Archaeological Research at Pacopampa, Department of CajamarcaSince 1973 the author has spent several periods of fieldwork in the Pacopampa area, one of the most important ceremonial complexes in northern Peru. He concentrates on the discussion of the settlement pattern, which suggests the existence of four types of sites (A -D) in three levels with Pacopampa at the top and the D sites being distant centers of probably other systems. The B sites are apparently functionally attached to the center and even the C sites had ceremonial architecture. Of major importance is new evidence of Late Formative ceramics comparable to the La Copa phase at Kuntur Wasi in contexts interpreted as the reoccupation of Middle Formative structures. / Desde 1993 el autor ha llevado a cabo varias temporadas de trabajo de campo en la zona de Pacopampa, una de las áreas más importantes en el norte del Perú. Se concentra en la discusión del patrón de asentamiento, sugiriendo la existencia de cuatro tipos de sitios (A-D) en tres niveles con Pacopampa en la parte más alta, siendo los sitios D probablemente centros distantes de otros sistemas. Los sitios B están en forma aparente unidos al centro e incluso los sitios D tienen arquitectura. De mayor importancia es la nueva evidencia de la cerámica del Formativo Tardío comparable a la de la fase La Copa de Kuntur Wasi en contextos interpretados como la ocupación de estructuras del Formativo Medio.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第22426号 / 工博第4687号 / 新制||工||1732(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 清水 芳久, 教授 田中 宏明, 教授 藤井 滋穂 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Ce travail porte sur une région correspondant au bassin de Serrès dont on suit les limites naturelles ; le relief lui conférant une forte cohérence géographique. La délimitation chronologique tient compte des dynamiques historiques et humaines locales. Jusqu’au milieu du IVe s. av. J.-C., la région, peuplée initialement de Thraces , a reçu des apports grecs liés au mouvement de colonisation archaïque, puis à connu les impérialismes perse et athénien. Elle a alors constitué un espace morcelé par les intérêts conflictuels des différentes populations. S’ensuit une période plus unitaire, de 357 av. J.-C. à la fin de la séquence, puisque la région est d’abord incorporée au royaume de Macédoine avant d’être ensuite intégrée à l’Empire romain. L’objectif originel de la géographie historique était la localisation de toponymes. Le premier enjeu est donc d’établir un bilan de la connaissance relative à chacune de ces occupations à l’échelle locale et de tenir compte des apports récents des observations archéologiques. Cependant, l’espace antique n’est plus observé uniquement à l’échelle du site. L’archéologie du territoire et la recherche sur les paléo-environnements ont invité à une lecture scalaire plus large. Envisagés à l’échelle régionale, les sites constituent un réseau. Cela conduit non plus seulement à se demander où sont les toponymes mais aussi comment ils s’articulent, pour comprendre jusqu’à quel point elles ont pu former un ensemble régional homogène ou non, de déterminer les logiques naturelles et humaines à l’oeuvre, et de pointer les étapes qui ont jalonné cette construction. / This work concerns a region corresponding to the basin of Serres. We follow the natural limits ; the topography giving a strong geographical coherence. The chronology takes into account local historic and human dynamics. Until 357 BC, the region, populated initially of Thracians, received Greek contributions associated with the movement of archaic colonization, then is affected by the Persian and Athenian imperialisms. The basin of Serres is at that time a space split by the conflicting interests of the various populations.After 357 BC, a more unitarian period begins, because the region is incorporated at first in the Macedonian Kingdom before being integrated in Roman Empire. The first goal of historical geography was the localization of place names. The first issue, therefore, is to take stock of the knowledge of each of these settlements at the local level and to take into account recent reports of archaeological observations. However, the ancient space is no longer observed only at the site level. Landscape studies and research on palaeo-environments have invited a wider scale reading. Envisaged at regional level, the sites constitute a network. This also leads us to wonder not only where the names are but how they are articulated, in order to identify the way in which these sites have interacted, to understand if they have formed a homogeneous regional whole or not, to determine the natural and human logics at work, and to point out the stages that have marked this construction.

The implementation of geographic information systems for the analysis of Late Classic (500-800 C.E.) terraces at Monte Albán, reveals a spatial pattern not visible through prior pedestrian site surveys. The Valley of Oaxaca Settlement Pattern Project concluded that nearly all of the 1,464 Late Classic terraces at Monte Albán were used for residential purposes. Spatial analysis tools reveal a greater human-ecological complexity. The goal of this study was to use ArcGIS to map the 1,273 terraces near Monte Albán's ceremonial center and combine them with individually identifiable data sets. Analysis of each terrace, particularly based upon water availability, ceramic distribution, structural remains, and number of metates, reveals that 55.7% of these 1,273 terraces could have supported agricultural practices. The integration of agricultural space into a dense urban center reveals new spatial relationships between population density and urban agricultural practices, to which measures of resiliency and efficacy within similar modern systems can be applied.

