This study represents an interpretation of Adam Smith's attitude toward a commercial society based upon natural liberty. In developing the thesis that the two works, The Theory of Moral Sentiments and Wealth of Nations, are logically consistent, it is necessary to establish the reason of reasons why Adam Smith embraced a commercial society based upon the "obvious and simple system of natural liberty." It will be established that he embraced such as system because it allowed the maximum accumulation of capital, which is the manifestation of being truly virtuous as developed in his Moral Sentiments. To go one step further, it will be seen that, so far as Smith is concerned, it is the rising bourgeoisie, the manufacturers and artificers, which is truly virtuous, i.e., accumulates capital.

Le propos de « l'amitié dans l'œuvre de Guy de Maupassant » consiste à découvrir, étudier et analyser les occurrences de cette thématique dans le corpus maupassantien afin d'autoriser une nouvelle lecture de cette œuvre parfois ancrée dans certaines visions restrictives et tranchées comme le pessimisme qui la caractérise trop souvent alors qu'elle offre de multiples visages et notamment de plus favorables et humains. À cette fin, il est important d'une part de mettre en avant le comportement dans l'amitié de l'écrivain ainsi que celui de son entourage à son égard et d'autre part d'aborder également cette notion relationnelle et émotionnelle dans les domaines philosophique et littéraire afin d'en déterminer efficacement les différents aspects, tout en observant les liens et les rapprochements avec ces conceptions et ces visions de l'amitié qui peuvent constamment apparaître dans les textes (romans, contes, nouvelles, chroniques, essais, poèmes, pièces dramatiques mais également la correspondance) de l'auteur. L'étude à proprement parler du corpus non seulement confirme la présence de ce thème inabordé jusque là, mais dévoile en outre un traitement singulier de l'amitié par Maupassant parmi les thématiques qui sont les siennes dans son œuvre. Ce traitement souligne une place exceptionnelle, rare et privilégiée accordée à l'amitié qui semble préservée et mise à part dans la conception maupassantienne des échanges humains. La présence de l'amitié et la manière de l'exploiter à travers les divers genres du corpus permet ainsi de porter un nouveau regard sur l'œuvre de l'homme de lettres, un regard nettement plus humain et sympathique. / The aim of « friendship in the work of Guy de Maupassant » consists in discovering, studying and analyzing the occurrences of this thematic in the writer's corpus in order to allow a renewed reading of this work which is sometimes too set in some restrictive and clear-cut visions such as the pessimism which characterizes it too often while it offers multiple faces, in particular more favorable and human ones. To that purpose, it is important on one hand to point up the behavior in friendship of the writer as well as that of its circle of acquaintances towards him and on the other hand to address also this relational and emotional notion on the philosophic and literary domains to determine effectively the various aspects, while observing the links and the connections with these concepts and visions of the friendship which can constantly appear in the different texts (novels, tales, short stories, chronicles, essays, poems, dramatic plays but also the correspondence) of the writer. The study strictly speaking of the corpus not only confirms the presence of this unapproached theme so far, but reveals furthermore a singular handling of friendship from Maupassant among the themes which are his ones in his work. This handling underlines an exceptional, rare and privileged place granted to friendship which seems protected and set apart in the Maupassant's idea of the human exchanges. The presence of friendship and the way of exploiting it through the various genres of the corpus allows then to take a new gaze at the work of Maupassant, a gaze clearly more human and filled of sympathies.

