar al Título de Cirujano Dentista / Autor no autoriza el acceso a texto completo de su documento / El presente trabajo corresponde a un estudio realizado con el fin de analizar la variabilidad morfológica del seno frontal a través de la radiología digital en un grupo de individuos chilenos de la región metropolitana de entre 15 a 20 años de edad. 69 El estudio fue realizado utilizando 52 radiografías digitales Caldwell en formato DICOM de pacientes de ambos sexos. Se evaluaron las características morfológicas del seno frontal por medio de once parámetros descritos por Yoshino et al posteriormente modificada por Cameriere et al y por Tang et al, y por medio de la superposición de los contornos del seno frontal. También se evaluó la existencia de diferencias morfológicas por género y edad en la muestra estudiada. Se concluyo que los individuos de entre 15 a 20 años de edad presentan características morfológicas diferentes estadísticamente significativas, no pudiéndose encontrar dos senos frontales que sean iguales. Además se determinó que las características morfológicas del seno frontal no presentan diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre hombres y mujeres ni tampoco entre los distintos grupos de edades de la muestra estudiada.

Presenta el caso clínico de una paciente con áreas edéntulas posteriores, neumatización del seno maxilar y atrofia de reborde. Realiza dos procedimientos de elevación del piso del seno maxilar mediante un abordaje de ventana lateral, en ambos lados, utiliza como material de injerto hueso liofilizado de origen bovino, coloca simultáneamente implantes dentales. Presenta una revisión de los aspectos relacionados a la técnica quirúrgica de elevación de piso de seno con ventana lateral y la colocación simultánea de implantes dentales. / Trabajo académico

The mineral content of grassland is one of the key factors that determine its quality. The aim of the study was to determine the optimal interval for the grazing and the optimal interval for the hay harvest in relation to the nutrient requirements for cattle and determine the dynamics of pasture forage yield and mineral content during the growing season. H0: Previous different grazing intensity has no effect on biomass yield and the mineral content in the following growing season. The experiment was performed on a long term grazing experiment in 2012 -- 2013, where during the growing season biomass samples were taken and subsequently analyzed for minerals (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na). The sampling was carried out in treatments that have been since 1998 at the beginning of June mowed and then intensively or extensively grazed. During the sampling period the access of grazed animals to sampling sites was forbidden. Intensive or extensive grazing in the previous grazing season significantly affected the content of minerals and biomass yields. Especially at the beginning of the growing season the contents of N, Ca and Mg were higher in forage, which was in previous years, intensively grazed. After that, the differences between these two treatments were not significant. Diverse grassland with a higher proportion of herbs contained higher levels of calcium and magnesium. Because of lower K concentrations and higher Ca and Mg concentrations in the fodder there was no problem with tetanus ratio (K/Ca + Mg) by exceeding the limit value of 2.2. The present work shows that the optimal term for hay in mesophilic upland grassland the end of May to mid-June. In this time historically the first cut was conducted. After this period there are revealed such changes in the content of minerals, which significantly deteriorate the forage quality. Therefore, if the first cut after mid-June is postponed then compensatory payments under environmental schemes should progressively compensate financially losses

Four methods of grassland restoration on arable land using species-rich seed material harvested directly in the source Bromion meadows (Vojšické louky, Bílé Karpaty protected landscape area (PLA), Czech Republic) were compared. Species composition of established grasslands was evaluated through the vegetation development. The restoration methods comprised of i) green hay application, ii) sowing of seed mixture obtained from brush harvester collecting once in the vegetation period, c) sowing of seed mixture obtained from brush harvester collecting three times during the vegetation period per site and d) spontaneous succession were compared. The experimental plots were established in the surroundings of Malá Vrbka (Bílé Karpaty PLA) in 2009. Species composition and vegetation cover were recorded in 16 m2 plots in spring and autumn of 2010 and 2011. Altogether 144 releves were statistically analysed using direct (CCA) and indirect (PCA) gradient analysis; cluster analysis (Statistica for Windows), and Simpson, Jaccard and Sorrensen similarity coefficients. Species composition was significantly affected by the plot establishment period which explained 49.6% of variability in the species data set. Species composition was also affected by used restoration method. However, the restoration method had no significant effect on the plant species richness.