The patterns of certain groups of urban places, selected on the basis of population size and area location, in southern Saskatchewan are classified by the use of the nearest neighbour technique. Through a study of the variations within the overall pattern, which are revealed by differences in the derived pattern statistic, a partial contribution is made to the understanding of the distributive process that underlies the observed settlement pattern. Explanations for the variations in the nature of the spatial arrangement of the various groups of places are suggested through the use of multivariate analysis, and by reference to theoretical and empirical works in the field of Central Place Theory. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

The use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has become increasingly important for the preservation of cultural resources by tribal entities. This project serves as a platform for the management of archaeological site data on the Qualla Boundary to be used by the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (EBCI) Tribal Historic Preservation Office (THPO) members. Over the course of a year, data was gathered from various agencies in order to export and create geospatial data that can be visualized, analyzed, and managed using ArcGIS software. A map and detailed data set were created to provide the user with the locations and attributes of archaeological sites, which can be used by the EBCI THPO as a tool for archaeological research and to protect sites on the Qualla Boundary. Additionally, a preliminary settlement pattern study was performed for the broader Qualla Boundary, along with a more in-depth analysis of sites along the Oconaluftee River.

Dans ce mémoire, intitulé « Les dépotoirs dans le schème d’établissement iroquoien: exemple du site Mailhot-Curran», je m’attèle à définir les modes de rejets des déchets dans le contexte d’un schème d’établissement sédentaire semi-permanent au Sylvicole supérieur. Les dépotoirs des sites archéologiques ne semblent pas obtenir toute l’attention analytique qui leur est due et l’étude des modes de rejets a longtemps été négligée. Pourtant, les amas de déchets sont récurrents sur les sites du Nord-Est américain et ce depuis le Sylvicole moyen. L’étude approfondie de l’organisation d’un site iroquoien se doit de passer par la compréhension des modes d’élimination des déchets, puisque la gestion des rejets est généralement le reflet de la structure du site et du type de peuplement. Les dépotoirs peuvent fournir des informations précieuses sur les zones d’activité, la fonction du site ou encore la durée d’occupation. Le village de Mailhot-Curran témoigne de plusieurs concentrations d’objets. Je souhaite établir si ces concentrations de vestiges peuvent être qualifiées de dépotoirs et si oui, peut-on en distinguer différents types? D’autre part, je m’intéresse à l’aspect social qui encadre la mise en place de dépotoirs. Bien que les dépotoirs soient des indices associés aux premières traces de sédentarité saisonnière, leur présence est précisément liée au phénomène de sédentarisation annuelle. Il s’agit également de définir le geste culturel, l’assainissement d’un village étant un schéma culturel très répandu. De ce geste de rejet découle forcément le choix d’un emplacement, ainsi que le concept de «flux de déplacement» des déchets. Il s’agit de déterminer le lien entretenu entre les aires d’activités et les aires de dépôts primaires et secondaires. Pour ce faire, il est primordial d’évaluer la densité, l’hétérogénéité et le contenu des dépotoirs. Suite à la définition de l’ensemble de ces concepts appliqués au site Mailhot-Curran, je souhaite, à travers une étude comparative, répondre à la question suivante : Les dépotoirs peuvent-ils refléter une pratique culturelle commune aux villages iroquoiens de la région de Saint-Anicet? / The purpose of this thesis is to determine waste management strategies in the context of the semi-sedentary settlement of the Late Woodland period. The study of waste management strategies has long been neglected, with little attention given to middens in archaeological contexts being a by-product of this neglect. This is contrary to the importance of these features, as middens are present in Northeastern North America since the Middle Woodland period. The proper study of Iroquoian sites must include the analysis of waste management strategies, as these strategies generally mirror site structure and type of occupation. Middens can therefore provide information on activity areas, site function, and the duration of the site’s occupation. The Mailhot-Curran site presents multiple zones with high artifact densities. This study is aiming to determine whether these concentrations can be considered as middens and, if possible, distinguish different types of middens. The social aspects of the creation of middens will also be discussed. Although middens are present at the early stage of seasonal sedentary settlements, their presence is linked to the phenomenon leading to annual sedentarization. As centralising waste is a widely occurring cultural practice, this concept will be defined. The choice of midden location and the spatial flow of waste result from this practice. As such, the relations between activity areas, primary deposition areas, and secondary deposition areas will be examined. The artifactual density, contents, and variability between deposition areas are analysed to determine the relations between these areas. The waste management strategies of the Mailhot-Curran site are compared with other sites of the Saint-Anicet region to establish whether these strategies are a shared cultural practice.

