In the reflective section of this paper I show that healthcare for gender-based violence, especially sexual assault patients has largely been a neglected area of service delivery in South Africa. There are substantial gaps in service provision in many parts of the country with repeated reports that the process of seeking health care and justice exposes such patients to further trauma. I suggest that in South Africa, as well as elsewhere, it is time for nursing to take the lead in building multidisciplinary partnerships in clinical practice, education, and research in the area of sexual assault and violence. It shows why it is imperative that the underlying intention of upholding and promoting patient advocacy and family health care remains a core value of nursing. It argues that the role of “forensic skill and knowledge” in the nursing sector is vital tool in the struggle against gender-based violence. In the empirical section, a survey was conducted to examine and articulate the question of the Sexual Assault Care and Practice (SACP) programme being a benefit (or not) to Sexual assault caregivers; to determine whether there has been retention of the knowledge by nurses and doctors who participated in the SACP programme; to evaluate whether there is or is not an improvement in service provision for sexual assault clients, to evaluate if the participants felt the SACP programme to have been of benefit and to identify hindrances to programme implementation. As noted by this study, survivors of sexual assault and violence continue to be in need of expert forensic services, and knowledge concerning the management and care of survivors appears to benefit from a formal training programme. No determination could be made from this survey concerning the perceived benefits of the programme or hindrances to care. This may reflect the current status of the programme in South Africa and provides cause for reflection.

Sexual offenses can be categorized as intra- or extra-familial, reflecting the relationship between perpetrator and victim. Despite colloquial beliefs that incestual sexual offenses may be more prevalent in insulated, rural communities, empirical study of geographical trends for these offenses is limited. In the United States, Menard and Ruback (2003) found that urban areas had a higher average number of sexual assaults against children, but that rural communities had higher per capita rates. They did not, however, examine intra versus extra-familial offenses. There are a small number of studies that discuss instances of incest in rural areas, such as Collinridge (1993) in Wales, who found an increased rate of incest for rural areas in comparison with urban ones. Similarly, Goldman and Goldman (1988) suggest that, in rural Australia, intra-familial child sexual abuse rates are higher for girls raised on farms or from small communities with population less than 5,000. However, these findings are in contrast with the fact that victims of sexual assault within the family are less likely to report, and that the close-knit nature of rural communities and stigma associated with incest may actually deter reporting. The main goals of the current study are to report rates of sexual offenses in the state of Tennessee for rural versus urban counties, and to examine the difference in rates of intra and extra-familiar sexual offenses in rural and urban counties in the state of Tennessee. Data for the current study were extracted from the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation's (TBI) crime statistics database. Communities are coded as rural or urban based on 2013 Rural Urban Continuum Codes (RUCC). The RUCC codes counties into nine categories per population density and urbanization; however, for this study, Tennessee's counties were placed into three collapsed groups based on the RUCC codes: (1) metropolitan counties (RUCC codes 1-3; n=42), (2) nonmetropolitan counties with an urban population density (RUCC codes 4-7; n=37), and (3) rural counties or those with a population less than 2,500 (RUCC codes 8-9; n=16). Chi-square statistics will be used to differentiate rates of sexual offenses and intra- and extra-familial sexual offenses in rural and urban counties in Tennessee. Implications for prevention, victim services, and intervention will be discussed.