The research dealt with the possibility of using hay for the production of large-area material. Boards with a density of 630 ± 30 kg/m3 and thickness of 12 mm were pressed from the hay. The boards were made of hay fractions and whole hay straws. Due to the presence of a water repellent waxy coating of the surface layers of the hay straws, the hay was soaked in NaOH solution to disrupt the coating and increase the surface wettability for the water-based adhesives. The soaking was carried out with different temperatures, time, and concentrations. Depending on the measurements of the contact angle of the water drop on the hay surface, a 5% NaOH solution was selected. The FR 15 and FR 60 boards were made from a hay fraction soaked at the temperature 20 ° C for 15 minutes and 60 minutes. A reference board FR REF was produced in the same way without chemical treatment. For comparing the boards' properties, several boards were produced: a DTD ST board was made of wood chips used for the central layers of boards made by the Kronospan company; a board NE REF, produced from the whole hay straws without any chemical treatment; a board NE 15, which was made out of hay undergone 15 minutes long treatment at 20 °C. UF resin (Kronores CB 1637), which is used for bonding of the core layers of particle boards, was used as the adhesive. The results have shown that the wettability of the straw surface can be improved by the chemical treatment by almost 50% compared to the hay without treatment. The contact angle values of the hay without the chemical treatment were 92,2 °. In hay soaked in NaOH solution, the contact angle decrease to 45 °. However, the hay treated this way wasn't suitable for board production due to its significant degradation. The hay used for boards FR 15 and FR 60 had values of 63 and 62, 9 ° accordingly, which were similar to those measured on the wood surface (64 °). Properties of the produced samples were tested according to ČSN EN standards. In bending tests, boards made from hay fractions with chemical treatment reached better results at MOR compared to the reference boards (the board FR 15 - 4,5 MPa, the board FR 60 - 5 MPa, and the board FR REF - 1,3 MPa). As for the modulus of elasticity MOE, the board FR 15 reached 1710 MPa, the board FR 60 - 1703 MPa, and the board FR REF - 651 MPa. After 24 hours, the following swelling values were indicated: FR REF - 23,2 %, FR 15 - 26,6 % a FR 60 - 17,1 %. After soaking in water for 48 hours, the FR REF fraction board had shown a swelling value of 60,5 %. The boards FR 15 and FR 60 from chemically modified hay have achieved better results of 42 and 47,2 % accordingly.

Objective: To determine the association between the presence of mucous retention cyst in the maxillary sinus , and adjacent dental conditions in patients from undergraduate dental clinic during the period 2011-2013 in Lima Materials and Methods: This is an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective study, one thousand, three hundred and seventy three panoramic radiographs of medical records we selected from undergraduate dental clinic, considering an age range and an established period. Results: According to the data analysis, it was observed that the prevalence of mucous retention cyst was 14%, frequently found in the maxillary sinus on the right side, in females and 18 to 29 age group. Mucous retention cyst was found in 46.3 % periodontal disease, 48.9 % pulp pathology and 18.7 % endodontically treated roots. Conclusions: There is a relationship among the presence of mucous retention cyst and the conditions of periodontal disease and pulpal pathology, but the presence of pre-treated teeth. / Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre la presencia del quiste de retención mucoso en el seno maxilar y las condiciones dentarias adyacentes en las radiografías panorámicas en una clínica docente de Lima durante el período 2011-2013. Materiales y métodos: Se trata de un estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal y retrospectivo en el cual se seleccionaron 1373 radiografías panorámicas de las historias clínicas de los pacientes de la clínica docente UPC que se encontraban en el rango de edad requerido y en el período establecido. Resultados: De total de radiografías evaluadas, se observó que la prevalencia del quiste de retención mucoso fue del 14%, siendo más frecuente en el seno maxilar del lado derecho, afecta con ligero predominio del género masculino, presentándose con mayor frecuencia en el grupo etáreo de 18 a 29 años. Se encontró que de las radiografías que presentaron quiste de retención mucoso, el 46.3% presentó enfermedad periodontal, el 48.9% presentó alguna patología pulpar asociada y el 18.7% presentaba tratamiento de conductos previo, presentándose en algunos casos más de una de las patologías asociadas. Conclusiones: Se encontró que existe una relación estadísticamente significativa entre la presencia del quiste de retención mucoso con las condiciones de enfermedad periodontal y patología pulpar, mas no con la presencia de piezas previamente tratadas.