L’objet de cette étude est avant tout de dresser un bilan documentaire critique des données archéologiques concernant l’âge du Bronze et le début de l’âge du Fer (v. 2100-600 av. J.-C.) dans l’extrême Sud-Est de la France. À l’aune du renouvellement des recherches sur ces périodes en Provence, la révision du mobilier céramique et métallique permet de proposer des ébauches de typochronologies, lesquelles constituent, avec quelques mesures radiométriques, le socle à partir duquel peut être réalisé l'ordonnancement chronologique des 184 sites retenus. Les nombreuses incertitudes liées à la nature de la documentation, de même que la résolution chronologique encore faible pour la période et l'espace considérés, n’autorisent cependant qu’un traitement statistique limité des données.Les résultats obtenus offrent néanmoins la possibilité d’établir un cadre chronologique actualisé et d’aborder la question des dynamiques qui caractérisent la Protohistoire ancienne dans cet espace situé à la charnière des cultures italiques et provençales, qu’il s’agisse des questions de peuplement, de l’identification des voies de communication, des bases sur lesquelles reposait l’économie ou de la nature et de l’évolution des pratiques funéraires et des aspects symboliques. Les tendances dégagées combinées à la prise en compte des composantes culturelles des mobiliers permettent au total de proposer un scénario d’évolution chrono-culturelle et d’identifier une entité « liguro-provençale » relayant, à des degrés divers et selon des directions différentes en fonction des périodes, les influences provenant tout à la fois de France méditerranéenne, d’Italie et de l’aire nord-alpine occidentale. / The purpose of this study is first and foremost to draught a critical documentary record of the archaeological data relating to the Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age (c. 2100-600 BC) in the extreme South-East of France. In the light of the recent renewal of research on the Bronze Age in Provence, the revision of ceramic and metal wares makes it possible to propose drafts of typochronologies which, with some radiometric measurements, form the base from which the chronology of the 184 sites selected can be realized. The numerous uncertainties related to the nature of the documentation, as well as the still low chronological resolution for the period and the space considered, permit only a limited statistical processing of the data.The results obtained nevertheless offer the possibility to establish an updated chronological framework and to address the question of the dynamics that characterize the ancient Protohistory in this space located at the hinge of the Italian and Provencal cultures, be it the organization and the evolution of settlement patterns, the identification of possible channels of communication, the bases on which the economy was founded, or the nature and evolution of funeral practices and symbolic aspects. Ultimately, the resulting trends combined with the cultural components of the ceramic and metal wares allow to propose a scenario of chrono-cultural evolution and to identify a "Liguro-Provençal" entity relaying, to different degrees and in different directions depending on the period, influences from both Mediterranean France, Italy and north-western Alpine area.

This thesis primarily discusses the development of late Iron Age Saami settlement patterns in greater Norrland's forest area, from the establishment of the Settlements through to historical times. The Settlements are chiefly characterised by hearths, but it is also important to study Saami sacrificial sites when trying to understand the significance of the settlement patterns. Central to the thesis is how the archaeological material can be applied to questions concerning the introduction of reindeer herding. During the early Viking period a significant change in the settlement pattern of greater Norrland's inland occurs. New niches start to be exploited, moving away from the earlier shore-bound model. The Settlements are relocated to areas with good reindeer grazing land, by small streams, bogs and small lakes. The principal features are concentrations of hearths, which arise in large numbers, most often in groups of three to ten. A number of the artefacts found at the settlement sites are also found at Saami sacrificial sites from between 800 to 1350 AD, suggesting that the hearths should be studied in the context of Saami culture. A wide range of artefacts have been discovered during excavation of the Settlements, which suggests extensive contacts, mainly to the east and the Ladoga area, but also with Norway to the west. The artefacts display a continuity from the Viking period into the 1700's, and the dating of the hearths show a similar chronological spread. The study area has supported a reindeer herding forest Saami society during historical times, the settlement pattern of which has close similarities to that found under the Viking period. This implies that the settlement pattern that emerged during the Viking period can probably be related to an emergent reindeer herding system. Reindeer herding was undertaken in combination with hunting and fishing - so called semi-nomadism. It is suggested that the forest land Saami society become so dependent on reindeer herding during the Viking period, that it controlled the settlement pattern. / digitalisering@umu

Anatolia has been the cradle of many different cultures throughout history. One of these was the Celts who migrated from Europe to Anatolia in the 3rd century BC and had various impacts on the settlement pattern of the region called Galatia after their arrival. Therefore in Anatolia urbanization history we know them as Galatians. The main statement of this thesis is that, cultural identity is not a static, inherent quality, but a dynamic and contigent aspect of the existence of people. Therefore cultural identity should be regarded as a pattern continuum. In thisd study, in order to predict the Galatian settlement pattern until thr Roman dominance in the late 1st century BC in Anatolia, European Celtic settlement pattern has been reviewed as well as archaeolgical evidence and the Celtic language. The Hallstatt and the following La Tene periods in European history have been investigated since La Tene period is isochronic with Galatians in Anatolia. From the archaeological evidence in Europe, it is clear that the Celts established defended settlements, mastered the art of iron working and mining, and traded with the classical world. In previous literature, Anatolia Celts/Galatians have been regarded as nomads who were involved mostly in warfare. However, the location of their forts and village-like settlements along the ancient trade routes implies that they were settled people who were engaged in production and trading activities as well, similar to La Tene in Europe. Settlement types and their distribution pattern, linguistic and archaeological evidence investigated in this thesis verify that Celtic cultural identity in the history of Europe and Anatolia should be regarded as a pattern continuum.