Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

La présente recherche vise à cerner les liens entre l’isolement et les traits psychopathiques avec le risque de récidive chez les délinquants sexuels. La littérature scientifique montre que le manque d’intimité, le sentiment de solitude et la psychopathie sont des caractéristiques très présentes chez les délinquants sexuels. Le manque d’intimité et la solitude émotionnelle peuvent être dus à une peur du rejet en lien avec un attachement fragile. D’un autre côté, l’isolement social peut être lié à des déficits relationnels causés par la présence de traits psychopathiques. De plus, le manque d’intimité, la solitude émotionnelle et les traits psychopathiques engendrent de l’hostilité et ont chacun un impact sur la récidive. La présente étude a alors pour objectif de voir les liens entre le manque d’intimité, le sentiment de solitude, les traits psychopathiques et l’hostilité avec le risque de récidive sexuelle et violente tel qu’évalué par la Statique-99. Les résultats font ressortir qu’il n’y a pas de relation entre l’isolement et les traits psychopathiques mais que l’isolement et les traits psychopathiques sont liés à l’hostilité. Les agresseurs sexuels d’adultes sont plus psychopathiques que les agresseurs sexuels d’enfants qui éprouvent plus de solitude émotionnelle. Les traits psychopathiques sont liés à la dimension antisociale et la solitude émotionnelle à la dimension sexuelle de la Statique-99. La solitude émotionnelle et les traits psychopathiques ont une relation distincte avec le risque de récidive chez les agresseurs sexuels. / The present study aims to determine the links between isolation and psychopathic traits with the risk of recidivism for sexual offenders. The scientific literature shows that a lack of intimacy, loneliness and psychopathy are often found in sexual delinquents. Lack of intimacy and loneliness may be due to a fear of rejection associated with a fragile attachment. On the other hand, social isolation may be related to relational deficits caused by the presence of psychopathic traits. Furthermore, lack of intimacy, loneliness and psychopathic traits engender hostility and each have an impact on recidivism. The objective of the current study is to investigate the effect of lack of intimacy, loneliness, psychopathic traits and hostility on sexual and violent recidivism risk as evaluated by the Static-99, in sexual offenders whose victims are adults or children. Our findings show that there is no link between isolation and psychopathic traits, but isolation and psychopathic traits are bound with the hostility. Sexual offenders whose victims are adults are more psychopathic than those whose victims are children, who show more loneliness. Psychopathic traits are related to the antisocial dimension of the Static-99 and loneliness is related to the sexual dimension of the Static-99. Isolation and psychopathic traits sexual offenders: loneliness and psychopathic traits have a different relation with the risk of recidivism for sexual offenders.

The aim of this study was to test whether criminogenic needs change over the course of a cognitive-behavioural sexual offender-specific treatment programme (ROS) within a group of adult, incarcerated or on probation, male sexual offenders in Sweden. To measure criminogenic needs 25 offenders completed Locus of Control of Behaviour Scale (LCB), 26 Hypersexuality Behavior Inventory-19 (HBI-19) and 25 respectively 27 completed Relationship Scale Questionnare (RSQ), 2-factor. Therapists rated 46 sexual offenders using The Therapist Rating Scale-2 (TRS-2). The results demonstrated that participants showed non-significant increased internal locus of control, significant decreased hypersexual thoughts and behaviours (small to medium effect size), but no change regarding attachment styles, post-treatment. Results from The Therapist Rating Scale-2 showed that therapists rated significant decrease in all criminogenic needs post-treatment with medium to large effect size. Conclusions are that ROS appears to be effective, inducing change in criminogenic needs. ROS’s specific elements targeting sexual self-regulation seems to be successful resulting in significant reduction of hypersexual thoughts and behaviours, especially for participants with severe problems. Implications of results are discussed and theoretically analyzed from a perspective of cognitive theory, learning theory, attachment theory and affect theory. / Studiens syfte var att undersöka förändring i kriminogena behovsområden hos en grupp sexualbrottsdömda män som under sin verkställighet på anstalt eller inom frivård medverkat i Kriminalvårdens KBT-baserade behandlingsprogram ROS. För att mäta förändringen fyllde 25 deltagare i Locus of Control of Behaviour Scale (LCB), 26 stycken Hypersexuality Behavior Inventory-19 (HBI-19) och 25 respektive 27 stycken Relationship Scale Questionnaire (RSQ), 2-faktormodellen, före och efter behandling. Behandlarna bedömde förändring hos 46 deltagare enligt The Therapist Rating Scale-2 (TRS-2). Resultaten från deltagarnas självskattningsformulär visade att deltagarna efter behandling fick en icke-signifikant ökning av intern kontrollokus. Tankar och beteenden kopplade till hypersexualitet minskade signifikant med liten till medelstor effekt. Det gick inte påvisa förändring vad gäller relationsstilar. Resultaten av TRS-2 visade att behandlarna bedömde att det hade skett en signifikant förändring i positiv riktning med medel till stor effekt vad gäller samtliga kriminogena behovsområden. Slutsatsen är att ROS verkar vara effektivt genom att åstadkomma förändring inom kriminogena behovsområden. De specifika element i ROS som adresserar sexuell självreglering tycks vara lyckosamma då tankar och beteenden kopplade till hypersexualitet reducerats signifikant, särskilt för deltagare med svårast problem. Implikationer av resultaten diskuteras och analyseras teoretiskt utifrån kognitiv teori, inlärningsteori, anknytningsteori och affektteori.