L'analyse de sentiments est un des nouveaux défis apparus en traitement automatique des langues avec l'avènement des réseaux sociaux sur le WEB. Profitant de la quantité d'information maintenant disponible, la recherche et l'industrie se sont mises en quête de moyens pour analyser automatiquement les opinions exprimées dans les textes. Pour nos travaux, nous nous plaçons dans un contexte multilingue et multi-domaine afin d'explorer la classification automatique et adaptative de polarité.Nous proposons dans un premier temps de répondre au manque de ressources lexicales par une méthode de construction automatique de lexiques affectifs multilingues à partir de microblogs. Pour valider notre approche, nous avons collecté plus de 2 millions de messages de Twitter, la plus grande plate-forme de microblogging et avons construit à partir de ces données des lexiques affectifs pour l'anglais, le français, l'espagnol et le chinois.Pour une meilleure analyse des textes, nous proposons aussi de remplacer le traditionnel modèle n-gramme par une représentation à base d'arbres de dépendances syntaxiques. Dans notre modèles, les n-grammes ne sont plus construits à partir des mots mais des triplets constitutifs des dépendances syntaxiques. Cette manière de procéder permet d'éviter la perte d'information que l'on obtient avec les approches classiques à base de sacs de mots qui supposent que les mots sont indépendants.Finalement, nous étudions l'impact que les traits spécifiques aux entités nommées ont sur la classification des opinions minoritaires et proposons une méthode de normalisation des décomptes d'observables, qui améliore la classification de ce type d'opinion en renforçant le poids des termes affectifs.Nos propositions ont fait l'objet d'évaluations quantitatives pour différents domaines d'applications (les films, les revues de produits commerciaux, les nouvelles et les blogs) et pour plusieurs langues (anglais, français, russe, espagnol et chinois), avec en particulier une participation officielle à plusieurs campagnes d'évaluation internationales (SemEval 2010, ROMIP 2011, I2B2 2011). / Sentiment analysis is a challenging task today for computational linguistics. Because of the rise of the social Web, both the research and the industry are interested in automatic processing of opinions in text. In this work, we assume a multilingual and multidomain environment and aim at automatic and adaptive polarity classification.We propose a method for automatic construction of multilingual affective lexicons from microblogging to cover the lack of lexical resources. To test our method, we have collected over 2 million messages from Twitter, the largest microblogging platform, and have constructed affective resources in English, French, Spanish, and Chinese.We propose a text representation model based on dependency parse trees to replace a traditional n-grams model. In our model, we use dependency triples to form n-gram like features. We believe this representation covers the loss of information when assuming independence of words in the bag-of-words approach.Finally, we investigate the impact of entity-specific features on classification of minor opinions and propose normalization schemes for improving polarity classification. The proposed normalization schemes gives more weight to terms expressing sentiments and lower the importance of noisy features.The effectiveness of our approach has been proved in experimental evaluations that we have performed across multiple domains (movies, product reviews, news, blog posts) and multiple languages (English, French, Russian, Spanish, Chinese) including official participation in several international evaluation campaigns (SemEval'10, ROMIP'11, I2B2'11).

It is increasingly recognized that banks might not be pricing adequately climate risks in the value of their loans contracts. This represents a barrier to scale up the green investments needed to align the economy to sustainability and to preserve financial stability. To overcome this barrier, climate-aligned policies, such as a revision of the microprudential banking framework (for example a Green Supporting Factor (GSF )), and the introduction of stable green fiscal policies (for example a Carbon Tax (CT )), have been advocated. However, understanding the conditions under which a GSF or a CT could represent an opportunity for scaling up green investments, while preventing trade-offs on risk for financial stability, is still insufficient. We contribute to fill this knowledge gap threefold. First, we analyse the risk transmission channels from climate-aligned policies, a GSF and a CT, to the credit market and the real economy via loans contracts. Second, we assess the reinforcing feedbacks leading to cascading macro-financial shocks. Third, we consider how banks could react to the policies, i.e., their climate sentiments. In this regard, we embed for the first- time banks climate sentiments, modelled as a non-linear adaptive forecasting function into a Stock-Flow Consistent model that represents agents and sectors of the real economy and the credit market as a network of interconnected balance sheets. Our results suggest that the GSF is not sufficient to effectively scale up green investments via a change in lending conditions to green firms. In contrast, the CT could shift the bank's loans and the green/brown firms' investments towards the green sector. Nevertheless, it could imply short-term negative transition effects on GDP growth and financial stability, according to how the policy is implemented. Finally, our results show that bank's anticipation of a climate-aligned policy, through stronger climate sentiments, could smooth the risk for financial stability and foster green investments. Thus, our results contribute to understand the conditions for the onset and the mitigation of climate-related financial risks and opportunities. / Series: Ecological Economic Papers