The last major change occurred in 2005 when the new sexual offenses law came into force with an increased focus on children. The purpose of this study is that through a content analysis to identify and understand the construction of children in the new legislation on sexual offenses on the basis of preliminary work. Based on the purpose we came up with two questions: How are children constructed in the preparatory works to the new sexual offenses law? Are they attributed to child characteristics and responsibilities in the new legislation on sexual offenses and if so, how? In order to achieve the purpose of the study we have chosen the preparatory works to the new legislation on sexual offenses from 2005 until today. The study's empirical work has been further narrowed to the children, which means that a distinction is made in the new legislation on sexual offenses to 6 chapter 4-6 §§. The theoretical starting point is the childhood sociology and the method used is a content analysis. The result shows that the preparation of children in the new legislation on sexual offenses can be divided into continuous central themes: children 's agency, children than in adults and children's properties and responsibility.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-12-02T12:36:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ivandra Previdi.pdf: 2305470 bytes, checksum: 482aedc2c4220cf9206dab33096fff01 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-02T12:36:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ivandra Previdi.pdf: 2305470 bytes, checksum: 482aedc2c4220cf9206dab33096fff01 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo / This is a research about the criminal investigation that resulted in the condemnation of the ex-physician Roger Abdelmassih to 278 years in prison, for sexual crimes perpetrated in the assisted reproduction clinic would command in São Paulo. Abdelmassih, now 73, assaulted the first patient when still a young doctor. Thereby, the main issue: how was it possible that this man acted for decades with impunity? From this question, derives the object of research: the silence that covered up the crimes, along with the silence of the victims themselves to begin with. To comprehend this fact, I have listed the following hypotheses: the fear that a possible complaint could turn back against the victims, the concern of losing the high amount of money invested in the ideal of motherhood and the feeling of inferiority towards the scientific knowledge – what has been proven by the depositions contained in the criminal process, which constitutes the corpus of this study. But even more emerged from the case files: beyond the victims themselves, there was a wide network of citizens who were aware of Abdelmassih´s criminal behaviour. Among them, there were some of his relatives and employees, physicians from other clinics, the medicine council, prosecutors, lawyers, and the mass media – including Globo TV, that did not air that which would be the first news report about the subject, based on the interviews of six women and edited almost one year before the scandal erupted. The extracts of the process are here analysed in the light of Communications and Journalism, with Eugenio Bucci, of Sociology and Philosophy, with Edgar Morin and Michel Foucault, and with the complementary support of Psychology and Law. Bucci teaches us how to see journalism as a democracy instrument, under an ethics perspective and the right to information. Edgar Morin sheds light on stretching Philosophy and Sociology to beyond the facts, which leads to a cultural-oriented approach to the events. And Michael Foucault brings the reflection on power, not as a someone else’s practice, but as a continuous torrent seeping into our daily life / Esta é uma pesquisa sobre a investigação que resultou na condenação do ex-médico Roger Abdelmassih a 278 anos de prisão por crimes sexuais praticados na clínica de reprodução assistida que ele comandava, em São Paulo. Abdelmassih, hoje com 73 anos, atacou a primeira paciente quando ainda era um jovem médico. Daí a questão principal: como foi possível que esse homem agisse impunemente durante décadas? Dessa pergunta derivou o objeto: o silêncio que acobertou os crimes, a começar pelo silêncio das próprias vítimas. Para compreender esse fato, elenquei hipóteses, a saber: o medo de que uma eventual denúncia se voltasse contra elas, o receio de perderem o alto investimento feito em busca do ideal de ser mãe e o sentimento de inferioridade diante do saber científico – o que restou comprovado pelos relatos contidos no processo criminal, o corpus deste estudo. Mas dos autos emergiu mais: para além das próprias vítimas, havia uma ampla rede de agentes sociais cientes das atitudes criminosas de Abdelmassih, entre eles parte dos familiares do acusado, funcionários, médicos de outras clínicas, o órgão de classe, promotores públicos, advogados, meios de comunicação de massa – inclusive a TV Globo, que não levou ao ar aquela que seria a primeira reportagem sobre o tema, baseada na entrevista de seis mulheres e editada quase um ano antes que o escândalo eclodisse. Os recortes do processo são aqui analisados à luz da Comunicação e do Jornalismo, com Eugênio Bucci, da Sociologia e da Filosofia, com Edgar Morin e Michel Foucault, e com o apoio complementar da Psicologia e do Direito. Bucci nos ensina a ver o jornalismo como instrumento da democracia, sob a ótica da ética e do direito à informação. Edgar Morin lança as luzes da Filosofia e da Sociologia para além dos fatos, o que coloca os acontecimentos em uma perspectiva cultural. E Michel Foucault traz a reflexão sobre o poder, não como uma prática fora de nós, mas como uma torrente contínua que se infiltra pelas fendas miúdas do cotidiano

The purpose of this study, which adapts a critical feminist perspective, has been to examine the views of men convicted of sexual offenses on the issues of masculinity, sex and the male norm. The study was based on a qualitative approach - seven interviews were conducted with men who were incarcerated for sexual offenses. The interviews focused on each man’s life story and explored their perspective on the male norm and the resulting impact on them in social, relational and sexual contexts. The theoretical framework consisted of four concepts; Millett and Walby’s concept of patriarchy, the concepts of sex and gender, Connells concept of hegemonic masculinity, and Butlers concept of the heterosexual matrix. Using these concepts, the content of each interview was interpreted using qualitative content analysis. The results show that men hold positions of power in heterosexual interaction, and gender roles dictate women to be emotional and caring whilst men should be mentally strong and provide financially for the family. Men are expected to live up to a certain manly standard, which rarely correspond with the man they want to be. The results also show that the participating men in the study places responsibility for their crime away from themselves, with each man reducing the severity of both their crime and the concept of rape.