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:21:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Karen Michel Esber.pdf: 1009317 bytes, checksum: d1baa1c4bc9619a229ff7951bc3d99d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-27 / The main aim of this research is to examine the subjectivity of three sexual offenders against children and adolescents, who are imprisoned in a state prison (Agência Goiana do Sistema Prisional), based on Vygotsky´s socio-historical theory. Thus, the method of historical and dialectical materialism and the qualitative research approach were base structures for the adopted perspective. For the development of the research, three distinct methodological procedures were adopted: first, a literature research was conducted in Portal CAPES, from 2000 to 2006, in order to draw a brief overview of the international literature on the subject. In addition, theses, dissertations, books and articles produced by the national literature, also in the same period were reported. The second procedure consisted of a research on the subject´s files, held in the prision´s archives. In the third procedure, it was made an analysis of fifty one psychotherapy sessions with the three subjects, which was only possible though the actions of Projeto Invertendo a Rota (IDF/UCG) a project against child exploitation. Two meaning cores have emerged from the sessions: the suffered violence and the perpetrated violence. The analysis of these reports reveals that the three subjects were victims of sexual violence in their childhoods; in two of them, there was a certain difficulty in verbalizing the feelings related to the sexual violence they suffered, the three of them revealed fully awareness of the negative consequences of the violence they perpetrated, despite the attempts by two of them to minimize its negative effects on the victims; all of them confirmed having experienced feelings regarding the violence they perpetrated. In an attempt to list the reasons for practicing sexual violence, among other, all of them linked it to the experience of sexual violence suffered in childhood; for two of them, the meanings given to children show an understanding of them as sexual beings, benefited in some way by the sexual relation they practised; there is a consensus of the desire to no longer commit sexual violence. The meanings of the perpetrated sexual violence expressed by the three subjects are different: for one of them, it is linked to the need for revenge, to another one, it is conected to the sexual desire experienced towards adolescents; to the last one, it is linked the picture of the seductive child. Finally, this research enables to list some issues considered essential: the need for legal accountability for the violence they committed and the importance of the psychological treatment for the prevention of future recidivism. / O objetivo principal desta pesquisa é o de analisar a subjetividade de três autores de violência sexual contra crianças e adolescentes, que se encontram encarcerados na Agência Goiana do Sistema Prisional, fundamentando-se na teoria sócio-histórica de Vygotsky. Assim, o método do materialismo histórico e dialético e a pesquisa qualitativa foram pressupostos fundantes da perspectiva adotada. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, contou-se com três procedimentos metodológicos diferenciados: o primeiro, uma pesquisa bibliográfica realizada no Portal CAPES, durante o período de 2000 a 2006, com o intuito de traçar um breve panorama da literatura internacional sobre o tema. A par disso, teses, dissertações, livros e artigos produzidos pela literatura nacional, também no mesmo período, foram resenhados. O segundo procedimento consistiu em uma pesquisa documental nos prontuários dos sujeitos, nos arquivos do Cartório da Agência Goiana do Sistema Prisional. No terceiro procedimento, fez-se a análise dos relatos de cinqüenta e uma sessões psicoterapêuticas com os três sujeitos, possibilitadas graças às ações do Projeto Invertendo a Rota (IDF/UCG). Dois núcleos de significação emergiram dessas sessões: a violência sofrida e a violência praticada. A partir da análise desses relatos concluiu-se que os três sujeitos foram vítimas de violência sexual em suas infâncias; houve, em dois sujeitos, uma certa dificuldade em verbalizar os sentimentos relacionados à violência sexual sofrida; os três revelaram plena consciência do caráter maléfico das violências que cometeram, apesar das tentativas de dois deles de minimizar seus efeitos negativos para as vítimas; todos eles confirmaram ter experienciado sentimentos em relação à violência praticada. Ao relacionar os motivos para cometer a violência sexual, dentre outras razões, todos a vincularam à experiência da violência sexual sofrida na infância; para dois deles, os sentidos atribuídos às crianças revelam uma compreensão delas como seres sexuais, beneficiadas de alguma forma pela relação sexual praticada; há um consenso do desejo de não mais cometer violência sexual. Os sentidos da violência sexual cometida expressos pelos três sujeitos são diferenciados: para um deles, está ligado à necessidade de vingança; para outro, ao desejo sexual experienciado por adolescentes; para o último, à figura da criança sedutora. Por fim, esta pesquisa possibilita elencar algumas questões consideradas essenciais: a necessidade de responsabilização legal pelas violências cometidas e a importância do atendimento psicoterapêutico para a prevenção de futuras reincidências.