Esta tese faz uma genealogia da concepção de homem econômico emocional, tal como ele aparece no discurso do management americano a partir dos anos de 1990. Para tanto, fez-se uma história de longa duração com a finalidade de compreender como esse sujeito de interesse que estava associado à temática das paixões nos séculos XVII e XVIII pôde se vincular à temática das emoções, surgida apenas no século XIX, advinda da psicologia física e da biologia evolucionista. Para realizar essa história, a tese foi dividida em duas partes. Na primeira, foi abordada a emergência do homo oeconomicus clássico no âmbito da governamentalidade liberal britânica dos séculos XVII e XVIII e foram diferenciadas as três formas de problematização e governo da vida emocional do sujeito de interesse: as paixões, no âmbito da vertente utilitarista-radical do liberalismo, os sentimentos morais, no âmbito da reação do conservadorismo, e as emoções, no âmbito da psicologia física e do evolucionismo. Cada uma dessas três temáticas surgiu ainda no discurso antropológico do sujeito de interesse, mas se desenvolveu em sentidos diferentes: as paixões resultaram no homo oeconomicus, os sentimentos morais, no homo socialis e as emoções, no homo psychologicus. Na segunda parte da tese, demonstra-se como essas três temáticas adentraram as ciências da administração americanas no século XX, caracterizando o controle emocional sobre o trabalho e o consumo. Ainda no discurso do management, essas temáticas se transformaram, em virtude da reação às contestações antidisciplinares da contracultura, dando origem a uma nova concepção de emoções que reúne características das três temáticas anteriores. O discurso do management e, posteriormente, o da teoria econômica neoliberal vinculou essa nova temática das emoções à noção de homem econômico, caracterizado agora pela ideia de capital humano. Constituiu-se, assim, o homem econômico emocional, formando uma distinta concepção antropológica e uma inédita coerência dos dispositivos de poder emocional. / This thesis makes a genealogy of the \"emotional economic man\", as it emerged in the U.S. management discourse since the 1990s. To do that, it has been drawn a history of how to understand this \"subject of interest\" associated to the theme of passions in the XVII and XVIII centuries. Such theme has been linked to the theme of emotions that was only originated in the XIX century related to the biological psychology and evolutionary biology. To carry out this history, this thesis has been divided in two parts. At the first part, the emergence of homo economicus in the classical liberal governmentality of British seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was discussed, and three forms of government and questioning of his \"emotional\" life were distinguished: the passions, under the utilitarian aspect of the radical liberalism; the moral sentiments, in the backlash of conservatism; and the emotions in the psychological and biological evolutionism. Each of these three themes arose in the anthropological discourse of the subject of interest, but were developed in different directions: the passions resulted in the homo economicus, the moral sentiments in the homo socialis, and the emotions in the homo psychologicus. In the second part of the thesis, it is shown how these three themes were inserted into the American administration science discourse in the twentieth century, characterizing emotional control over workers and consumers. Still in the discourse of management, these issues were transformed due to the reaction against antidisciplinaries countercultural contestations, giving rise to a new conception of emotions that includes characteristics of the three themes featured above. This new theme of emotions will be bound by the discourse of management and subsequently by the discourse of economic theory regarding the economic man, which is now characterized by the idea of human capital. The emotional economic man is thereby constituted, forming a new anthropological concept and a new device of emotional power.

It is increasingly recognized that banks might not be pricing adequately climate risks in the value of their loans contracts. This represents a barrier to scale up the green investments needed to align the economy to sustainability and to preserve financial stability. To overcome this barrier, climate-aligned policies, such as a revision of the microprudential banking framework (for example a Green Supporting Factor (GSF )), and the introduction of stable green fiscal policies (for example a Carbon Tax (CT )), have been advocated. However, understanding the conditions under which a GSF or a CT could represent an opportunity for scaling up green investments, while preventing trade-offs on risk for financial stability, is still insufficient. We contribute to fill this knowledge gap threefold. First, we analyse the risk transmission channels from climate-aligned policies, a GSF and a CT, to the credit market and the real economy via loans contracts. Second, we assess the reinforcing feedbacks leading to cascading macro-financial shocks. Third, we consider how banks could react to the policies, i.e., their climate sentiments. In this regard, we embed for the first- time banks climate sentiments, modelled as a non-linear adaptive forecasting function into a Stock-Flow Consistent model that represents agents and sectors of the real economy and the credit market as a network of interconnected balance sheets. Our results suggest that the GSF is not sufficient to effectively scale up green investments via a change in lending conditions to green firms. In contrast, the CT could shift the bank's loans and the green/brown firms' investments towards the green sector. Nevertheless, it could imply short-term negative transition effects on GDP growth and financial stability, according to how the policy is implemented. Finally, our results show that bank's anticipation of a climate-aligned policy, through stronger climate sentiments, could smooth the risk for financial stability and foster green investments. Thus, our results contribute to understand the conditions for the onset and the mitigation of climate-related financial risks and opportunities. / Series: Ecological Economic Papers