INTRODUÇÃO: Diante da complexidade e da escassez de pesquisas sobre o abuso sexual de meninos no Brasil, e dada à gravidade dos danos psíquicos e sexuais possíveis de ocorrer em vítimas de abuso, surge à necessidade de estudos sistematizados quanto ao perfil psicológico e sexual de adolescentes com histórico de abuso na infância, para embasar as propostas terapêuticas e para a prevenção dos possíveis riscos de disfunções e transtornos da sexualidade, incluindo o risco de que a vítima passe a assumir o papel de agressor. O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar as características psicológicas e sexuais de adolescentes do sexo masculino que foram, enquanto crianças, vítimas de abuso sexual. METODOS: Trata-se de um estudo exploratório, retrospectivo e seccional realizado no Programa de Psiquiatria e Psicologia Forense (NUFOR) do IPq- HC-FMUSP e na Fundação Casa, para menores em medida socioeducativa. Foram formados três grupos de participantes sendo 20 de adolescentes de 16 a 18 anos, internos da Fundação (GA), com histórico de abuso sexual, 06 de adolescentes de 16 a 18 anos (GC), com o mesmo histórico, que procuraram tratamento psicológico no ambulatório NUFOR e 21 adolescentes, sem histórico de abuso, na mesma faixa etária e escolaridade, que formaram o grupo controle (GB). Avaliou-se o desempenho cognitivo quanto às funções de recuperação da memória (de curto e longo prazo), o nível de estresse, impulsividade, nível de neuroticismo e estabilidade emocional, além do comportamento sexual dos adolescentes. RESULTADOS: Os resultados da comparação entre as variáveis dos grupos A e B apontaram diferenças significativas no que se refere ao processo de recuperação total da memória (p= ,004), na recuperação consistente (p=,000) e inconsistente (p=,004). Houve significância também, quanto à estabilidade emocional, no fator Desajustamento Psicossocial, (p=,002) que contem itens relacionados a comportamentos sexuais de risco ou atípicos. Os achados da análise qualitativa, com relação ao comportamento sexual atual, revelaram que 50% dos adolescentes com ou sem transgressões legais, assumiram a prática de sexo com crianças, com uma ou mais vítimas. Quanto às características do abuso sofrido, a violência intrafamiliar, unida ao maior tempo de duração, revelou-se como fator de gravidade no modus operandi do comportamento agressor. CONCLUSÕES: História de abuso sexual em meninos pode ser um dos fatores de risco para posteriores déficits de acessibilidade da memória e pode estar associado com a repetição e a gravidade do comportamento sexualmente agressivo na adolescência / INTRODUCTION: Facing the complexity and lack of researches on sexual abuse of young boys in Brazil and the seriousness of possible psychosexual damages to occur in abused victims, the necessity of systemized studies is required, both to psychosexual profile of adolescents that have a historical of sexual abuse in childhood to base therapeutic proposals and to prevent possible risks of dysfunction and sexual disturbances including the risk the victim might assume the aggressor´s role. The aim of this study was to investigate psychological and sexual profiles of male adolescents, who were victms of sexual abuse in their younger days. METHODS: It is an exploitative, retrospective and sectional study, accomplished at Psychiatric and Psychologic Forensic Program (NUFOR) of the so - called Ipq Hospital das Clinicas Psychiatric Institute (FMUSP) and the so - called Fundação Casa, correctional system for underage boys and girls who are serving a sentence, in social and educational measures. Three groups of participants were formed by 20 adolescents from 16 to 18 years old, with sexual abuse report who are in the Fundação (GA), 06 adolescents, with the same story from 16 to 18 years old, (GC) who looked for psychological treatment at Nufor Ambulatory and 21 adolescents with no historical abuse at same age and educational level who formed the control group (GB). Cognitive performance was assessed concerning memory recoverings (short and long terms), stress level, impulsiveness, neuroticism level and emotional stability, besides their sexual behavior. RESULTS: The results between the variable´s comparision of the groups A and B showed significant differences, referring total recovering of memory process (p= ,004), in consistent recovering (p= ,000) and inconsistent (p= ,004). There also a significance regarding in emotional stability in Psychosocial Disagreement factor, (p= ,002) with related items to atypical or risky sexual behaviours. The findings of the qualitative analysis, related to the present sexual behaviour, showed 50% of adolescents with or without legal transgressions, admitted sex with children, with one or more victims. Concerning the features of the experienced abuse, the intrafamiliar violence plus the most time of duration, became as the gravity factor in modus operandi of the aggressor´s behaviour. CONCLUSIONS: Historical of sexual abuse in childhood of young boys can be a risky factor to posterior deficits of memory acessibility and that can be related to the repetition and the serious nature of sexually agressive behavior in younghood