[pt] Trata-se de uma proposta que visa orientar o professor de Matemática do Ensino Médio em relação às dificuldades encontradas no ensino-aprendizagem da Trigonometria. Mais especificamente, para facilitar, com demonstrações alternativas, o desenvolvimento das fórmulas de adição de arcos. Para o desenvolvimento desse trabalho, optou-se pela metodologia da pesquisa documental, na qual se buscou os subsídios para o desenvolvimento da proposta. / [en] It is a proposal which aims to guide Mathematics High School teachers to cope with the difficulties faced in the teaching-learning process of trigonometry. More specifically, it will facilitate the development of arc addition formulas by the use of alternative statements. In order to improve this work, it was chosen the documentary research methodology, where the subsidies for the development of this proposal were searched.

Se analizaron 47 muestras de roca procedentes de la vertiente norte de Cordillera Darwin desde una perspectiva petrográfica y de geoquímica mineral. Por medio de estos procedimientos se concluye acerca de los grados metamórficos alcanzados y en especial de las trayectorias de presión-temperatura que siguieron las rocas del Complejo Metamórfico Cordillera Darwin (CMCD) y de las rocas volcano-sedimentarias mesozoicas que le sobreyacen. Tanto las observaciones petrográficas como los resultados de microsonda electrónica, son consistentes en indicar un metamorfismo regional prógrado, que varía desde el bajo grado hasta el grado medio en facie anfibolita en distintas zonas del CMCD. Los minerales diagnósticos de estos metamorfismos corresponden a clorita, mica blanca y epidota para el primer grupo, mientras que granate, anfíbola, mica blanca y biotita son minerales comunes para el segundo grupo de más alto grado metamórfico. Cálculos de presión y temperatura fueron realizados utilizando la química de minerales formados durante el peak metamórfico, así como de algunos minerales retrógrados, por medio de geotermobarómetros desarrollados por distintos autores. Estos resultados indican que el peak metamórfico se debió alcanzar al menos condiciones de 550 a 580°C y 5 a 5,4Kbar, mientras que cristales de clorita retrograda indican nuevas condiciones de metamorfismo alrededor de 370°C. Si bien estas condiciones son calculadas para un reducido grupo de rocas, es posible extender dichos resultados a otras localidades en base a consideraciones petrográficas y de química mineral. Muestras procedentes de la cobertura volcano-sedimentaria, en especial de Formación Tobífera (Jurásico superior), presentan rasgos petrográficos indicativos de un metamorfismo deformativo de bajo grado con temperaturas máximas cercanas a unos 300°C, mientras que por medio de termometría de clorita se obtienen valores de 270°C en una muestra representativa. Presiones de cristalización en hornblenda en rocas plutónicas cercanas indican valores de 5Kbar, muy cercanos a los estimados para el CMCD. Estos valores junto a relaciones de contacto en terreno, sugieren un emplazamiento y cristalización coetánea al peak metamórfico del complejo. En base a estos datos y considerando una corteza granítica con gradientes de presión promedio, se estima un gradiente de temperatura de 32°C/Km para la corteza Jurásica en esta zona.

Describe la técnica de elevación o aumento del piso del seno maxilar o llamada también sinus lift a través del reborde alveolar, mediante la técnica de ventana lateral e injertos óseos con lo cual mejora el tejido óseo resultado de la compactación de estos biomateriales, para luego colocar tres implantes adecuados, que brinda una buena estabilidad y una mejor fijación primaria. / Trabajo académico

This thesis deals with the technology of the high pressure hydrolysis with nitric acid (HNO3) in biogass production from the hay. The theoretical part is focused on the basic information about the acid hydrolisis. Much attention is ingaged in the lignocellulosic materials and methods of their treatment.The hay was crushed, pelleted and subsequently subjected the acid hydrolysis in the high-pressure hydrolyzer (UV CZ 21314) at pressures (0,475 MPa, 0,934 MPa, 1,611 MPa). As the hydrolysis reagent was used highly concentrated (65%) nitric acid (HNO3). The pressure was achieved in the hydrolyzer by the steam in temparature of 190°C, the residence time of the phytomass in the machine was 500s. Based on the mapping process with wide CO2 production were selected the interesting areas, which were subsequently carried out detailed mapping process using batch simulations at CH4 production. After the mathematical interpolation of the maxima the values were used in the economic analysis, that fully respects the technological possibilities and legislative constraints.