Cette thèse met l’accent sur l’expression linguistique des sentiments et des émotions dans un corpus jusque là peu interrogé dans ce type d’études, en l’occurrence les formes de communication instantanée rendues possibles par les nouvelles technologies et qui semblent prédisposées à accueillir de nombreux marqueurs expressifs. Elle déplace le curseur des études sur l’expression linguistique de ces deux catégories affectives du système vers l’emploi, en interrogeant un corpus formé de quatre formes de communication : blogs, forums de discussion, réseau Facebook et plateforme de microblogging Twitter. Le travail ancre la réflexion au niveau cognitif en cherchant à montrer, dans une perspective dynamique, comment se construit ce type de discours dans l’interaction médiatisée. Il aborde ainsi les différentes manifestations linguistiques et extralinguistiques qui chargent ces écrits électroniques d’une dimension émotionnelle ouvrant sur une dimension interactive intense. Il permet une réflexion sur les frontières écrit / oral et sur la naissance d’un nouveau langage expressif propre aux écrits électroniques. Ce langage, résultant de l’immédiateté, la spontanéité, mais également des contraintes techniques inhérentes aux outils médiateurs, favorise une nouvelle mise en discours des émotions et des sentiments en contexte numérique et participe à la construction d’un discours hétérogène associant verbal et non verbalMots-clés : Emotions, sentiments, verbalisation, discours, CMO, contexte, interaction. / This thesis focuses on the linguistic expression of feelings and emotions in a corpus until now little questioned in this type of studies, in this case the forms of instantaneous communication made possible by a new technology and that seems predisposed to many expressive markers. It moves the cursor studies on the linguistic expression of these emotional categories of the system to employment, interviewing a corpus formed by four forms of communication: blogs, discussion forums, Facebook and Twitter. The work anchors reflection cognitively seeking to show, in a dynamic perspective, how to build this type of discourse in mediated interaction. It studies the different linguistic and extra-linguistic manifestations that load these electronic writings an emotional dimension opening on a large interactive dimension. It allows reflection on the written / oral borders and the construction of a new expressive language specific to electronic writings. This language, resulting from the immediacy, spontaneity but also the technical constraints inherent to mediators’ tools, promotes a new discourse of emotions and feelings in this digital context and participates in the construction of a heterogeneous discourse combining the verbal and the non-verbal.Keywords : emotion, feeling, verbalization, discourse, CMO, context, interaction

No description available.