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

This study is a qualitative research study that is based on conventional content analysis. The purpose of the study is to investigate experiences and experiences of working with sexual offenders convicted in probation. The study is based on interviews with employees from the probation service, there were 6 respondents who participated in the study who shared their experiences from a stigma perspective. In the study, categories were formed based on the interviews and also core category. The most salient result is that the legislation, punishment and treatment are presented as opposites but rehabilitation can be part of the penalty. The categories are: Changes within the organization, Punishment, Legislation & Rehabilitation, The Perpetrator and the Return to Society, Society's Attitudes & Stigma and the last is the core category: Sexual Crime And Society & Overall Analysis. Furthermore, the study shows that stigma is common when there is a conviction of sexual crime. / Studien är en kvalitativ forskningsstudie. Syftet med studien är att undersöka erfarenheter och upplevelser av att arbeta med sexualbrottsdömda inom frivården. Studien bygger på intervjuer med anställda från frivården, 6 respondenter som deltog och delade med sig av sina erfarenheter.  Utifrån resultatet bildades kategorier och även en kärnkategori. Det mest framträdande i resultat är att lagstiftningen, straffet och rehabiliteringen framställs som motsatser men rehabilitering kan vara en del av straffpåföljden. Kategorierna är följande: Förändringar inom organisationen, Straffet, lagstiftning & rehabilitering, Förövaren och återgången till samhället, Samhällets attityder & Stigmatiseringen. Den sista är kärnkategorin som är följande: Sexualbrottslighet och samhället. Vidare visar studien på att stigmatisering är vanligt förekommande när det handlar om arbete med sexualbrottsdömda personer.

Si au cours des dernières décennies les connaissances relatives aux délinquantes sexuelles se sont accrues, celles relatives aux co-délinquantes sont encore rares, alors que ces femmes représentent une part importante du total des délinquantes sexuelles. Le but de la présente étude était de mettre en lumière les trajectoires de vie des femmes qui agressent en compagnie de leur conjoint et de dresser un modèle descriptif du processus de leur passage à l’acte. Sur la base de 17 entretiens non directifs avec des femmes incarcérées en France pour des faits de co-délinquance sexuelle, notre recherche suggère que les co-délinquantes présentent majoritairement un historique de vie abusif et des difficultés émotionnelles, relationnelles, économiques et éducatives importantes. Ces facteurs de vulnérabilité ont été acquis au cours de leur enfance et par leurs expériences sentimentales négatives et abusives. Un modèle descriptif de leur passage à l’acte en trois phases a été établi. Il est apparu que la délinquance sexuelle des co-délinquantes se modifiait au fil des agressions, tant dans leur implication dans les abus qu’au niveau de leur coercition. Les données ont aussi révélé un nombre non négligeable de femmes qui agressent ensuite par elles-mêmes. Ces constatations nous ont amenés à une classification en trois catégories des femmes qui agressent sexuellement : les femmes asservies, les femmes impliquées et les femmes diversifiées. / Although knowledge about female sexual offenders has become more extensive in recent years, our knowledge of co-offenders, who account for an important part of all female sexual offenders, is still sparse. The aim of the present study was to better understand the life course history of female sexual co-offenders and to develop a descriptive model of their offending process. Systematic qualitative analyses of 17 interviews with female sexual co-offenders incarcerated for sexual offenses in France were conducted. Results show that the majority of female sexual co-offenders had problematic life-course histories that include emotional, relational, financial and educational difficulties. Many of these difficulties emerged during childhood and grew more important as a result of abusive and negative experiences that set the stage for the co-offending relationships. The analysis of the co-offending process showed that the coercive basis for female sexual co-offending changes over time. Results also revealed the presence of three sub-groups of female co-offenders with different roles and motivations, indicating the need for differential assessment and intervention strategies with female co- offenders.