INTRODUÇÃO: Diante da complexidade e da escassez de pesquisas sobre o abuso sexual de meninos no Brasil, e dada à gravidade dos danos psíquicos e sexuais possíveis de ocorrer em vítimas de abuso, surge à necessidade de estudos sistematizados quanto ao perfil psicológico e sexual de adolescentes com histórico de abuso na infância, para embasar as propostas terapêuticas e para a prevenção dos possíveis riscos de disfunções e transtornos da sexualidade, incluindo o risco de que a vítima passe a assumir o papel de agressor. O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar as características psicológicas e sexuais de adolescentes do sexo masculino que foram, enquanto crianças, vítimas de abuso sexual. METODOS: Trata-se de um estudo exploratório, retrospectivo e seccional realizado no Programa de Psiquiatria e Psicologia Forense (NUFOR) do IPq- HC-FMUSP e na Fundação Casa, para menores em medida socioeducativa. Foram formados três grupos de participantes sendo 20 de adolescentes de 16 a 18 anos, internos da Fundação (GA), com histórico de abuso sexual, 06 de adolescentes de 16 a 18 anos (GC), com o mesmo histórico, que procuraram tratamento psicológico no ambulatório NUFOR e 21 adolescentes, sem histórico de abuso, na mesma faixa etária e escolaridade, que formaram o grupo controle (GB). Avaliou-se o desempenho cognitivo quanto às funções de recuperação da memória (de curto e longo prazo), o nível de estresse, impulsividade, nível de neuroticismo e estabilidade emocional, além do comportamento sexual dos adolescentes. RESULTADOS: Os resultados da comparação entre as variáveis dos grupos A e B apontaram diferenças significativas no que se refere ao processo de recuperação total da memória (p= ,004), na recuperação consistente (p=,000) e inconsistente (p=,004). Houve significância também, quanto à estabilidade emocional, no fator Desajustamento Psicossocial, (p=,002) que contem itens relacionados a comportamentos sexuais de risco ou atípicos. Os achados da análise qualitativa, com relação ao comportamento sexual atual, revelaram que 50% dos adolescentes com ou sem transgressões legais, assumiram a prática de sexo com crianças, com uma ou mais vítimas. Quanto às características do abuso sofrido, a violência intrafamiliar, unida ao maior tempo de duração, revelou-se como fator de gravidade no modus operandi do comportamento agressor. CONCLUSÕES: História de abuso sexual em meninos pode ser um dos fatores de risco para posteriores déficits de acessibilidade da memória e pode estar associado com a repetição e a gravidade do comportamento sexualmente agressivo na adolescência / INTRODUCTION: Facing the complexity and lack of researches on sexual abuse of young boys in Brazil and the seriousness of possible psychosexual damages to occur in abused victims, the necessity of systemized studies is required, both to psychosexual profile of adolescents that have a historical of sexual abuse in childhood to base therapeutic proposals and to prevent possible risks of dysfunction and sexual disturbances including the risk the victim might assume the aggressor´s role. The aim of this study was to investigate psychological and sexual profiles of male adolescents, who were victms of sexual abuse in their younger days. METHODS: It is an exploitative, retrospective and sectional study, accomplished at Psychiatric and Psychologic Forensic Program (NUFOR) of the so - called Ipq Hospital das Clinicas Psychiatric Institute (FMUSP) and the so - called Fundação Casa, correctional system for underage boys and girls who are serving a sentence, in social and educational measures. Three groups of participants were formed by 20 adolescents from 16 to 18 years old, with sexual abuse report who are in the Fundação (GA), 06 adolescents, with the same story from 16 to 18 years old, (GC) who looked for psychological treatment at Nufor Ambulatory and 21 adolescents with no historical abuse at same age and educational level who formed the control group (GB). Cognitive performance was assessed concerning memory recoverings (short and long terms), stress level, impulsiveness, neuroticism level and emotional stability, besides their sexual behavior. RESULTS: The results between the variable´s comparision of the groups A and B showed significant differences, referring total recovering of memory process (p= ,004), in consistent recovering (p= ,000) and inconsistent (p= ,004). There also a significance regarding in emotional stability in Psychosocial Disagreement factor, (p= ,002) with related items to atypical or risky sexual behaviours. The findings of the qualitative analysis, related to the present sexual behaviour, showed 50% of adolescents with or without legal transgressions, admitted sex with children, with one or more victims. Concerning the features of the experienced abuse, the intrafamiliar violence plus the most time of duration, became as the gravity factor in modus operandi of the aggressor´s behaviour. CONCLUSIONS: Historical of sexual abuse in childhood of young boys can be a risky factor to posterior deficits of memory acessibility and that can be related to the repetition and the serious nature of sexually agressive behavior in younghood