Geschäftsbeurteilungen und -Erwartungen sind bedeutende Einflussgrößen in der Wirtschaft. Vor allem durch die Ereignisse der Finanzkrise der letzten Monate nahm die Diskussion um den Einfluss solch psychologisch basierter Faktoren zu. Die schillernden Begriffe wie Beurteilungen oder Erwartungen müssen zunächst quantifiziert werden, eine Aufgabe, die in der Regel von Forschungsinstituten wie Ifo, ZEW oder Eurostat übernommen wird. Dieser Diskussionsbeitrag untersucht, welche Möglichkeiten bestehen, die aktuellen Beurteilungen und zukünftigen Erwartungen in der Wirtschaft zu messen und wie dies konkret realisiert wird. Die Arbeit umfasst eine Datenbeschreibung und eine weitergehende Datenanalyse, in der die Zusammenhänge und Entwicklungen der einzelnen Zeitreihen untersucht werden. Eine der bedeutendsten Fragestellungen ist die Qualität und Reichwerte der Prognosekraft der Erwartungen für spätere Zeithorizonte. Ein internationaler Vergleich zwischen Deutschland und ausgewählten Länder der Europäischen Union sollen einen Überblick über die gemeinsame Entwicklung verschaffen. Als statistische Methoden werden unter anderem Hauptkomponentenanalysen und Partial-Least-Squares-Modelle verwendet. / This paper analyses sentiments and expectations in the German economy with Partial Least Squares models and Principal Component analysis. Sentiments or expectations are a fundamental element in theoretic economic science but there is still not sufficient empirical work in that subject. Actual Sentiments or future expectations are often considered vague theoretic constructs which should be represented by latent variables in empirical science. The manifest data could be obtained by German research institutes as Ifo, ZEW or Eurostat. Questions include the predictive power of expectations and an international comparison of the German with the European development of sentiments over the last 20 years.

Diese Forschungsarbeit widmet sich der Analyse von Stimmungen und Erwartungen im System der Märkte mit Dynamic Partial Least Squares (DPLS) Modellen. Die Analyse komplexer Systeme mit umfangreichen Datensätzen und die Erkennung relevanter Muster erfordern die Verwendung moderner statistischer Verfahren. DPLS-Modelle, eine Variante der Strukturgleichungs-modelle mit Latenten Variablen, werden methodisch erweitert, um mehrere zeitliche Verzögerungsstufen gleichzeitig modellieren zu können. Die ökonometrischen Modelle versuchen, zahlreiche latente Einflussfaktoren und ihre verdeckten Beziehungen zu identifizieren. Als Daten werden rund 80 Indikatoren verwendet von Januar 1991 bis Juni 2010, um Stimmungen, Erwartungen und wirtschaftlich relevanten Größen zu operationalisieren und die Zusammenhänge detailliert zu untersuchen. Die Modellergebnisse zeigen, dass Stimmungen, also die Einschätzung der aktuellen wirtschaftlichen Lage, deutlich mit wirtschaftlichen Größen zusammenhängen, unter anderem mit Investitionen, Auftragseingängen oder Aktienmarktentwicklungen. Die Erwartungen, also die Einschätzung der zukünftigen Entwicklung, bieten eine mittlere bis schwache Prognosekraft für sechs bis maximal achtzehn Monate in die Zukunft. Für kürzere Zeiträume von sechs Monaten sind Stimmungen und Erwartungen die besten verfügbaren Prognosevariablen. Die Analyse der Modellabweichungen erlaubt Rückschlüsse auf wirtschaftstheoretische Konzepte, wie Rationalität der Erwartungen. Auffällig sind scheinbare Phasen der systematischen Über- und Unterbewertungen der aktuellen Situation oder zukünftigen Entwicklung, insbesondere vor und nach Krisensituationen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit geben somit einen erweiterten Einblick in die empirischen Zusammenhänge subjektiver Einschätzungen mit realen wirtschaftlichen Größen. / This research thesis is devoted to the analysis of sentiments and expectations in the system of economic markets with Dynamic Partial Least Squares (DPLS) models with time-series. The analysis of complex systems with large data sets and discovering relevant patterns require the use of modern statistical methods. The DPLS models, a variant of structural equation models with latent variables, are methodically extended to include multiple lags simultaneously. The econometric models try to identify a large number of latent factors and their unobservable relations. The data consists of about 80 indicators from January 1991 to June 2010 to quantify sentiments, expectations and economically relevant variables and examine the relations in detail. The results show, that the sentiments, the assessment of the current economic situation, are clearly linked with economic variables like investments, incoming orders and stock market developments. The expectations, the assessment of future development, provide a weak to moderate predictive power for up to 18 months in the future. For shorter periods of six months sentiments and expectations are the best available forecast variables. The analysis of model deviations allows to draw conclusions about theoretical concepts such as rationality of expectations. There seem to be phases of systematic over- and undervaluation of the current situation and future development, especially before and after economic crisis. The results should provide a deeper insight into the empirical relationships between subjective assessments and real economic variables.