Jusqu’à présent, très peu d’études sur les auteures de violences ont considéré l’acte délinquant comme partie intégrante d’une trajectoire criminelle ; plutôt, les études se sont bornées à dresser leur processus de passage à l’acte de manière isolée. Pourtant, nombre d’entre elles commettent de multiples délits et ont, à proprement parler, une trajectoire criminelle. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’explorer et comprendre les trajectoires criminelles des auteures de délits de violents, et plus particulièrement leur début et leur évolution. Pour ce faire, nous avons approché l’agir violent comme le phénomène émergent de la rencontre entre des facteurs externes, à travers les circonstances de vie et internes, à travers la subjectivité individuelle. Pour mener à bien notre objectif, nous avons rencontré 40 personnes incarcérées en France, auprès de qui ont été réalisés des entretiens exploratoires et semi directifs jumelés à des cartes de vie. Cette méthodologie est apparue comme la plus pertinente pour saisir pleinement l'évolution des trajectoires criminelles, les changements dans les circonstances de vie des auteures de violences, leur subjectivité et l'émergence leur violence. Notre thèse a mis en évidence plusieurs résultats. D’abord, nous nous sommes penchées sur l’histoire de vie des participantes à notre étude, laquelle se révèle jallonnée d’embuches qui ont mené à l’établissement de vulnérabilités (Chapitre III). A ce stade, les auteures de violences se distinguaient peu. L’étude des caractéristiques de leurs délits à en revanche permis d’identifier trois parcours de délinquance différents, dont deux trajectoires (Chapitre IV). D’abord, un parcours de délinquance isolé, où l’acte criminel est unique. Ensuite, une trajectoire spécialisée, avec la commission de plusieurs infractions d’une même nature. Enfin, une trajectoire diversifiée, avec la commission d’infractions de nature diverse. Nous avons ensuite identifié la transition composée d’événements affectifs, cognitifs, comportementaux et contextuels menant à l’émergence de la violence (Chapitre V). L’agir violent apparaît en effet être le résultat d’un mode d’adaptation inadéquat à un ressenti négatif engendré par un changement dans les circonstances de vie, favorisé par un état d’intoxication, l’accumulation de ressentis négatifs antérieurs non évacués et par l’accroissement de vulnérabilités issues d’une trajectoire de vie globalement difficile. Nos résultats montrent également que les auteures de violences mettent en avant d’autres événements comme constituant des points tournants dans leur parcours de vie. Accorder une place de choix à la subjectivité de nos participantes a permis d'offrir une compréhension plus riche et plus précise de leur discours mais aussi de l'émergence de leur comportement violent. Finalement, il ne nous a pas été possible d’identifier, comme nous le souhaitions, comment évoluaient les modalités de commission des délits et quels facteurs étaient responsables de ces évolutions, en raison de la forte non reconnaissance des auteures de violences (Chapitre VI). Il est en effet apparu que ces dernières reconnaissaient peu leur implication et leur responsabilité dans les faits pour lesquels elles ont été condamnées. L’étude de leur discours a permis de mettre en avant deux versants de tactiques de présentation de soi visant à se désapproprier leurs délits. Les implications théoriques sont également discutées. / Until recently, very few studies dedicated to female violent or sexual offenders have considered the offense as part of a criminal path. To date, the fact that offending by a woman can evolve and repeat under different conditions over the series of assaults has never been considered by studies on offense process studies. However, many female offenders commit multiple offenses that are part of a criminal path. This thesis aim to explore and understand the criminal paths of women who committed physically violent and/or sexual offenses, and this, paying special attention to the beginning and the evolution of this path. The perspective adopted here allows us to approach violent offense as an emerging phenomenon resulting from external factors (through local life circumstances) and internal causes (through individual subjectivity). The data used is based on 40 female violent offenders incarcerated in France with whom we conducted exploratory and semi- directed interviews twinned with life map calendars. This methodology seems to be the best option to fully understand the development of offending, the changes appearing in local life circumstances and in offending, the subjectivity of these women as well as the offense process. Our thesis highlighted many results. Firstly, we traced the life history of the participants to our study, which appeared to be full of challenges that led to a lot of vulnerabilities (Chapter III). At this stage, the female violent offenders appeared to be a homogenous group. The study of the characteristics of their offenses enabled us to identify three deliquent paths including two trajectories (Chapter IV). First, an isolated offending path with a single criminal act. Secondly, a more specialised trajectory with the repetition of criminal acts of the same nature. And lastly, a diversified trajectory with a multiplicity of infractions. We then identified a transition towards the emergence of violence made of, affective, cognitive, behavioural and contextual components (Chapter V). Violent action appeared to be the result of an inadequate adaptation to negative affects caused by a change in life circonstances, favored by intoxication, the accumulation of anterior negative affects that have not been evacuated and by the increase of vulnerabilities coming from a globaly difficult life history. Our results also show that female violent offenders emphasise other events as constitutive of turning points in their life. To allow for more subjectivity from our participants, enabled us to have a richer and more precise understanding of their testimony and also of the emergence of their violent behaviour. Finally, it wasn’t possible to identify, as we aimed to, how the offending modalities were evolving and what factors were responsible for this evolution beacause of the high propensity of female offenders to refuse to acknowledge their crimes (Chapter VI). Indeed, it appeared that the female offenders were very little inclined to acknowledge their involvement and their responsability in the crimes for which they were convicted. The study of their testimony put forward two parts of a strategy consisting of presenting themselves in a way that disassociated them with their crimes.