The aim of this bachelor study was to examine and analyze if there were any difference in how Dagens Nyheter framed sexual crimes before and after the metoo movements peak in 2017. Framing theory was used to categorize different frames in the reporting of sexual crimes in the Swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter. The research question was: which frames are the most common in Dagens Nyheters framing of sexual crimes and how common are these frames? Is there any difference in what frames appear in Dagens Nyheter before and after the metoo movements peak in 2017?  With a quantitative content analysis I could examine how often the frames were used by Dagens Nyheter and if it was any different after the metoo movements peak in 2017. A total of 869 articles were analyzed. 240 articles in 2014, 322 articles in 2017 and 307 articles in 2020. By using framing theory, ten frames were identified. “police report and legal process”, “sexual offenses linked to religion”, “sexual offenses as a societal problem”, “sexual offense legislation and criticism”, “men with power”, “fact about sexual offenses”, “sexual offenses as a metaphor”, “victim of sexual offenses”, “accused of sexual offenses” and “other”.  The result of the examine showed that the most used frame was “police report and legal process”. In the period of 2014 the second most used frame was “sexual offense legislation and criticism”. In the period of 2017 the second most used frame was “victim of sexual offenses” and in the period of 2020 the second most used frame was “sexual offenses as a societal problem”. The biggest difference before and after metoo movement that were found was the frame “accused of sexual offenses”. In 2014 it was not found at all while in 2020 it was one of the more common frames.

<p>The purpose of this study is to analyze the interrogation transcripts of interviews with girls between the age of 11 and 16 who are alleged victims of sexual crimes. The examination is done from a gender perspective, by comparing six interrogations by male interrogators and eight interrogations by female interrogators. The study has used linguistic indicators relating to the interrogation methodological guidelines, in order to highlight how the interrogators give girls the opportunity and space to share their experience of the alleged sexual offense. Text material is categorized based on themes and analyzed in detail to find any gender-specific patterns of hearing leaders and if the girls are given space and opportunity for a free storytelling. The results show that in several themes, differences between the male and the female interrogators can be discerned. It has emerged that male interrogators in this study have a greater use of social support, that there are various techniques used by men and women between how the names of sexual words are created and that the female interrogation leaders questioning on average are longer and have a higher frequency of issues. In other dimensions, that has been investigated the differences are not significant.</p>

La presente ricerca indaga il dibattito sociale, culturale e politico che ha anticipato la legge n. 66 Norme penali contro la violenza sessuale, licenziata dal Parlamento italiano nel febbraio 1996 e che, a quasi settant’anni dall’entrata in vigore del Codice penale Rocco, modificò la normativa vigente in materia di reati sessuali. Quel risultato arrivò a conclusione di un dibattito ventennale che visse due fasi principali: la prima coincise con il decennio degli anni Settanta ed ebbe come protagonista il movimento femminista, la seconda prese avvio all’inizio degli anni Ottanta e spostò il baricentro della discussione all’interno delle aule parlamentari. Nel lavoro di analisi proposto sono state seguite tre direttrici principali. Innanzitutto si è indagato il ruolo giocato dal movimento femminista nell’accendere i riflettori sul tema dello stupro e nel rompere il muro di silenzio che lo aveva relegato a questione privata. In secondo luogo si è tentato di fotografare il fermento sociale e culturale che accompagnò l’iniziativa femminista contribuendo a diffondere nella società civile italiana una nuova consapevolezza sul tema della violenza e degli abusi sessuali. L’attenzione si è infine soffermata sulla pluralità di approcci, punti di vista ed interpretazioni che animarono il dibattito parlamentare sulla riforma in materia di reati sessuali con l’intento di portare alla luce le ragioni più o meno nascoste che per cinque legislature impedirono alle forze politiche di approdare ad una soluzione condivisa. / This research aims to investigate the social, cultural and political debate that has anticipated law no. 66 Norme penali contro la violenza sessuale, dismissed by the Italian Parliament in February 1996. That result amended the current law in sex offenses and it was the final step of a twenty-year debate during which the Italian feminist movement played a crucial role. This research has three principle objectives. Firstly, it investigates the role played by the Italian feminist movement in bringing to light the subject of rape and breaking the wall of silence that had relegated it to a private sphere. Secondly, it aims to photograph the social and cultural turmoil raised by the feminist initiative which spread a new awareness about violence and sexual abuses in the Italian civil society. Thirdly, the research analyses the plurality of opinions and points of view that animated the parliamentary debate and prevented political forces from reaching a shared approach on the reform of criminal sex offenses.