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La lutte contre l’exploitation sexuelle des enfants a contribué à mettre en place des stratégies optimisant la détection des délinquants sexuels sur internet (Ministère de la Justice du Canada, 2018). Une prise en charge efficace de ces individus par le système de justice implique notamment d’évaluer leur risque de commettre un nouveau crime. À cet effet, l’agression sexuelle serait fortement sous-détectée parmi les cyberdélinquants. Environ 12 % des cyberdélinquants sont officiellement détectés pour des agressions sexuelles alors que ce taux s’élèverait à plus de 50 % en tenant en compte les données autorévélées (Seto, Hanson & Babchishin, 2011). Les instances judiciaires se doivent donc d’être mieux outillées pour détecter efficacement les cyberdélinquants à risque d’agression sexuelle. Ainsi, l’objectif de cette recherche consiste à examiner les facteurs de risque associés à l’agression sexuelle chez les cyberdélinquants. L’échantillon comportait 124 participants catégorisés en fonction de leur statut de détection par le système de justice. Les groupes de délinquants détectés incluaient 26 délinquants ayant été accusés pour des délits sexuels par internet et des agressions sexuelles (délinquants mixtes) et 41 cyberdélinquants ayant été accusé seulement pour des infractions sexuelles par internet. Les groupes de délinquants non détectés incluaient 42 délinquants ayant confessé au moins un délit sexuel par internet ou une agression sexuelle et 15 cyberdélinquants ayant confessé des infractions sexuelles par internet. Des comparaisons entre les cyberdélinquants et les délinquants mixtes ont été effectuées pour les facteurs de risque de l’intérêt sexuel envers les enfants, la préoccupation sexuelle, le coping sexuel, les cognitions soutenant les agressions sexuelles et les cognitions soutenant les crimes sexuels par internet. Les résultats montrent que les cognitions soutenant les agressions sexuelles permettent de discriminer les cyberdélinquants qui commettent des agressions sexuelles de ceux qui n’en commettent pas, sans égard au statut de détection. Ces résultats appuient les modèles théoriques soutenant qu’une tendance plus marquée pour l’antisocialité peut être associée aux comportements d’agression sexuelle. / The governments will to fight against child sexual exploitation has contributed to put in place strategies to improve the detection of online offenders and to apply laws that more severely condemn these kind of behaviors (Department of Justice of Canada, 2018). The effective management of these individuals by the criminal justice system involve the evaluation of their risk to reoffend. However, sexual abuse appears to be under detected among internet offenders, with 12 % of all internet offenders officially detected for a contact offense whereas about 50 % of them disclose having engaged in a contact sexual offense when self-report data are examined (Seto, Hanson & Babchishin, 2011). The justice system needs to better detect internet offenders at risk of sexual abuse for prevention purposes and to help these individuals not escalate to contact offending. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between the presence of dynamic risk factors and contact sexual offending among online offenders. The sample included 124 offenders who had committed an internet sexual offense and were subsequently classified based on whether or not they self-reported sexual offense (s) not detected by the law enforcement. The sample was comprised of 41 detected online-only offenders, 26 detected mixed offenders (both online and contact offenses), 15 undetected online-only offenders and 42 undetected mixed offenders. Comparisons between online-only and mixed offenders were examined on sexual interest in children, sexual preoccupation, sexual coping, cognitions supporting sexual abuse against children and cognitions supporting online sexual offenses. Results show that the cognitions supporting sexual abuse against children was predictive of a contact offense among online offenders. These results provide support to theoretical models suggesting that antisocial orientation is associated with contact sexual offending.